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MÜHENDİSHÂNE-i BERRÎ-i HÜMÂYUN Skip to content Mühendis yetiştirmek üzere 1795 yılında açılan mektep.
III. Selim devrinde yeniden yapılanmanın (nizâm-ı cedîd) en önemli kurumlarından biri olarak 1210’da (1795) Hasköy’de açılmıştır. 1189’da (1775) kurulan Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun’dan sonra imparatorluğun ikinci mühendishânesidir. Örneklerini, Fransa’da Mouradgea D’Ohsson’un ve özellikle Viyana’da Ebûbekir Râtib Efendi’nin gözlemlediği (1792) askerlik ve mühendislik akademilerinden almıştır. Kuruluş sebebi Nizâm-ı Cedîd ordusunun teşkil edilmesiyle bağlantılıdır. İlk dönemiyle ilgili belgelerde Fünûn-i Harbiyye Tâlimhânesi, Mekteb-i Fünûn-i Harbiyye veya Mühendishâne-i Sultânî gibi isimlerle, ardından da Mühendishâne-i Berrî(-i Hümâyun) olarak anılmıştır.
Kuruluş yeri olarak Hasköy’ün sapa ve ücra olması sebebiyle özellikle tercih edildiği, böylece yeni okulun ve yanındaki Humbaracı ve Lağımcı Ocağı mensuplarının şehirdeki yeniçerilerle bağ kurmalarının önlenmek istendiği Mühendishâne-i Berrî binasının inşasına 5 Zilhicce 1207’de (14 Temmuz 1793) başlanmış ve Safer 1210’da (Eylül 1795) tamamlanmıştır. Mühendishâne-i Bahrî’de olduğu gibi bu mektepte yabancı hocalar istihdam edilmemiştir. Riyâziye ve hendese ağırlıklı olarak verilen dersler, okulun idareciliğini ve başhocalığını uzun yıllar üstlenen geometri ve cebir hocası Abdurrahman Efendi başkanlığında Türk hocaları (Hüseyin Rıfkı, İbrâhim Kâmi, Hâfız Seyyid İbrâhim Edhem, Elhac Hâfız Abdullah) tarafından yürütülmüştür. Öğretim dört mühendis hoca tarafından sürdürülmüş, 1801’de İngiliz mühtedisi mühendis Selim’in (Bailey) kadroya alınmasıyla hoca sayısı beşe yükselmiştir. Mektepte kullanılan ders kitaplarının çeşitli çizelgeler (logaritma cetvelleri) ve geometrik şekiller içermesinden ötürü bunların hatasız çoğaltılmasının en iyi biçimde basılması halinde gerçekleşebileceği ve derslerle ilgili olarak hazırlanacak telif ve tercüme eserlerin de ayrıca daha ucuz şekilde talebenin istifadesine sunulacağı düşüncesinden hareketle mühendishâne binasının zemin katında bir matbaa açılmıştır (1211/1797). Bu durum, o sırada başka bir Türk matbaasının olmaması sebebiyle Türk matbaacılığı açısından da önemli bir gelişmeyi gösterir.
Yanındaki Humbaracı ve Lağımcı ocaklarına bağlı bir kurum olması düşünüldüğünden Mühendishâne-i Berrî’nin başlangıçta müstakil bir kanunnâmesi yoktu ve nizamıyla ilgili düzenlemeler bu ocaklar için hazırlanan kanunnâmede yer almıştı (1206/1792). Buna göre hocalar humbaracı ve lağımcı neferlerine humbara atmak ve lağım bağlamak dersleri, fenn-i hendese üzere metris kazmak, tabya inşa etmek, kale tabyası yapmak, ordu mahallini tesbit etmek, top kundağı, gülle ve humbara kundağı, tombaz köprü yaptırmak, lağımcılara hendese dersleri vermek ve bu konularla ilgili telif ve tercüme risâleler hazırlamak gibi vazifelerle yükümlüydüler. Birinci sınıftaki talebelere öncelikle hat, imlâ, hesap ve hendese, teknik resim dersleri verilmekteydi. Birinci ve ikinci sınıflarda ayrıca Arapça ve Fransızca dersleri yer almaktaydı. İkinci, üçüncü ve dördüncü sınıf talebeleri coğrafya, arazi ölçümü, harita çıkarma, lağımcılık ve müstahkem binalar inşası, çağdaş askerlik tertibi, isabetli ve seri top atıcılığı, yüksek matematik bilgisine dayanan koni kesitleri, diferansiyel hesap, integral hesap, mekanik ve astronomi gibi derslerde öğretim görmekteydi (Beydilli, Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne, s. 59-60).
