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MÜFÎD, Şeyh Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Muhammed b. en-Nu‘mân el-Hârisî el-Ukberî (ö. 413/1022)
İmâmiyye Şîası’nın önde gelen kelâm, fıkıh ve hadis âlimi.
Çağdaşı İbnü’n-Nedîm ve öğrencisi Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’ye göre 338 (949-50) yılında Bağdat’ın kuzeydoğusundaki Ukberâ’da dünyaya geldi. 333 (945) veya 336 (947-48) yılında doğduğu şeklindeki rivayetler kabul görmemiştir. Güney Arapları’ndan Benî Hâris b. Kâ‘b kabilesine mensup olan babası İmâmiyye’nin Vâsıt’taki muallimlerinden olduğu için İbnü’l-Muallim diye anılmışsa da daha çok Şeyh Müfîd olarak tanınmıştır. Kaynaklarda belirtildiğine göre bu lakap, küçük yaşta ders okurken rivayet-dirayet meselesiyle ilgili olarak hocası Ali b. Îsâ er-Rummânî ile, yahut çağdaşı Kādî Abdülcebbâr ile cereyan eden ilmî tartışmalardan sonra bizzat onlar tarafından verilmiştir. İlk eğitimini babasından alan Müfîd on yaşlarında iken Bağdat’a gitti. Burada Mansûr Camii’nde verilen hadis derslerine katıldı. Ahmed b. Velîd el-Kummî, İbnü’l-Cüneyd, Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Ali el-Kummî ve Şeyh Sadûk diye meşhur olan İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummî’nin de içlerinde bulunduğu Kum hadis ekolünde bilgilerini geliştirdi. Fıkhı Ca‘fer b. Muhammed b. Kūleveyh el-Kummî’den tahsil etti. Kelâm konusunda asıl hocası, İmâmiyye kaynaklarında Ebû Sehl en-Nevbahtî’nin öğrencisi olduğu belirtilen Ebü’l-Ceyş Muzaffer b. Muhammed el-Belhî el-Verrâk’tır. Ayrıca Ebû Abdullah el-Basrî ve Rummânî’den Basra Mu‘tezile ekolünün düşüncelerini de öğrendi. Şeyh Müfîd, kendi devrindeki İmâmîler’in kelâm konusunda lideri ve mezhebin sözcüsü kabul edildi. Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî gibi çağdaşı olan yazarlar da bu görüşü kabul ederek onu İmâmiyye’nin reisi ve sözcüsü diye tanıtır (el-İmtâʿ ve’l-muʾânese, I, 143). Bağdat’ta düzenlenen ilmî tartışmalara katıldı, mezhebini yaymak için Kerh’in Derbürriyâh’taki camisinde ve kendi evinde toplantılar yaptı. Öğrenci yetiştirme konusunda gayret gösteren Müfîd’in, Büveyhî Emîri Adudüddevle’den kendisine intikal eden malî imkânları öğrencilerinin masraflarını karşılamak için harcadığı bilinmektedir. Aralarında bizzat kendisinden ders alan Şerîf el-Murtazâ ve onun öğrencileri Şerîf er-Radî, Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Ahmed b. Ali en-Necâşî’nin de bulunduğu çok sayıda talebe yetiştirdi (el-Muḳniʿa, Mukaddime, s. 14-15). Çeşitli mezheplere mensup âlimlerden ders alması kendisine geniş bir bakış açısı kazandırmıştır. Ancak onun tek hedefi İmâmiyye’ye hizmet etmek ve bu mezhebin üstünlüğünü ortaya koymaktı. Bu sebeple gerek reddiyeleri ve kendi mezhep mensuplarının sorularına verdiği cevaplar, gerekse öncekilerin görüşlerini eleştiri niteliğinde kaleme aldığı eserleri İmâmiyye’nin desteklenmesine yönelik oldu. Câhiz, Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî ve Kādî Abdülcebbâr gibi Mu‘tezilî, İbn Küllâb ve Kerâbîsî gibi Sünnî, İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummî gibi İmâmî kelâmcılara, dil âlimlerine ve mutasavvıflara verdiği cevaplarda da daima bu hedefi gözetti. Bu arada Mehdî’nin gelişinden önce kurulan idarelerin meşrû olmadığı yönündeki geleneksel Şîa düşüncesine karşı çıktı, bazı şartlarda mevcut idareyle iş birliği yapılabileceğini söyledi. Onun bu düşüncesi, Şîa toplumu ile o devirde iktidarda bulunan Şiî Büveyhîler arasında yakın bir ilişkinin kurulmasına vesile oldu. Şeyh Müfîd 398 (1008) yılında, Bağdat’ta İbn Mes‘ûd mushafının bulunup bulunmadığıyla ilgili olarak Sünnî ve Şiî kesimi karşı karşıya getiren ve iç karışıklığa yol açan hadiseden sorumlu tutularak sürgüne gönderildi. Diğer taraftan Abbâsî Halifesi Kādir-Billâh’ın öncülüğünde hazırlanan ve İsmâiliyye’ye mensup olan Fâtımîler’i imamlarının nesebi ve inançları yüzünden eleştiren beyannâmeyi diğer birçok âlimle beraber onayladı. Şeyh Müfîd 3 Ramazan 413’te (30 Kasım 1022) Bağdat’ta vefat etti ve İmam Muhammed el-Cevâd’ın kabrinin yakınına defnedildi.
