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MUHAMMED AHMED el-MEHDÎ Skip to content Muhammed Ahmed b. Abdillâh b. Fahl b. Abdilvelî b. Abdillâh el-Mehdî (ö. 1302/1885)
Mehdîlik iddiasıyla ortaya çıkan Sudanlı mutasavvıf.
1258 (1842) veya 1260 yılında Sudan’ın Dongola vilâyetinde Nil nehri üzerinde bulunan Lebeb adasında doğdu. Dindarlığı ile bilinen köklü bir aileye mensuptur. Soyunun Hz. Peygamber’e ulaştığını gösteren nesep zinciri (Ismā‘īl b. Abd al-Qādir, s. 56) mehdîlik iddiasını temellendirmek üzere düzenlenmiş olabileceği için şüphelidir. Gemi yapımcısı olan babası Abdullah, Omdurman’ın (Ümmüdürman) kuzeyindeki Kerari’ye yerleşti ve Muhammed çocuk yaşta iken orada vefat etti. Dinî ilimlere büyük ilgi gösteren Muhammed Ahmed, ilk bilgileri Emîn es-Suveylih’ten aldıktan sonra Gubüş’e giderek Muhammed el-Hayr’ın medresesine devam etti. Burada halktan zorla alınan paralarla hazırlandığını düşündüğü yemekleri yemediği nakledilir (Holt, The Mahdist State, s. 37).
1277 (1861) yılında öğrenimini tamamlayan Muhammed, diğer öğrencilerin aksine Ezher Üniversitesi’ne gitmeyip tasavvuf yolunu seçti ve Sudan’da Semmâniyye tarikatının kurucusu Şeyh Ahmed Tayyib’in torunu Muhammed Şerîf Nûrüddâim’e intisap etti. Beraber bulundukları yedi yıl içinde takvâsı ve şeyhine bağlılığı sebebiyle büyük şöhret kazandı. Daha sonra irşad amacıyla seyahatlere çıktı. Kardeşleriyle birlikte kaldığı Hartum’da büyük amcası Ahmed eş-Şerîf’in kızı ile evlendi. Kardeşleri Beyaz Nil’deki Kevve yakınlarında ormanlık bir mevki olan Ebâ adasına gittiklerinde onlara katıldı ve 1287 (1870) yılından itibaren adaya yerleşerek tarikatını kurdu. Kısa zamanda âbid ve zâhid kişiliğiyle hem ada sakinlerini kendine bağladı hem de dışarıdan adaya gelenlerin dikkatini çekti. Çevrede bulunan Kinâne ve Digaym kabilelerinden pek çok kişi kendisine intisap etti.
Muhammed Ahmed, 1288’de (1871) şeyhine Ebâ yakınındaki Aradeyb’de yerleşme teklifinde bulununca şeyhi kabul ederek buraya geldi. Ancak 1295’te (1878) şeyhi Nûrüddâim’le arasında geçimsizlik çıktı. Bunun sebebi bazılarına göre şeyhin, oğlu için düzenlediği sünnet merasiminde müzikli danslı eğlence yaptırmasına Muhammed’in karşı çıkması, bazılarına göre ise taraftarları artan Muhammed’in mehdîliğini iddia ederek şeyhine yardımcılık teklifinde bulunmasıdır (Naûm Şukayr, s. 326-328). Neticede şeyh Muhammed’i tarikattan ihraç etti. Muhammed üç defa barışmaya teşebbüs ettiyse de sonuç değişmedi. Bunun üzerine kendisinin tarikata bağlı olduğunu, ortada dine aykırı bir durum varsa bundan şeyhin sorumlu tutulması gerektiğini belirterek onunla ilgisini kesti. Diğer bir Semmânî şeyhi olan ve Hartum’un 120 mil güneyinde Mavi Nil üzerindeki Müsellemiye’de bulunan Veddüzzeyn el-Kureşî bu olayı duyduğunda Muhammed Ahmed’in kendisine katılmasını istedi, o da bunu kabul etti. Böylece Muhammed Ahmed’in şöhreti daha geniş bir çevrede duyuldu. Veddüzzeyn âniden vefat edince Muhammed Müsellemiye’ye gitti, şeyhin bütün müridleri kendisine intisap etti. Ayrıca Dârfûr’un güneybatısındaki Teâyişe kabilesinden Abdullah b. Muhammed et-Teâyişî de kendisine bağlandı.