Mühendishânede ayrıca bir kütüphane oluşturulmuştur. İlk kitaplar ve gerekli aletler Enderûn-ı Hümâyun Hazinesi’nden tahsis edilmiş, bir kısmı diğer kütüphanelerden sağlanmış, terekelerden satın alınmış veya hediye olarak verilmiştir. Kütüphane özellikle Ebûbekir Râtib Efendi’nin terekesinden alınan çok sayıdaki kitap, harita, teknik alet ve edevatla zenginleşmiştir. Mühendishâne-i Berrî Kütüphanesi’nde, 1751’de Paris’te neşredilmeye başlanarak 1780’de tamamlanan otuz beş ciltlik meşhur Fransız ansiklopedisine de (Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raissoné des sciences, des arts et des métiers) yer verilmiş olması dikkat çekicidir (a.g.e., s. 279).
1806’da Mühendishâne-i Berrî, daha iyi bir işleve kavuşturulmak amacıyla Humbaracı ve Lağımcı ocakları bünyesinden ayrılarak müstakil bir kurum haline getirilmek istendi ve bu maksatla Eyüp’te Hançerli Sultan Yalısı’na taşındı. Aynı tarihte mühendishâne için ayrı bir kanunnâme hazırlandı. Daha uygun bir bina yapılması düşünülmüş olmakla birlikte III. Selim’in tahttan indirilmesi yüzünden bu gerçekleşmedi ve mühendishâne 1808 yılı başlarında eski binasına geri döndü (a.g.e., s. 76-77). Matbaa ise önce geçici bir süre için Sultan Ahmed civarındaki Kapalıfırın semtinde bir mahalle nakledildi (1802), işletmeye geçmeden Selimiye Kışlası yakınında yapılan müstakil bir binaya taşındı (Aralık 1802) ve Haziran 1824’e kadar faaliyetini burada sürdürdü. Mühendishâne ve matbaasındaki faaliyetlerin III. Selim’in son dönemlerinde önemli derecede zaafa uğradığı görülmektedir. III. Selim’in tahttan indirilmesi ve Nizâm-ı Cedîd faaliyetlerine son verilmesi mühendishâneye daha ağır bir darbe indirdi. 1808’de IV. Mustafa’nın kısa süren saltanatında yeni bir kanunnâme hazırlandı. Ancak dönemin kargaşası içinde hocaların işlerine son verilmesi; îrâd-ı cedîd hazinesinden sağlanan maaşların bu hazinenin ilgasından ötürü ödenememesi gibi gelişmeler oldu ve maaşla ilgili sıkıntılar uzun yıllar çözülemedi.
Mühendishâne-i Berrî binası 1809’da elden geçirilerek tamir edildi. Ancak Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ilgasına kadar (1826) geçen zaman içinde mühendislik eğitimi ağır bir ihmale uğradı. Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılmasının ardından çağdaş düzeyde eğitilmek üzere kurulan yeni ordunun ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla mühendislik eğitimi tekrar önem kazandı. Verimsiz geçen uzun yıllar, yeni ordunun özellikle ihtiyaç duyduğu mühendislik hizmetlerinin yerine getirilmesinde büyük sıkıntılarla karşılaşılmasına yol açtı. Nizâm-ı Cedîd’in sona ermesiyle başlayan dönemde mühendislik ilminin ihmal edildiği, okulun kanunlarına uyulmamasından ötürü mühendishâneyi cehalet sardığı, gelişme kaydetmemiş olarak âdeta yerinde saydığı ve sarfedilen büyük meblağların heba olduğu hususunu II. Mahmud’a arzeden serasker Koca Hüsrev, Sadrazam Selim Sırrı paşaların ve Seretıbbâ Abdülhak Molla’nın takrirlerinde dile getirilir (a.g.e., s. 74). Bu durumda Mühendishâne-i Berrî’nin, 1826’dan sonra başlayan II. Mahmud devri reformları çerçevesinde ciddi bir şekilde ele alınması kaçınılmaz olmuştu. Yeni orduda “mansûre mühendisi” ismiyle binbaşı rütbesinde sermühendis, kolağası ve yüzbaşı rütbelerinde mühendis halifesi istihdamı ve her tabura iki mühendis tahsisi kararlaştırıldı ve bunlara ayyıldızlı pergel işaretli apolet takıldı. 1841’de Damad Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın Tophâne ferikliğinde humbaracı ve lağımcı askeri alaylar halinde tertip edilerek bunlara “mühendis alayı” adı verildi.