Gelenekçi Kum âlimleriyle daha çok akılcı diye tanınan Nevbahtîler’in anlayışının kuvvetli ve zayıf noktalarını çok iyi kavrayan Şeyh Müfîd, Bağdat Mu‘tezile ekolünü Şiî anlayışına Basralılar’dan daha yakın bulmuş olmakla beraber Mu‘tezile ile Şîa arasında belirgin bir sınır çizmiştir. Bağdat Mu‘tezilesi ile geleneksel İmâmî düşüncesinin sentezi onun kelâmının metodunu ve muhtevasını oluşturmuştur. Rasyonel kelâmın Şîa’da ciddi mânada onunla başlaması aynı zamanda Usûlî düşüncenin de oluşmaya başlaması demektir. Şeyh Sadûk gibi muhaddislerin dayandığı hadisleri kelâmî düşüncelere ters düşmesinden dolayı eleştiren Müfîd’in bu husustaki duyarlılığı, Şeyh Sadûk’un Risâletü’l-iʿtiḳādât’ına yazdığı Taṣḥîḥu’l-iʿtiḳād adlı tenkidî şerhinde açıkça görülür. O, aklın vahye ihtiyacını kabul etmekle beraber akıldan mahrum bir imanın sağlam olmayacağını söylemiştir. Ona göre gāib imamın ortaya çıkmamasının sebeplerinden biri de onun, taklidî imanları yüzünden müntesiplerine güvenmemesidir. Şeyh Müfîd bu görüşleriyle, öğrencisi Şerîf el-Murtazâ ve Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî ile iyice ortaya çıkan, çağımızda Humeynî ile en ileri noktaya ulaşan, Mehdî’nin çıkışına hazırlık yapılması tarzındaki Usûlî anlayışın başlatıcısıdır. O, gelenekçilere karşı çıkmakla birlikte aklı müstakil bir delil olarak kullanmamıştır. Bu sebeple kıyasa, re’y ve ictihada karşı çıkmış ve aklı ancak nassı anlamada bir vasıta olarak görmüştür. Böylece gelenekçi Sadûk ile Basra Mu‘tezilesi’ni takip eden öğrencisi Şerîf el-Murtazâ arasında bir yol izlemiştir.
Şeyh Müfîd’in imamlarla ilgili olağan üstü hadiseleri ısrarla savunmasını akılcı tutumuyla bağdaştırmak oldukça zordur. Onun Şiî geleneğinde gaybet-i kübrâdan sonra Mehdî’yi gördüğü ileri sürülen nâdir kişilerden biri olarak kabul edilmesinin sebebi de imamlara olan aşırı derecedeki bağlılığıdır. Müfid bazı kimselerin âhâd rivayetlere dayanarak Hz. Peygamber’in bazı fiillerinde unutkanlık eseri yanıldığını iddia ettiklerini, mâsumiyet fikriyle uyuşmayan bu düşüncenin kabul edilemez olduğunu söylemiştir.
Şeyh Müfîd, Şiî dünyasında özel öneme sahip belli sayıdaki âlimlerden biridir. Zira eserlerinin çoğu, muhtelif şehir ve beldelerden kendisine yöneltilen sorulara verdiği cevaplardan oluşmaktadır. Hârizm, Nîşâbur, Cürcân, Sâriye, Taberistan, Sagan, Dînever, Hûzistan, Fars, Rakka, Hâir, Ukberâ gibi merkezlere yazdığı risâleler onun etki alanını göstermektedir. Araştırmacılığı ve üslûbuyla haklı bir şöhrete kavuşan Müfîd kendisinden sonra gelen Şiî âlimlerinin önemli bir kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Günümüzdeki Şiî kelâmı ve fıkhı onun kurduğu temeller üzerine bina edilmiş olup bu sahada ortaya koyduğu Usûlî metot halen sürdürülmektedir. İmâmetle ilgili eserlerinin önemli bir yekün tutması meselenin Şîa açısından taşıdığı hayatî önem dolayısıyladır. Bu çerçevede gaybet konusuna ayrı bir ehemmiyet atfetmiş, gaybet inancını aklî temeller üzerine kurmaya itina göstermiştir. Kendisinden önceki Şîa ulemâsı gaybetle alâkalı görüşleri imamların haberleriyle cevaplandırmaya çalışırken Müfîd söz konusu itirazlara aklî ve mantıkî cevaplar vermiş, konuyla ilgili haberleri ise tâli bir delil olarak kullanmıştır.