Muhammed Ahmed, Ebâ’ya döndüğü zaman mehdîlikle ilgili geleneksel haberlerle daha yakından ilgilenmeye başladı. Kendi ifadesine göre Hz. Peygamber rüyasında onun âhir zamanda beklenen mehdî olduğunu defalarca müjdelemiştir (M. İbrâhim Ebû Selîm, el-Ḥareketü’l-fikriyye fi’l-Mehdiyye, s. 19). Rüyasını ilk defa Rebîülâhir 1298’de (Mart 1881) Abdullah et-Teâyişî’ye ve diğer müridlerine anlattı. Bölgedeki tarikat şeyhleriyle âlimlere bunu hissettirecek mektuplar yazdı; Kordofan ve Cibâlünnûbe’ye seyahate çıkarak güvendiği kimselere davetini açıkladı. Ebâ’ya döndükten sonra Kitap ve Sünnet’te belirtilen mehdî olarak görevlendirildiğini söyleyip yolladığı mektuplarla şeyhlerin ve âlimlerin kendisine tâbi olmasını istedi (mektup örnekleri için bk. Naûm Şukayr, s. 329-334). Mektuplardan biri Sudan’ın umumi valisi Mehmed Rauf Paşa’ya ulaştığında paşa bir dervişin devlete zarar veremeyeceğini ve mektubun cezbe halinde yazılmış olabileceğini düşünerek onu dikkate almadı. Fakat gerçek durumu öğrenince Muhammed Ahmed ile görüşmesi için yardımcısı Muhammed Bey Ebü’s-Suûd’u Ebâ’ya gönderdi. Muhammed Ahmed mehdîlik iddiasından vazgeçmesi yolundaki nasihatleri dinlemediği gibi tehditlere de aldırmadı. Bunun üzerine Hartum’dan Ebü’s-Suûd kumandasında iki bölük asker gönderildi. Muhammed de kendisine inanan kabileleri cihada davet etti. Bir gemiyle yola çıkan Osmanlı askerleri adaya yaklaşınca Muhammed Ahmed düzenlediği âni bir baskınla onları yenilgiye uğrattı, yüzerek kaçabilenler canlarını kurtardı (16 Ramazan 1298 / 12 Ağustos 1881). Böylece ilk isyanı başlatan Mehdî adadan ayrıldı ve Nûbe dağlarına yerleşti. Mehmed Rauf Paşa’nın gönderdiği 500 kişilik yeni kuvvet Ebâ’ya ulaştığında Mehdî ve adamları burayı terketmiş bulunuyordu. Muhammed Ahmed “ensar” adını verdiği adamlarıyla birlikte Kadîr dağına ulaştı. Bu bölge Kordofan’la Fâşûdâ arasında bulunduğu için Fâşûdâ Valisi Râşid Eymen 1400 kişilik bir kuvvetle Mehdî’nin üzerine yürüdü. Ancak durumu daha önce öğrenen Mehdî hükümet kuvvetlerini yine bozguna uğrattı, vali de savaş alanında öldü (16 Muharrem 1299 / 8 Aralık 1881).
Mehdî’nin üst üste kazandığı galibiyetler ve ele geçirilen büyük miktardaki ganimetler mensupları arasında gerçek mehdî oluşunun delili kabul edildi ve gün geçtikçe itibarı arttı. Mehmed Rauf Paşa Mısır’ı gelişmelerden haberdar etti. Bu sırada Ahmed Urâbî Paşa meselesiyle meşgul olan hükümet genel vali olarak Abdülkadir Hilmi Paşa’yı Sudan’a gönderdi. Kadîr bölgesini ele geçirmek üzere Yûsuf Hasan eş-Şellâlî Paşa kumandasındaki güçler bölgeye geldiyse de Mehdî kuvvetlerini küçümseyen paşa tedbir almadan karargâhını kurdu. Mehdî kuvvetleri Osmanlı-Mısır askerlerine saldırarak kumandanları dahil çok sayıda kişiyi öldürdü ve büyük ölçüde ganimet elde etti (12 Receb 1299 / 30 Mayıs 1882). Ardından Kordofan’a doğru ilerlemek için durumun uygun olduğunu düşünen Muhammed Ahmed eyaletin başşehri Ubeyd üzerine yürümeye karar verdi. İdareye muhalif olan Hamer, Bideyriyye, Havâzime ve Cevâmia kabileleri arasında birliği sağlamak için Abdullah Veddünnûr’u görevlendirdi. Mehdî’ye bağlı güçler Kordofan’ın kuzeyindeki Ashaf şehrini ele geçirdi, bunlara karşı Bârâ’dan gönderilen hükümet kuvvetleri mağlûp edildi. İlerleyen Mehdî güçleri eylül ayında Bârâ’yı zaptetti. Mehdî kuvvetlerinin başarıları üzerine Mehmed Said Paşa Ubeyd’in çevresine hendek kazılmasını emretti. Şehre doğru ilerleyen Mehdî güçleri Mısır kuvvetlerinin üstün ateş gücü karşısında durakladı. Başta Muhammed Ahmed’in iki kardeşiyle Teâyişî’nin bir kardeşi ve Kadı Ahmed Cebbâre olmak üzere önemli şahsiyetler öldü; bu savaşta ensar büyük kayıplar verdi; buna rağmen şehre hâkim olmayı başardı (24 Şevval 1299 / 7 Eylül 1882). Hartum’da durumun vehametini gören Abdülkadir Hilmi Paşa 750 kişilik bir orduyu Ubeyd’e gönderince Mehdî, Ubeyd ve Bârâ yolu üzerindeki bütün su kuyularını kapattırdı. Hartum’dan Bârâ’ya ulaşan hükümet birlikleri yapılan savaşta büyük kayıplar verdi (Zilkade 1299 / Eylül-Ekim 1882).
