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MUHAMMED PÂRSÂ Skip to content MUHAMMED PÂRSÂ Ebü’l-Feth Celâlüddîn Hâce Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Hâfızî el-Buhârî (ö. 822/1420) Nakşibendiyye tarikatının kurucusu Bahâeddin Nakşibend’in önde gelen halifelerinden biri.
Müellif: Hamid Algar
749’da (1348) Buhara’da doğdu. Müridi Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed b. Mes‘ûd’un er-Risâletü’l-Bahâʾiyye’sinde (vr. 26a ) künyesine Ca‘ferî nisbesini eklemesi onun Abdullah b. Ca‘fer-i Tayyâr’ın soyundan geldiği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır (Hândmîr, IV, 4). Gençliğinde iyi bir medrese tahsili gören Muhammed Pârsâ, Bahâeddin Nakşibend’e bu yıllarda intisap etti. Fahreddin Safî, Reşeḥât’ta ona “Pârsâ” (dindar, zâhid) lakabının Bahâeddin Nakşibend tarafından verildiğine dair bir menkıbeyi nakleder.
Bahâeddin Nakşibend’in 771 (1370) yılında yaptığı hac yolculuğu sırasında ziyaret ettiği Emîr Külâl’in halifesi ve Nakşibend’in sohbet arkadaşı Ârif Dikgerânî’nin ölüm döşeğinde ona Muhammed Pârsâ’yı halife tayin etmesini tavsiyesi, henüz yirmi iki yaşında olan Pârsâ’nın bu yıllarda yüksek bir mânevî olgunluğa erişmiş olduğunu göstermektedir. Bahâeddin Nakşibend’in, vefatından kısa bir süre önce muhtemelen 790 (1388) yılında yaptığı ikinci haccı esnasında refakatçileri arasında bulunan Muhammed Pârsâ bu sırada şeyhinden büyük iltifat gördü. Bahâeddin Nakşibend, Hâcegân silsilesine dahil olan halifelerden ulaşan mânevî emaneti kendisine teslim ettiğini söyleyerek onu halife tayin etti. Hac dönüşü son hastalığı esnasında yerine kimi bırakacağını bildirmesini merakla bekleyen müridlerine bu konudaki sözünü hac yolunda söylediğini ve kendisini arzu edenlerin Muhammed Pârsâ’ya nazar etmelerini bildirdiği ve hakkında, “Bizim geliş gayemiz onun varlığıdır” dediği kaydedilmektedir.
Hâce Muhammed Pârsâ, Bahâeddin Nakşibend vefat edince (791/1389) şeyhin diğer halifesi Alâeddin Attâr’a intisap etti. Attâr’ın ölümünün (802/1400) ardından başladığı irşad faaliyetini dinî ilimlerin ve özellikle hadis ilminin öğretimine paralel olarak devam ettirdi. Vakıf sicillerinden onun Buhara’da hankahının yanı sıra bir medreseyi de yönettiği, hankahın oldukça zengin bir kütüphanesi bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Pârsâ’nın vefatından sonra da gelişmeye devam eden bu kütüphaneye XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Buhara kadısı el koymuş, içindeki kitaplar XX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar parça parça satılmıştır (Dodkhudoeva, sy. 5-6 [1998], s. 128).
Muhammed Pârsâ’nın irşad faaliyetini sürdürdüğü dönemde Timur hânedanıyla ilişkileri olmuştur. Horasan Valisi Şâhruh ile yakınlık kurması, Şâhruh’un onun her isteğini yerine getirmesi başşehir Semerkant’ın hâkimi Mirza Halîl’i rahatsız etti ve Muhammed’i bozkırlarda yaşayan göçebelere İslâm’ı yaymakla görevlendirip Buhara’dan uzaklaştırmak istedi. Ancak bu sırada Şâhruh, Halîl’e savaş açıp onu mağlûp edince Muhammed Pârsâ da Buhara’da kaldı. Nakşî kaynakları bu olayı, Pârsâ’nın göreve başlamadan önce gidip ziyaret ettiği Bahâeddin Nakşibend ve Emîr Külâl’in mezarlarında yaptığı dua sonucu gerçekleştiği şeklinde yorumlamıştır (Safî, I, 108-109).