Eserleri. Şeyh Müfîd’in 200 civarında olduğu kaydedilen eserinden bir kısmı şunlardır: 1. Evâʾilü’l-maḳālât*. Şîa ile Mu‘tezile kelâmının özelliklerini açıklayan bir çalışmadır (Taṣḥîḥu’l-iʿtiḳād ile birlikte, Tebriz 1363-1364; baskı yeri yok, 1413). 2. Taṣḥîḥu’l-iʿtiḳād. Şeyh Sadûk’un Risâletü’l-iʿtiḳādât adlı eserinin tenkidî şerhidir (Beyrut 1414/1993). 3. el-Emâlî (el-Mecâlis). Müfîd’in yazdırdığı kırk iki meclisten oluşan eser daha çok Şîa akaidiyle ilgilidir (nşr. Ali Ekber Gaffârî, Beyrut 1414/1993). 4. el-İfṣâḥ fi’l-imâme. Hz. Ali’nin imâmetinin ispatı ve muhaliflerin ileri sürdüğü delillerin reddi amacıyla yazılmıştır (Kum 1991, Beyrut 1414/1993). 5. en-Nüketü’l-iʿtiḳādiyye (Beyrut 1414/1993). 6. el-İrşâd. İmamların biyografilerini ihtiva eden eser müellifin en çok tanınan ve çeşitli dillere tercüme edilen çalışmasıdır (Beyrut 1399/1979, 1414/1993; bk. Şeyh Müfîd, el-Cemel ve’n-nuṣra, neşredenin girişi, s. 11-12). 7. el-İḫtiṣâṣ. Dinî konular, ayrıca bazı kişilerle ilgili nakle dayalı bilgiler veren eser Ali Ekber Gaffârî tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1402/1982, 1414/1993). 8. el-Muḳniʿa. Fıkha dair geniş bir çalışma olup İmâmiyye Şîası’nın dört temel hadis kitabından biri olan Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’ye ait Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm fî şerḥi’l-Muḳniʿa’nın aslıdır (Kum 1983; Beyrut 1414/1993). 9. el-Fuṣûlü’l-ʿaşere fi’l-ġaybe. On ikinci imamın gaybetiyle ilgilidir (Kum, ts.). 10. el-Cemel ve’n-nuṣra li-seyyidi’l-ʿIṭre fi’l-Baṣra. Cemel Vak‘ası’na dair olan eseri Seyyid Ali Mîr Şerîfî yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1414/1993). Şeyh Müfîd’in eserlerinin önemli bir kısmı Dârü’l-Müfîd adlı kuruluş tarafından 1414 (1993) yılında on dört cilt halinde neşredilmiştir (eserlerinin geniş bir listesi için bk. el-Muḳniʿa, Mukaddime, s. 15-20).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Şeyh Müfîd, el-Muḳniʿa, Beyrut 1414/1993, Mukaddime, s. 14-20; a.mlf., el-Cemel ve’n-nuṣra (nşr. Seyyid Ali Mîr Şerîfî), Beyrut 1414/1993, neşredenin girişi, s. 11-12; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd), s. 226; Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, el-İmtâʿ ve’l-muʾânese (nşr. Ahmed Emîn – Ahmed ez-Zeyn), Kahire 1373/1953, I, 143; Ahmed b. Ali en-Necâşî, er-Ricâl (nşr. M. Cevâd en-Nâînî), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 328-331; Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, el-Fihrist (nşr. M. Sâdık Âl-i Bahrülulûm), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 188-191; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XVII, 344; İbn Usfûr el-Bahrânî, Lüʾlüʾetü’l-Baḥreyn (nşr. M. Sâdık Âl-i Bahrülulûm), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 356-372; Hânsârî, Ravżâtü’l-cennât (nşr. Esedullah İsmâiliyyân), Kum 1390/1970, IV, 153-179; M. Rızâ el-Hakîmî, Târîḫu’l-ʿulemâʾ ʿabre’l-ʿuṣûri’l-muḫtelife, Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 485-490; M. J. McDermott, The Theology of al-Shaikh al-Müfīd (d. 413/1022) , Beyrut 1986, tür.yer.; S. Waheed Akhtar, Early Shī‘ite Imāmiyyah Thinkers , New Delhi 1988, s. 79-121; Abbas el-Kummî, el-Künâ ve’l-elḳāb, Tahran 1989, I, 413; III, 197-199; Abdullah Hasan Hâşim el-Mûsevî, Fażlü’l-ʿilm ve’l-ʿâlim, Beyrut 1990, s. 151-155; Abdülazîz Tabâtabâî, “eş-Şeyḫ el-Müfîd ve ʿaṭâʾühü’l-ḫâlid”, Türâs̱ünâ, IV/3, Kum 1409, s. 11-143; Ayetullah Seyyid Ali Khamenei, “The Role of al-Shaykh al-Mufīd in the Development of Shi‘i Fiqh and Kelam”, Message of Thaqalayn, I/1, Tahran 1993, s. 25-67; W. Madelung, “al-Mufīd”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 312.
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