İngilizler’in Mısır’a hâkim olması Sudan’daki işleri karmaşık duruma getirmişti. İngilizler’in elinde etkisiz kalan Hidiv Tevfik Paşa ile vezirleri, Mehdî kuvvetlerine karşı yapılacak başarılı bir seferle yeniden itibar kazanacaklarını düşünerek Ekim 1882’de Hartum’a kuvvet sevkettiler. Genel valiliğe Alâeddin Sıddık Paşa, kumandanlığa da İngiltere’nin Hint ordusundan emekli albayı William Hicks getirildi. Mehdî güçlerinin Cebeleyn’de toplandığını haber alan Hicks hemen harekete geçerek Merabi’de onları mağlûp etti (29 Nisan 1883). Arkasından Hartum’a dönüp Kordofan üzerine sefer hazırlıklarına başladı; harekete geçerek Omdurman’a ulaştı ve Ubeyd’de bulunan Mehdî’ye saldırmak için yola çıktı. Hicks kuvvetlerinin hareketini öğrenen Muhammed Ahmed, Ubeyd’den ayrılıp şehir dışında karargâh kurdu. Çıkardığı keşif birliklerinin yanı sıra askerlerine Hicks kuvvetlerini takip etme ve yolları kapatıp irtibatlarını kesme tâlimatı verdi. Muhammed Ahmed 21 Ekim 1883’te bütün işlerin Allah’ın takdirinde bulunduğunu, O dilemedikçe hiçbir silâhın müessir olamayacağını, dolayısıyla mehdîliğinin yalan sayılmaması gerektiğini ifade eden bir bildiriyi (Holt, The Mahdist State, s. 64) muhalif kuvvetlere ulaştırdı. 24 Ekim’de Rahad’a varan Hicks kuvvetleri burada kabilelerin kendilerine katılmasını bekledilerse de gelen olmadı. Nihayet ilk karşılaşma 3 Kasım’da gerçekleşti; ormanlık bölgede iki gün süren çatışmanın ardından hükümet kuvvetleri ensar tarafından kuşatıldı. Mehdî, Şeykân’da umumi taarruz başlatılmasını emretti. Bu savaşta başta Hicks olmak üzere 250 civarında İngiliz ve Mısırlı subay öldürüldü (5 Kasım 1883). Bir hafta sonra Mehdî Ubeyd’e girdi. Bu zafer geniş yankılar uyandırdı. Muhammed Ahmed’i ziyaret etmek için birçok ülkeden delegeler Sudan’a akın etti. Dârfûr ve Bahrülgazâl’de Mısır idaresi tamamen çöktü. Hartum’daki yönetim Mehdî’nin yakında başşehri istilâ edeceği düşüncesiyle birliklerini Fâşûdâ, Kevve, Şât ve Duveym gibi yerlerden çekmeye başladı. Muhammed Ahmed artık Sudan’ın batı bölgelerinin hâkimiydi; Dârfûr ve Bahrülgazâl de Aralık 1883 ve Nisan 1884’te Avrupalı valilerce Mehdî kuvvetlerine teslim edildi. Bu başarıları üzerine Mehdî bütün İslâm beldelerini zaptetme hevesine kapıldı; müridlerine Hz. Peygamber’in kendisine Ubeyd Mescidi’nde namaz kıldığı gibi Hartum, Berber, Medine, Mısır ve Kûfe mescidlerinde de namaz kılacağı müjdesi verdiğini söyledi.
