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MÜHENDİSHÂNE-i BAHRÎ-i HÜMÂYUN Skip to content Çağdaş anlamda eğitim vermek üzere 1775 yılında açılan mektep.
Türk eğitim tarihinde modern anlamda ilk defa kurulan bu mektebin açılmasında 1768’de başlayan Rus savaşında Osmanlı ordusunun teknik açıdan zafiyet içinde bulunmasının önemli rolü vardır. Savaş sırasında topçuluğun çağdaş hale getirilmesi çalışmaları ehemmiyet kazanmış ve bu arada bir yıl kadar hizmet veren bir topçu mektebi açılmış olmakla beraber (Receb 1186 / Ekim 1772) bunun savaşın seyri üzerinde etkisi görülmemişti. 1770 Çeşme olayından sonra donanmanın yeniden yapılanması girişimleri de kalıcı ve semereli olmamıştı. Eğitilmiş kadrolara duyulan ihtiyaç bir deniz mühendishânesi açılmasını kaçınılmaz kılmıştı.
Okulun açılış tarihi 1187 (1773) olarak kabul edilmekle beraber Toderini’nin belirttiği bu tarih yanıltıcıdır. Baron de Tott’un hâtıratında konuyla ilgili anlatımın tahlili neticesinde bunun doğru olamayacağı ortaya çıkarılmış bulunmaktadır (Beydilli, s. 23). Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun’un açılışı Fransız arşiv belgelerine göre 29 Nisan 1775 tarihindedir. Mühendishânenin ilk hocalarından Cezayirli Seyyid Hasan Hoca da yazmış olduğu bir risâlenin önsözünde bu hususu teyit etmekte ve açılışının I. Abdülhamid zamanında ve Sadrazam Derviş Mehmed Paşa’nın üçüncü sadâreti döneminde olduğunu (Cemâziyelevvel 1189 / Temmuz 1775) belirtmektedir. Hatta az sayıdaki talebeyi gayrete getirmek üzere 15 Temmuz’da bunlara birer nişan verildiği tesbit edilmiştir (Kaçar, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Bilim ve Eğitim Anlayışındaki Değişmeler ve Mühendishânelerin Kuruluşu, s. 96-97). Bu son araştırmalar ışığında okulun açılışının 1187 (1773) yılı içinde ve III. Mustafa zamanında değil halefi I. Abdülhamid döneminde ve 1189’da (1775) olduğu kesinlik kazanmaktadır.
Fransızca kaynaklarda “Ecole de Théorie” veya “Ecol de Mathématiques”, Türkçe kaynaklarda “Hendesehâne” yahut “Hendese Odası” olarak geçen ve Tersane’de gemilerin çekildiği boş bir hangarda açılan okul, içlerinde ileri yaşlarda olanların da bulunduğu az sayıda talebeyle eğitime başladı. Baron de Tott’un imtihandan geçirerek seçtiği ilk öğrenciler genelde ibtidaî riyâziye bilgisine sahip eski kaptanlardan, bunların veya yüksek rütbeli bazı memurların çocuklarından oluşuyordu. Gerekli bazı kitaplar ve aletler Paris’ten getirtilmişti. İlk aylarında Fransız hocalarından Gilles Jean-Marie Brazzer de Kermovan tarafından matematik ağırlıklı bir eğitim verilmekte olan okulda kısa bir zaman sonra devletin eğitilmiş denizcilere olan ihtiyacından dolayı ve Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa’nın da isteğiyle ders müfredatında deniz mühendisliği, hendese ve coğrafya bilimlerine ağırlık verilecek şekilde değişiklik yapıldı (a.g.e., s. 97-98). 1190 (1776) yılı başlarında okulun nizamnâmesi hazırlanarak yürürlüğe konuldu. Bir hoca ve yardımcısıyla bir alet muhafızından oluşan üç kişilik maaşlı bir kadro tayini yapılan okula on talebe kaydedildi. Daha sonraları tersane kâtiplerinden ve diğer hevesli olanlardan oluşan ve dersleri dışarıdan takip eden elliye yakın müdaviminin de bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Mektebin ilk hocası olan ve birkaç yabancı dile hâkim olduğu bildirilen Cezayirli Seyyid Hasan Bey, Rus savaşı sebebiyle okuldan kaptan olarak ayrılmış, Kılburun deniz muharebesinde uğranılan yenilgiden sorumlu bulunarak idam edilmiş (1 Safer 1202 / 12 Kasım 1787) ve içlerinde kitaplarının da bulunduğu mal varlığına el konulmuştur (Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 237-239). Daha sonraki yıllarda hocalık vazifesi devrin riyâziyecilerinden Seyyid Osman, Gelenbevî İsmâil, Palabıyık Mehmed, Ali Bahar, Mehmed Sâlih efendiler tarafından sürdürülmüştür.
Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun 1195 (1781) yılında Mühendishâne-i Tersâne-i Âmire adıyla anılmaya başlandı ve 1198’de (1784) Halil Hamîd Paşa’nın sadâreti esnasında yeniden düzenlendi. Önce yer darlığı sorununun giderilmesine çalışıldı ve mektep, Tersane Zindanı yanında üç ambarlı kalyonların yapıldığı mahal civarında yeni inşa edilen birkaç odalı bir binaya taşındı. Bu binanın 1797 tarihli tamiratında verilen bilgilerden hareketle 189 m2 olmak üzere iki kat halinde yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır (Beydilli, s. 24). Bu vesile ile ders programları da yeniden ele alındı, eğitim kadrosu Fransa’dan getirtilen Lafitte-Clavé ve Monnier gibi mühendislerle takviye edildi. Bunlar aslında kara mühendisleri olup hizmete alınmaları bu sahadaki boşluğun doldurulması amacını taşımaktaydı. Böylece burada istihkâm, tâbiye ve hendese dersleriyle 1210’da (1795) açılacak Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun’un ilk adımları atılmış oluyordu. Hendese ağırlıklı dersler için Gelenbevî ve Kasabbaşızâde İbrâhim efendiler vazifelendirilmişti. Fransız mühendislerinin hazırladığı dersler ise Ermeni tercüman Miran tarafından Türkçe’ye aktarılmaktaydı. Daha sonraki Nizâm-ı Cedîd döneminin önder simalarından ve o sırada defterdar olan Mustafa Reşid Efendi okulun nâzırlığına getirildi. Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun’daki eğitime katkıda bulunmak dışında harita çıkartan, müstahkem mevkilerin takviyesiyle uğraşan ve diğer askerî sahalarda da teknik hizmet veren Fransız mühendis ve subayları, 1787-1788 Osmanlı-Rus / Avusturya Savaşı sebebiyle bu devletlerin karşı çıkmalarından ötürü Fransa’ya geri çağrıldı. Gelenbevî’nin vefat etmesi ve yerine tayin edilen Palabıyık Mehmed Efendi’nin iki yıl sonra ayrılması gibi sebepler eğitim kadrosunda önemli bir zayıflamaya yol açtı. Yaşanan tecrübeler ışığında savaş sonrası, Tersane’de olan Mühendishâne gibi özellikle yapımına 1207’de (1793) başlanan Humbaracı ve Lağımcı ocakları efradının eğitilmesiyle görevli olmakla beraber Harp Okulu olarak hizmet verecek olan yeni bir mühendishanenin kurulması kaçınılmaz hale geldi ve burası Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun adını aldı (1210/1795).
1791-1792 Ziştovi ve Yaş antlaşmalarından sonra bilhassa serhad kalelerinin takviyesi, istihkâmların Avrupa tarzında elden geçirilmesi gerektiğinden buna dair bilim dalı olan “kılâ‘ hendesesi” önem kazanmıştır. Öte yandan Avrupa’daki gibi gemi inşa edilerek bir donanma oluşturulmasına da öncelik verilmek istenmekteydi. Özellikle bu son ihtiyacı karşılamak amacıyla 1207’de (1793), gemi yapımı sahasında hizmet verecek ve usta mimar-mühendisler yetişmesinde emeği geçecek olan başta Jacques Balthasard le Brunn olmak üzere bazı Fransız mühendisler hizmete alınmıştır. Böylece J. B. le Brunn’ün himmetiyle Mühendishâne-i Tersâne-i Âmire’de gemi inşası kısmı kurulmuştur. İleride hoca ve gemi yapım mühendisi olarak hizmet verecek olan Büyük Seyyid Mustafa ve Ahmed Hoca, J. B. le Brunn tarafından yetiştirilmiş ve yabancı mühendislerin memleketlerine dönmeleri halinde işlerin yürütülmesi bir dereceye kadar temin edilmiştir. Nitekim bu defa da J. B. le Brunn, Fransa’nın Mısır’a saldırması üzerine (Temmuz 1798) memleketine dönmek zorunda kalmıştır. Diğer Fransız mühendislerden Benoît gemi inşası derslerine devam etmiştir. J. B. le Brunn tarafından düzene sokulan Mühendishâne-i Bahrî’deki eğitimin ikinci önemli dalı olan harita ve coğrafya fenni dersini Seyyid Osman Efendi ve Ahmed Hoca sürdürmüştür. Derslerin tatbikî kısmı Fransız mühendislerinden Parale tarafından verilmiş ve bu arada donanmadaki hoca, reis ve hizmetlilerin çocuklarından oluşan yirmi kişilik bir talebe grubu eğitime alınmıştır. Parale’in de memleketine dönmek zorunda kalması üzerine bu yeni talebeler gemilerdeki uygulamalı derslere katılmıştır. 1212’de (1797) Mühendishâne-i Bahrî’deki dersler dört ana grup halinde tanzim edilmiş olarak sürdürülmekteydi: Harita ve coğrafya, seyr-i sefâin, gemi inşası, istihkâm ve kılâ‘ hendesesi. Nihayet 1797’de kalyon inşası ve derya fenleri Mühendishâne-i Bahrî’ye, istihkâm ve hendese üzere kale inşası ve kara askerliğiyle ilgili savaş bilimlerinin öğretilmesi Mühendishâne-i Berrî’ye tahsis edilerek iki mühendishânenin eğitimi ve hoca kadrosu birbirinden ayrılmıştır (a.g.e., s. 33-36).
