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MUHAMMED el-BÂKIR Skip to content MUHAMMED el-BÂKIR Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Alî b. Hüseyn b. Alî b. Ebî Tâlib (ö. 114/733 [?]) İsnâaşeriyye’nin beşinci ve İsmâiliyye’nin dördüncü imamı.
Müellif: Mustafa Öz
3 Safer veya 1 Receb 57 (16 Aralık 676 veya 10 Mayıs 677) tarihinde yahut bundan bir yıl önce Medine’de doğdu. Babası Kerbelâ Vak‘ası’ndan sağ kurtulan Ali b. Hüseyin Zeynelâbidîn, annesi Fâtıma bint Hasan’dır. Baba tarafından Hz. Hüseyin’in, anne tarafından Hz. Hasan’ın torunudur. Bâkır lakabı, “bâkırü’l-ilm” tamlamasının kısaltılmış şekli olarak “ilmi yarıp derinliklerine ulaşan, geniş ilim sahibi” anlamına gelir. Zaman zaman Şâkir, Emîn, Hâdî ve Şebîh lakaplarıyla da anılmıştır. Sonuncu lakap onun Hz. Peygamber’e benzemesinden dolayı verilmiştir. Küçük yaşta Kerbelâ Vak‘ası’na (10 Muharrem 61 / 10 Ekim 680) şahit olan Muhammed, İmâmiyye rivayetlerine göre çocukluk devresinde iken ashaptan Câbir b. Abdullah tarafından Resûl-i Ekrem’e benzerliği dolayısıyla tanınmış ve kendisine Resûlullah’ın selâmları iletilmiştir (Küleynî, I, 469-470; İbn Bâbeveyh, I, 233; Tabersî, s. 263). Bu olay onun ileride imam olacağının işaretlerinden biri kabul edilmektedir. Hayatının büyük bir kısmını Medine’de geçiren Muhammed el-Bâkır babasından önemli ölçüde faydalandı. Ayrıca Abdullah b. Ömer, Câbir b. Abdullah, Ebû Saîd el-Hudrî gibi sahâbîlerle Saîd b. Müseyyeb ve Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’den hadis naklettiği gibi başta büyük dedesi Ali b. Ebû Tâlib olmak üzere ulaşamadığı diğer ashaptan gelen bazı hadisleri mürsel olarak rivayette bulundu. Bu tür rivayetlerinden yedisi Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned’inde (I, 77-80, 90, 101, 103), onu da Hâkim’in el-Müstedrek’inde (II, 22, 428, 588; III, 144, 163, 173, 516, 568; IV, 22, 345) yer almaktadır.
94’te (712-13) veya bir yıl sonra babasının ölümü üzerine imâmet görevini üstlenen Muhammed el-Bâkır, ilmî çalışmalarını sürdürmesi yanında Emevîler’e karşı babasının uyguladığı sükûnet politikasını izledi; yönetimle mücadele etme hususundaki düşüncelere katılmadığı gibi dolaylı olarak da destek vermedi. Bu sebeple kardeşi Zeyd b. Ali’nin düşüncelerini onaylamadığı ve zaman zaman onu uyardığı bilinmektedir. Emevî Halifesi Hişâm b. Abdülmelik’le hac esnasında Mekke’de karşılaşan ve onun huzurunda Abdullah b. Ömer’in âzatlı kölesi Nâfi‘ ile yaptığı münazarada (Küleynî, VIII, 120-122) galip gelen Muhammed el-Bâkır, Basra fakihlerinden Katâde b. Diâme, Kādî Ömer b. Zer, Mu‘tezile ileri gelenlerinden Amr b. Ubeyd, Nâfi‘ b. Ezrak ve oğlu Abdullah, Tâvûs el-Yemânî, Muhammed b. Münkedir ve Ebû Hanîfe ile de münazaralarda bulundu (Şeyh Müfîd, s. 264-265; Meclisî, XLVI, 347-359; Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa, I, 652-654). Bazı Şiî kaynakları, Muhammed el-Bâkır’ın Abdullah b. Nâfi‘ b. Ezrak’la yürüttüğü