Muhammed Ahmed, Sevâkinli Osman Dikne’yi 8 Mayıs 1883 tarihinde Kızıldeniz’in dağlık bölgesindeki Bica’ya gönderdi. Osman Dikne burada Şeyh Tâhir el-Meczûb’un desteğiyle önce Sinkat’ta Süleyman Paşa kuvvetlerini, ardından Trinkitat’tan Tuker üzerine yürüyen İngiliz kumandanı Baker Paşa’nın güçlerini yenilgiye uğrattı. Kızıldeniz’deki limanları korumayı üstlenmiş olan İngiltere Sevâkin’de duruma müdahale kararı aldı. Kraliçe Victoria’nın Mısır’da bulunan İngiliz orduları kumandanı General Stephenson’a asker gönderilmesi yolundaki tâlimatı üzerine General Graham üç taburluk bir kuvvetle Sevâkin’e geldiğinde Tuker’in Mehdî güçleri tarafından ele geçirildiğini öğrendi. Osman Dikne kuvvetleriyle mücadelesini sürdüren Graham ensara karşı bazı galibiyetler elde ettiyse de başarılı olamadı ve 1884 Şubatından itibaren Sevâkin dışındaki bütün doğu bölgeleri Muhammed Ahmed’in hâkimiyetine geçti.
İngiltere hükümeti, 1874’te Hartum’da görev yapan General Charles Gordon’u hidiv adına umumi askerî vali olarak görevlendirdi. 1884 Şubatında Hartum’a gelerek Sudan’ın geleceğiyle ilgili plan hazırlayan Gordon, Sudan halkının Mehdî’nin etrafında toplanabileceğini ve kendi emrindeki Sudanlı askerlerin karşı tarafa geçebileceğini düşünmüyordu. Bir taraftan Mehdî kuvvetleri Hartum’a çok yaklaşmış, diğer taraftan Osman Dikne’nin güçleri Nil’i Kızıldeniz’e bağlayan yolu tutmuş, Berber’in Mayıs 1884’te ensar tarafından ele geçirilmesiyle Nil’in Mısır yönü de kesilmişti. Muhammed Ahmed, 1884 yılı Nisan-Ekim aylarında asıl güçlerini Ubeyd’den alıp Hartum’un karşısındaki Omdurman’a yığdı. General Gordon, 8000 civarındaki düzenli asker ve başıbozuklarla bizzat savaşa katıldı. Çoğu Sudan yerlilerinden oluşan birinci alayın er ve subayları silâhlarını bıraktı, daha çok Mısırlı askerlerden teşekkül eden ikinci alay savaşa devam etti. Mehdî kuvvetleri 26 Ocak 1885’te Hartum’u ele geçirdi. Ardından Hartum’a giren ve büyük camide kılınan cuma namazında bizzat imamlık görevini yerine getiren Mehdî böylece Kızıldeniz’den Dârfûr’a, Dongola’dan Bahrülgazâl’e kadar Mısır Sudanı’nın başlıca vilayetlerine hâkim oldu. İdare merkezi Omdurman’a nakledilerek burada bir mescidle evler inşa edildi. Mehdî Omdurman’da birkaç ay kaldıktan sonra 9 Ramazan 1302’de (22 Haziran 1885) muhtemelen tifüsten öldü. Kurduğu Mehdî Devleti’nin yönetimi halifesi Abdullah et-Teâyişî’ye geçti ve onun 2 Eylül 1898’de mağlûp edilip ertesi yıl öldürülmesine kadar devam etti.