Timur’un torunu Uluğ Bey döneminde kıraat ve hadis âlimi İbnü’l-Cezerî ile aralarında cereyan eden hadise, onun tasavvufun yanı sıra hadis ilminde de ileri bir seviyede olduğunu göstermektedir. Muhalifleri, Mâverâünnehir âlimlerinin rivayet ettiği hadislerin sıhhatini araştırmak için Semerkant’a gelen İbnü’l-Cezerî’ye Muhammed Pârsâ’nın çok sayıda hadis naklettiğini söyleyip bunları incelemesi ricasında bulunmuşlardır. Bunun üzerine Uluğ Bey Pârsâ’yı Buhara’dan Semerkant’a çağırmış, kurulan mecliste İbnü’l-Cezerî, Pârsâ’dan senedleriyle birlikte hadis nakletmesini istemiş, bu arada onun naklettiği bir senedi bilmediğini söyleyince Pârsâ başka senedler zikretmiş, İbnü’l-Cezerî bunları da kabul etmeyince Muhammed Pârsâ bir kitap adı vererek bunu muteber sayıp saymayacağını sormuş, olumlu cevap alınca Semerkant kadısına dönüp kitabın kütüphanesindeki yerini, cildini, sayfasını bildirmiş ve söylediklerinin doğru olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Uluğ Bey’in bu hadiseden sonra Muhammed Pârsâ’ya yaptığı saygısızlıktan dolayı pişmanlık duyduğu kaydedilmektedir. Fahreddin Safî onun mânevî halini gizlemeye çok dikkat ettiğini, mecbur kaldığı için keramet gösterdiğini söyler (Reşeḥat, I, 106-108).
Muhammed Pârsâ, 822 Muharreminde (Şubat 1419) ikinci defa hacca gitmek üzere Buhara’dan yola çıktı. Nesef, Çagāniyân, Tirmiz, Belh ve Cam gibi şehirlere uğrayarak buralardaki âlim ve şeyhlerle görüştü ve tam hac zamanı Mekke’ye ulaştı. Bu sırada hastalandığından vedâ tavafını sedye üzerinde taşınarak yapabildi. Medine’ye gidip Hz. Peygamber’in kabrini ziyaret ettiği günün ertesinde vefat etti ve oraya defnedildi (24 Zilhicce 822 / 11 Ocak 1420). Cenaze namazını kılanlar arasında Osmanlı ulemâsından Molla Fenârî de bulunmaktaydı. Zeyniyye tarikatının pîri Zeynüddin el-Hâfî, Mısır’dan beyaz taş getirterek kabrinin başına dikmiş, daha sonra kabri Orta Asya’dan gelen hacılar için ziyaretgâh haline gelmiştir. Muhammed Fazlullah, 1212 (1798) yılında hacca gittiğinde gördüğü bu taşı 1225’teki (1810) ziyaretinde yerinde bulamadığını ve muhtemelen Vehhâbî istilâsı sırasında yıkılmış olduğunu söylemektedir (ʿUmdetü’l-maḳāmât, s. 75). Timurlu hânedanı mensupları için methiyeler yazan çağdaş şairlerden Sekkâkî Muhammed Pârsâ için Çağatay Türkçesi’yle bir methiye kaleme almıştır (Mevlânâ Sekkâkî Divanı, s. 204-205). Hakkında methiye yazan diğer şair İsmet-i Buhârî kendisinin de Abdullah b. Ca‘fer-i Tayyâr’ın soyundan olduğunu iddia etmiştir (Dîvân, s. 240-244). Muhammed Pârsâ, telif ettiği eserlerle bu taşralı dinî tecrübenin şehirli bir tarikat haline gelip Nakşibendiyye’ye dönüşmesinde önemli rol oynamış, ancak Hâcegân silsilesi onunla değil Alâeddin Attâr’la devam etmiştir.