Hocalarının maaş durumundaki yetersizlik yüzünden Mühendishâne-i Bahrî’deki eğitimin durma noktasına geldiği ve özellikle Nizâm-ı Cedîd devrinin sona ermesiyle (1807) başlayan yeni dönemde tamamen ihmal edildiği görülmektedir. “Mühendis lâzım değildir” diyerek Mühendishâne-i Berrî’de bazı hocaların işten çıkarıldığı bu dönemde Mühendishâne-i Bahrî hocaları da zor günler geçirmekteydi. Durumu aksettiren resmî kayıtlara göre geçim sıkıntısı çeken hoca ve talebelerin bazıları vazifeden ayrılmış, bezginlik ve ümitsizlik içinde başka iş tutmak zorunda kalmıştır. Bu duruma bir son verilmesi ve eğitimin tekrar istenilen düzeye getirilmesi, Koca Hüsrev Paşa’nın ikinci kaptan-ı deryâlığı esnasında kaleme aldığı 1824 tarihli bir raporda açıkça dile getirilmiştir. Mühendishânede geniş bir düzenlemeye gidilmesi, mevcut hoca ve talebelerin malî durumunun iyileştirilmesi ve dolayısıyla başka işlerle uğraşmalarının önlenmesi, daha yüksek maaş verilen Mühendishâne-i Berrî’ye geçmeye çalışmalarına engel olunması için öncelikle maaşlarının yükseltilmesi hususu Koca Hüsrev Paşa’nın daha ilk kaptanlığı sırasında da (1811-1818) gündeme getirilmişti. Kendisinin bu teklifi o zaman meclislerde görüşülerek tasvip edilmiş olmakla beraber yapılacak zamların tutarı olan yıllık 27.300 kuruşun nereden karşılanacağı bilinemediğinden bir sonuç çıkmamıştı. Hocaların ise maaşlarına en son 1804 yılında bir zam yapıldığı ve geçen yirmi yıl içinde hiçbir artış görmedikleri ifade edilmektedir. Raporda ayrıca eğitimin düzenlenmesi konusu ele alınmıştır. Başhoca olan Gelenbevîzâde Mehmed Emin Efendi’nin maaşının azlığı (yılda 1200 kuruş) ve rahatsızlığı sebebiyle okula her gün gelemediği, başhalife Halil Efendi’nin de başhocalığı üstlenecek yetenekte olmadığı belirtilmektedir. Uygun bir hoca aranması gözlerin Mühendishâne-i Berrî’ye çevrilmesine yol açmış, burada ikinci hoca olan, hendesede maharetiyle dikkati çeken ve Fransızca bilen Mehmed Rûhuddin Efendi’nin Mühendishâne-i Bahrî’ye tayini gündeme gelmiş ve yıllık 3500 kuruş maaşla buraya alınmıştır (a.g.e., s. 56-59).
Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ilgasından sonra askerî kurumlardaki yeniden yapılanma aşamasında Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun 1830’da Heybeliada’ya nakledilmiş, 1838’de Tersane’de Paşa Konağı’nın bulunduğu tepe üzerine inşa edilen bir binaya taşınmıştır. Bu dönemde de kayıtlı kırk talebesine rağmen bunların ancak yarısının derslere devam ettiğinden ve hâlâ eğitimin yetersizliğinden şikâyet edilen okul 1846’da kalıcı olarak tekrar Heybeliada’ya taşınmıştır. Mühendishâne-i Bahrî bugünkü Deniz Harp Okulu’nun nüvesini teşkil etmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi: İstanbul’un Uzun Dört Yılı: 1785-1789 (haz. Feridun M. Emecen), İstanbul 2003, s. 237-239; Fevzi Kurtoğlu, Deniz Mektebleri Tarihçesi, İstanbul 1941, tür.yer.; Türkiye Maarif Tarihi, II, 315-324; Kemal Beydilli, Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne, Mühendishâne Matbaası ve Kütüphânesi: 1776-1826 , İstanbul 1995, tür.yer.; Mustafa Kaçar, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Bilim ve Eğitim Anlayışındaki Değişmeler ve Mühendishânelerin Kuruluşu (doktora tezi, 1996), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda İlk Mühendishânenin Kuruluşu”, Toplumsal Tarih, sy. 54, İstanbul 1998, s. 4-11.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 514-516 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.