İnsanlarla kolay anlaşan, öfkesine yenilmeyen, gösterişten uzak bir hayat süren, ibadete ve zikre fazlasıyla düşkün olan Muhammed Ahmed el-Mehdî’nin dört eşi ve çok sayıda câriyesinin bulunduğu, onu erkek, onu kız yirmi çocuğunun dünyaya geldiği kaydedilmektedir (Naûm Şukayr, s. 606-608). Başlangıçta müridlerine ferdî olarak tasavvufa dayalı bir ruh terbiyesi telkin ederken daha sonra müslümanları Hz. Peygamber devrinde olduğu gibi toplum hayatı yaşamaya davet etmiştir. 1881’den itibaren ileri sürdüğü mehdîlik iddiasının kısa zamanda büyük ilgi görmesinde hem mistik kişiliğinin uyandırdığı güvenin hem de bölge halkının yaşadığı iktisadî, siyasî ve içtimaî sıkıntıların büyük rolü olmuştur. Başlangıçta mücerret iddia gibi görünen düşünceleri giderek bir devletin teşekkülüyle sonuçlanmıştır. Devletin bünyesindeki ana kurumlardan biri olan Mehdîlik Yüksek Komuta Kurulu bizzat Mehdî ile üç halifesinden teşekkül etmiş, Ubeyd’i zaptedip bölgesel bir otorite haline geldiğinde hazine idaresini kurmuş, vergiler tarh etmiş, zekât toplamak için memurlar tayin etmiştir. Savaşlarda elde edilen ganimetlerin beşte biri Mehdî’nin hissesine ayrılmış, kalanı taksim edilmiş, devletin kuruluşundan itibaren para bastırılmıştır. Gönderilme amacının akîdeyi ve sünneti ihya etmek olduğunu söyleyen Mehdî, Kitap ve Sünnet’e göre hüküm verilmesi esasını getirmiş, kendisi de en yüksek yargı mercii olarak kararlar vermiştir.
Geleneksel tasavvufî çizgiye bağlı olan Mehdî Kur’an ve Sünnet’e dayalı bir hayata vurgu yapmış, her türlü bid‘ata karşı çıkmış; mal, ziynet eşyası, aşırıya varan düğün harcamaları, müzik, şarap ve sigara konularında aşırı hassasiyet göstermiştir. Bilhassa cemaatle namaz kılmaya büyük önem vermiş, cihadı en büyük farîzalardan biri olarak görmüş, mehdîliğini kelime-i şehâdetin üçüncü cümlesi haline getirmiş, kendi anlayışına muhalif olanlara karşı çok katı davranmıştır.
Muhammed Ahmed düşünce, hüküm, hutbe ve tavsiyelerini “menşur” adı verilen yazılarla ortaya koymuş, başta yakın çevresi olmak üzere çeşitli muhitlere gönderdiği menşurlar (çok önemli kabul edilen bir menşur için bk. a.g.e., s. 611-616) Hartum’un ele geçirilmesinden sonra taş baskısı yapılarak etrafa dağıtılmıştır. Muhammed İbrâhim Ebû Selîm bunları el-Menşûrâtü’l-Mehdiyye adıyla yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1969). Aynı müellif menşurlar dahil olmak üzere Mehdî’nin bütün mektup, yazışma, emir ve diğer belgeleri de el-Âs̱ârü’l-kâmile li’l-İmâm el-Mehdî ismiyle neşretmiş (Hartum 1990) ve ayrıntılı bir fihristini hazırlamıştır (Fihrisü âs̱âri’l-İmâm el-Mehdî, Beyrut 1995). Mehdî’nin basit seviyede inanç konularıyla namaz, oruç, dua gibi ibadetlere dair risâleleri er-Râtibü’ş-şerîf adıyla basılmıştır (Hartum 1953).
Başta mehdîlik iddiası olmak üzere Muhammed Ahmed’in Kur’an ve hadislerle kendi risâleleri dışındaki dinî kitapların okunmaması gerektiğini söylemesi, kendi tarikatı dışındaki tarikatları yasaklaması, yaratılıştan beri devam eden ilâhî nurun kendisine intikal ettiğini ve mâsum olduğunu ileri sürmesi, mehdîliğinden şüpheye düşenleri ağır biçimde eleştirmesi, kendinden önceki dönemi Câhiliye devri olarak nitelemesi, namazı terkedene ölüm cezası uygulaması, sigara içenin tövbe edinceye kadar dövüleceğini, toprağın beytülmâle ait olduğunu ve alınıp satılamayacağını belirtmesi, kadınların altın ve gümüş ziynetlerini yasaklaması İslâm âlimlerinin tepkisini çekmiştir. Şâkir el-Gazzî Risâle fî buṭlânı daʿvâ Muḥammed Aḥmed el-Mütemehdî (nşr. Naûm Şukayr, Târîḫu’s-Sûdân içinde, s. 620-629) ve Ahmed el-Ezherî Risâle fî tekẕîbi daʿvâ Muḥammed Aḥmed el-Mütemehdî (bk. a.g.e., s. 629-642) adıyla risâleler kaleme alarak hadislerde bildirilen mehdînin zuhur yeri ve zamanı ile diğer sıfatlarının Muhammed Ahmed’le uyuşmadığını, dolayısıyla onun mehdîlik iddiasının bâtıl olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 496-499 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.