Melâmet neşvesine sahip olan Muhammed Pârsâ’nın sohbete büyük önem verdiği ve bu önemi vurgulamak için, “Namazın kazâsı olur, sohbetin kazâsı olmaz” dediği nakledilmektedir. Ona göre melâmetîlerin hallerini anlamak Hâcegân tarikini anlamaya yardımcıdır. Muhammed Pârsâ, Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin görüşlerine ilgi duymuş ve eserinde bunlara yer vermiştir. Oğlu Ebû Nasr Pârsâ onun Fuṣûṣ’un can, Füṭuḥât’ın gönül olduğunu söylediğini nakleder. Bu açıdan Nakşibendiyye tarihinde özel bir yere sahiptir.
Vefatından üç yıl önce müridlerinden Süleyman Ferketî’ye hadis rivayeti için icâzet veren Muhammed Pârsâ’nın ilim ve irşad faaliyetini birlikte sürdürdüğü anlaşılmaktadır. er-Risâletü’l-Bahâʾiyye müellifi Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed b. Mes‘ûd, Buhara’daki türbelere dair bir kitap yazması için teşvik ettiği Muînülfukarâ diye tanınan Ahmed b. Mahmûd, Hâce Ferruh Tebrîzî, Abdürrahim Neyistanî, Süleyman Ferketî ve yerine halife olarak bıraktığı oğlu Ebû Nasr Pârsâ müridleri arasında zikredilmektedir. Babasının son hac ziyaretine katılan Ebû Nasr Pârsâ hac dönüşü Belh’e yerleşmiş, burada babası gibi hadis öğretimi ve irşadla meşgul olmuştur. 865 (1461) yılında Belh’te vefat eden Ebû Nasr Pârsâ için Timurlu kumandanlardan Mîr Mezîd Argun görkemli bir türbe inşa ettirmiştir. Türbe çok hasar görmesine rağmen günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Abdurrahman-ı Câmî onun şeriat ve şeriat bilgisi itibariyle babasına eşit, âlicenaplık bakımından ondan üstün olduğunu söyler (Nefeḥâtü’l-üns, s. 401). Pârsâ ailesi sonraki yüzyıllarda Belh’te etkin konuma gelmiş, bu aileden Abdülhâdi Pârsâ, Şeybânîler’den Ubeydullah Han döneminde Belh kadısı olarak görev yapmıştır. XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında Ebû Nasr Pârsâ’nın torunlarından Sâlih Hâce’nin bir süre Belh’in idaresini ele aldığı kaydedilmektedir. Bazı kaynaklarda Nakşibendiyye’nin bir kolu olarak Pârsâiyye tarikatından bahsedilmekteyse de ailenin Ebû Nasr Pârsâ’dan sonraki mensupları tasavvuf alanında faaliyet göstermemiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Risâle-i Ḳudsiyye. Bahâeddin Nakşibend’in sohbetlerinde tuttuğu notları ve bunların şerhini ihtiva eden eser on bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Zikir, telvin, temkin, cem‘, fark, velâyet, fenâ ve bekā gibi terimlerin ele alındığı kitap Ahmed Tâhirî Irâkī (Tahran 1975) ve Melik Muhammed İkbal (Ravalpindi 1975) tarafından tahkik edilerek yayımlanmıştır. XVIII. yüzyılda Uşşâkī şeyhlerinden Salâhî Efendi’nin Türkçe’ye çevirdiği eseri (İstanbul 1323) Necdet Tosun da Irâkī neşrini esas alarak Muhammed Bahaeddin Hazretlerinin Sohbetleri adıyla tercüme etmiştir (İstanbul 1988). 