tartışmaların yerine 65 (685) yılında ölen Nâfi‘ b. Ezrak’la yaptığı münazarada onu mağlûp ettiğini naklederse de Nâfi‘in bu sırada en çok sekiz yaşında olan bir çocukla münakaşaya girmesi mümkün değildir. Ayrıca Şiî kaynaklarında Ebû Hanîfe ile tartışmalarında onu müşkül durumda bıraktığı kaydedilmekle birlikte Hanefî kaynaklarında Ebû Hanîfe’nin Bâkır’ın öğrencilerinden olduğu, onun da Ebû Hanîfe hakkında övücü beyanlarda bulunduğu bildirilmektedir (Muvaffak b. Ahmed el-Mekkî, I, 38; Bezzâzî, II, 37-38, 79). Bu arada Muhammed el-Bâkır’ın halife Hişâm tarafından Şam’a çağrıldığı ve burada çeşitli münazaralara katıldığı belirtilmektedir. Şam’da Hişâm ile karşılaşınca sıkıntıya uğrayan, hapsedilen veya kötü şartlar altında Medine’ye gönderilen Muhammed el-Bâkır, daha önce Medine’de Ömer b. Abdülazîz’le görüşmesinde ondan iyi muamele görmüş ve Fedek hurmalığının Ali neslinin mülkiyetine intikal ettirilmesini sağlamıştı. Kendisine mehdî olup olmadığı sorulduğunda bu iddiayı reddetmiş, mehdînin Ömer b. Abdülazîz’den başkası olamayacağını ima etmişti (İbn Sa‘d, V, 322). Ayrıca Abdülmelik b. Mervân’ın oğlu Sa‘d el-Hayr ile yazıştığı, gönderdiği iki mektupta ona Peygamber ailesine mensup bir Emevî olarak iltifat ettiği görülmektedir (Küleynî, VIII, 52-57). Şiî şair Küseyyir Azze’nin Medine’de defin merasimine katılan Muhammed el-Bâkır (105/723), huzurunda kendisini öven bir başka Şiî şair Kümeyt’i de ödüllendirmiş ve ona Emevîler’i methetmek için izin vermiştir.
Muhammed el-Bâkır 114 yılının Zilhicce ayında (Ocak-Şubat 733) Medine’de vefat etti ve Bakī‘ Mezarlığı’na defnedildi. Bazı rivayetlerde ölüm tarihi 1-4 yıl sonra gösterilmektedir. Ümmü Ferve bint Kāsım, Ümmü Hakîm bint Esed ve iki ümmüveled hanımından yedi çocuğu dünyaya gelmiştir. Ölümüyle birlikte ortaya çıkan vâkıfe fırkalarından Bâkıriyye grubu, Câbir b. Abdullah’ın kendisine Hz. Peygamber’den selâm getirdiği yolundaki rivayete dayanarak onun beklenen mehdî olduğunu, ölmediğini, yeryüzüne tekrar döneceğini ileri sürmüşse de (Bağdâdî, s. 59-60; Şehristânî, I, 165-166; Meclisî, XLVI, 223-228) bu telakki uzun süre devam etmemiştir. Sünnî ve Şiî kaynaklarının büyük bir âlim olduğu konusunda ittifak ettiği Muhammed el-Bâkır’dan başta oğlu Ca‘fer es-Sâdık, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, Amr b. Dînâr, Ebû İshak es-Sebîî, İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, Yahyâ b. Ebû Kesîr, Rebîatürre’y, Leys b. Ebû Süleym, İbn Cüreyc, A‘meş, Evzâî, Meymûn el-Kaddâh gibi şahsiyetler rivayette bulunmuştur (Zehebî, IV, 401-402). İbn İshak’ın sîre rivayetleri hususundaki önemli kaynaklarından biri olan ve Kerbelâ hadisesiyle ilgili bazı nakilleri Taberî’de yer alan (Târîḫ, V, 346-351, 389-390) Muhammed el-Bâkır, Nesâî’ye göre Medine’deki ilk fıkıh âlimlerinden biridir. Sünnî hadis kaynaklarında az sayıda rivayetlerine yer verilen Bâkır’dan gelen hadisler daha çok sûfî çevrelerce rağbet görmüştür.