2. Faṣlü’l-ḫiṭâb. Çeşitli tasavvuf terimlerini, ricâlü’l-gayb, ashap ve Ehl-i beyt’e muhabbet gibi konuları ihtiva eden bu Farsça eserde Muhammed Pârsâ’nın Nakşibendiyye’yi tasavvufun genel prensipleri ve mirasıyla bütünleştirme gayreti içinde olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Melâmetiyye ve Nakşibendiyye arasındaki yakınlığa vurgu yapması ve Ehl-i beyt imamlarını sûfî geleneğinin kaynağı olarak göstermesi kitabın önemli bir yönüdür. İlk defa Taşkent’te basılan eserin (1331) tahkikli neşrini Celîl-i Misgernejâd yapmıştır (Tahran 2004). Kitap XV. yüzyılda Mûsâ İznikî ve XVIII. yüzyılda Tâhir b. Nebî Ruhâvî tarafından Türkçe’ye, XVI. yüzyılda Emîr Pâdişah tarafından Arapça’ya tercüme edilmiştir. Eseri Ali Hüsrevoğlu Tevhide Giriş adıyla günümüz Türkçe’sine çevirmiştir (İstanbul 1988). 3. Tuḥfetü’s-sâlikîn. Faṣlü’l-ḫiṭâb’daki konuları içeren kitap Ali Ahmed Şah Herevî tarafından neşredilmiştir (Delhi 1970). 4. Maḳāmât-ı Ḫâce ʿAlâʾüddîn ʿAṭṭâr. Alâeddin Attâr’ın sözlerinden derlenen eserin bazı kısımları Safî’nin Reşeḥât’ında yer almaktadır. 5. Tefsîr-i Süver-i Semâniyye. Kadr, Beyyine, Zilzâl, Âdiyât, Kāria, Tekâsür, Asr ve Hümeze sûrelerinin tefsirini ihtiva eden eser 820 (1417) yılında Buhara’da kaleme alınmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 63; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 113). 6. Tefsîr-i Sûre-i Fâtiḥa (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 3262). 7. Risâle-i Keşfiyye. Zikir, hakîkat-i Muhammediyye, kelime-i tevhid, aşk, mârifet ve vahdet-i vücûda dair olan eseri Salâhî Efendi Risâle-i Vücûd Tercümesi adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Pertev Paşa, nr. 633). 8. Risâle der-Beyân-ı Ẕikr-i Cehrî. Muhammed Pârsâ’nın, cehrî zikir konusunda görüşünü soran Herat ulemâsına cevap olarak kaleme aldığı risâlede Kur’an’ın yüksek sesle okunmasını örnek gösterip cehrî zikri onayladığı görülmektedir. Arapça-Farsça karışık yazılan risâleyi Jürgen Paul Almanca tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). 9. Fuṣûlü’s-sitte. Hadislerden hüküm çıkarmanın usullerine dair olup Arapça kaleme alınmıştır (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 538). 10. Şerḥ-i Ḥaḳḳu’l-yaḳīn. Mahmûd-ı Şebüsterî’ye ait eserin şerhidir (Kayseri Râşid Efendi Ktp., nr. 1088). Muhammed Pârsâ’nın diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Risâle-i Maḥbûbiyye (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3702), Risâle fi’l-mezârât (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 1455), Erbaʿûne ḥadîs̱en (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2954), Risâle münteḫabe min ʿAḳīdeti Ebi’l-Ḳāsım es-Semerḳandî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 1663). Muhammed Pârsâ adına yayımlanan Şerḥ-i Fuṣûṣü’l-ḥikem’in (nşr. Celîl-i Misgernejâd, Tahran 1366 hş.) ona aidiyeti tartışmalıdır. Abdurrahman-ı Câmî tarafından Süḫanân-ı Ḫâce Muḥammed Pârsâ adıyla derlenen bazı sözlerini Marijan Molé yayımlamıştır (Ferheng-i Îrân-zemîn, VI, 4 [1337/1958], s. 294-303).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 563-565 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.