Şiî rivayetlerinde Muhammed el-Bâkır, Şiî dinî ve hukukî öğretilerin başlatıcısı ve daha sonra oğlu Ca‘fer’le birlikte İmâmiyye Şîası’nın kurucusu olarak gösterilir. Küleynî’nin nakline göre (el-Uṣûl, II, 20) Şiîler helâl ve haramın neden ibaret olduğunu, hac ibadetinin nasıl ifa edileceğini Bâkır’dan öğrenmişlerdir; ileride ortaya çıkacak İsnâaşeriyye Şîası’nın temel düşünceleri de onun görüşleri çerçevesinde formülleştirilmiştir. İmâmetin Hz. Peygamber’den Ali’ye, ondan diğer imamlara nasla intikali, her imamın kendisinden sonraki imamı tayin etmesi, bütün imamların Fâtıma neslinden geleceği, imamların özel bir ilme ve mutlak otoriteye sahip bulundukları, imamın düşmanlarıyla mânevî ilginin kesilip takıyyeye müsaade edilmesi, müt‘a nikâhının meşruiyeti, abdestte mestler üzerine meshetmenin yasaklanması gibi hususlar Muhammed el-Bâkır’a dayandırılmaktadır. Onun öğretileri doğrultusunda gelişen İmâmî telakkinin ictihada değil, nakle önem verdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Muhammed el-Bâkır, çeşitli kelâm meselelerinde müstakil düşüncelere sahip olan ve bu konularda kendisiyle tartışan öğrencilerinden Zürâre b. A‘yen’e müminle kâfir arasında orta bir yer bulunmadığını belirtmiştir (Küleynî, II, 402-403). Diğer bir öğrencisi olup muhalifleriyle tartışırken imamın ortaya koyduğu deliller yerine kendi delillerini kullanan Muhammed b. Tayyâr’ın bu tavrı kabul görmemiştir (Berkî, I, 213). Birçok öğrencisi onun ifadelerini rivayet koleksiyonları tarzında kaydetmiş, bu da İmâmî fıkhının temellerini teşkil etmiştir.
Muhammed el-Bâkır zamanında bilgi ve otoritelerini kendisinden aldıklarını iddia eden bazı müfrit Şiîler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlardan biri Kûfeli Ebû Mansûr el-İclî’dir. İclî, kendisinin Bâkır’ın peygamberi ve ölümünden sonra vasîsi olduğunu ilân etmiştir. Yine 70.000 gizli rivayete mazhar oldukları ileri sürülen Mugīre b. Saîd el-İclî, Câbir b. Yezîd el-Cu‘fî ve Hamza b. Umâre el-Berberî de onun yaşadığı dönemde Kûfe aşırılarının başında yer almış ve Muhammed el-Bâkır bu kişilerle bir ilgisinin bulunmadığını açıklamak zorunda kalmıştır.
Kardeşi Zeyd ile samimi ilişki içinde bulunduğu bilinen Muhammed el-Bâkır onu Emevîler’e karşı gerçekleştirmek istediği, hazırlıkları iyi yapılmamış bir isyan hareketinin fayda vermeyeceği yolunda ikaz etmiştir. Bu arada öğrencilerinden bir kısmının ve özellikle Ebü’l-Cârûd’un Zeydiyye’ye intikal ettiği ve hocasının bazı düşüncelerini ilk Zeydî toplumu içinde yaydığı bilinmektedir. Bu sebeple daha sonraki Zeydî müelliflerince imam kabul edilmemesine rağmen büyük bir ilmî otorite olarak benimsenmiştir.
Sünnî kaynakları, Muhammed el-Bâkır’ı Medine’deki Sünnî ilim çevresinde muhafazakâr, güvenilir bir râvi olarak görür. Rivayete göre Muhammed el-Bâkır, Ehl-i beyt içinde günahı şirk kabul eden, rec‘ata inanan ve Ebû Bekir ile Ömer’e dil uzatan kimselerin bulunmadığını, kendisinin bu iki sahâbîye karşı sevgi duyduğunu ve onların hidayet imamı olduklarını beyan etmiş, bunun yanında Hz. Hüseyin’in intikamını alma bahanesiyle ortaya çıkan Muhtâr es-Sekafî’yi yalancı diye nitelendirmiştir (İbn Sa‘d, V, 321; Zehebî, V, 402). Buna karşılık Muhammed el-Bâkır’ı mâsum imam olarak kabul eden Şîa onun bilgilerinin tamamen ilâhî kaynağa dayandığını, kardeşi Zeyd b. Ali’nin Emevîler’le mücadelesi esnasında öleceği ve Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr’un Abbâsî halifesi olacağı gibi geleceğe yönelik hadiseleri haber verdiğini ileri sürmüş, Bâkır’ın hayvanların dilinden anladığını ve körleri iyileştirme gibi mu‘cizeleri bulunduğunu iddia etmiştir.
Muhammed el-Bâkır’ın dinî konulardaki beyanları öğrencilerinin teliflerinde yer almışsa da ona nisbet edilen en önemli eser Tefsîru Ebi’l-Cârûd adıyla bilinir. Kendisinin bu öğrencisine yazdırdığı, ondan da Ebû Basîr’in rivayet ettiği eserin muhtevası (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 36), kısmen Ali b. İbrâhim b. Hâşim el-Kummî’nin tefsirine dercedilmiş olarak muhafaza edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs, “bḳr” md.; el-Müsned, I, 77-80, 90, 101, 103; İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt, II, 20; V, 320-324; Belâzürî, Ensâb, III, 116; Berkī, el-Meḥâsin (nşr. Celâleddin el-Hüseynî), Tahran 1370, I, 213; Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ, II, 305, 320-321; Sa‘d b. Abdullah el-Kummî, el-Maḳālât ve’l-fıraḳ (nşr. M. Cevâd Meşkûr), Tahran 1963, s. 33, 37, 44, 46, 71, 75, 77; Nevbahtî, Fıraḳu’ş-Şîʿa, s. 25, 30, 34, 38, 50, 52, 54; Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), V, 346-351, 389-390; Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter), s. 9, 14, 18, 23, 24, 26; Küleynî, el-Uṣûl mine’l-Kâfî , I, 469-472; II, 20, 402-403; VIII, 52-57, 120-122; İbn Bâbeveyh, ʿİlelü’ş-şerâʾiʿ, Necef 1385, I, 233; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd), s. 36; Hâkim, el-Müstedrek (Atâ), II, 22, 428, 558; III, 144, 163, 173, 516, 568; IV, 22, 345; Şeyh Müfîd, el-İrşâd, Beyrut 1399/1979, s. 261-270; Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Abdülhamîd), s. 59-60; Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî), I, 165-166; Tabersî, İʿlâmü’l-verâ bi-aʿlâmi’l-hüdâ (nşr. Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî), Beyrut 1399/1979, s. 259-265; Muvaffak b. Ahmed el-Mekkî, Menâḳıbü Ebî Ḥanîfe, Beyrut 1401/1981, I, 38; İbn Şehrâşûb, Menâḳıbü âli Ebî Ṭâlib, Necef 1356/1976, III, 313-342; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, IV, 401-402; Bezzâzî, Menâḳıbü Ebî Ḥanîfe, Beyrut 1401/1981, II, 37-38, 79; Meclisî, Biḥârü’l-envâr, Beyrut 1403/1983, XLVI, 212-367; Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa, I, 651-659; M. Beyyûmî Mehrân, el-İmâme ve Ehlü’l-beyt, Beyrut 1995, s. 17-71; E. Kohlberg, “Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 397-400; W. Madelung, “al-Bāqer, Abū Jaʿfar Moḥammad”, EIr., III, 725-726; Hasan Târimî, “el-Bâḳır, Muḥammed b. ʿAlî”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm, Tahran 1375/1996, I, 624-633.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 506-507 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.