Siyasî istikrarsızlıklarda yeni ve eski düzen taraftarları arasındaki mücadelelerden etkilenmiş olarak sarsıntılar geçiren kurum, yine de ilk mühendislerin yetişmesini ve ilerideki dönemlerde mühendislik hizmetlerinin yabancı mühendislerin hizmete alınmasına ihtiyaç kalmadan karşılanmasını büyük ölçüde sağladı. Böylece ordunun mühendis ihtiyacının yerine getirilmesi, serhad kalelerinin çağdaş savaş bilimi doğrultusunda inşa ve tahkimleri, çeşitli yerlerin haritalarının çıkarılması, yeni yerleşim semtleri oluşturularak genişleyen başşehrin kadastrosunun hazırlanması, su yollarının ve yeni açılan şoselerin yapımı, çeşitli bina ve mâbedlerin inşa ve tamiri, sınırların tesbiti, Sakarya-Sapanca gölü-İzmit körfezi kanalı projesi gibi sahalarda önemli hizmetlerde bulunabilecek mühendisler yetiştirilmiştir. Ayrıca dönemin mühendislerinin farklı işlerde de kullanıldığı dikkati çeker. Meselâ 1821 Rum isyanı sebebiyle Rum tercümanlarının işten çıkarılması esnasında resmî tercüme hizmetlerinin aksamaması için Fransızca bilmeleri sebebiyle mühendishâne hocaları devreye sokulmuştur.
1845’te Mühendishâne-i Berrî nâzırı olarak tayin edilen Bekir Paşa zamanında okul genişletilmek üzere tamir ve yeniden tanzim edildi. Mühendislik eğitimi 1864 yılına kadar eski binasında sürdürüldü, aynı yıl topçu kısmı idâdî talebeleri Galatasaray’a nakledildi. Burada Harbiye, Bahriye ve Tıbbiye mekteplerinin idâdî kısımlarıyla Mekâtib-i İ‘dâdî-i Umûmî adı altında birleştirildi. 1867’de Galatasaray’daki mektep kapatılarak talebeleri eski binalarına iade edildi ve mühendislik eğitimi tekrar Hasköy’deki eski yerine alındı. 1871’de Mühendishâne-i Berrî talebelerinin harbiye sınıfları Harbiye’ye, topçu idâdîsi sınıfları Maçka’daki kışlaya nakledildi; böylece Mühendishâne-i Berrî topçu ve istihkâm subayı yetiştirecek hazırlık okulu haline getirildi. Hasköy’de boşalan bina 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda hastahane olarak kullanıldı. Savaş sonunda bina tamir edilip genişletildi ve nâzırlığına Vidinli Hüseyin Tevfik Paşa getirildi. Harbiye Mektebi’ndeki topçu ve istihkâm kısımları idâdî sınıfı talebeleri getirilerek eğitime burada devam edildi. 1883’te kurulan Hendese-i Mülkiyye Mektebi, Mühendishâne-i Berrî’ye bağlıydı. 1908’de sivil bir kurum olmak üzere Mühendis Mektebi açıldı. Cumhuriyet’ten sonra 1928’de Nâfia Bakanlığı’na bağlı olarak Yüksek Mühendislik Mektebi kurulması kararlaştırıldı. 1933’te İstanbul Dârülfünunu’nun lağvedilmesi üzerine yeni oluşturulan İstanbul Üniversitesi’ne Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi bir fakülte şeklinde ilâve edildi ve 1941’de Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlanarak adı Yüksek Mühendis Okulu oldu. Nihayet 1944’te de İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi kuruldu. Mühendishâne-i Berrî, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi’nin ilk nüvesini oluşturmuştur. Ayrıca Mühendishâne-i Berrî, Humbaracı ve Lağımcı ocaklarının (Topçu ve İstihkâm Okulu) eğitim kurumu olduğundan Harbiye Mektebi’nin de (Kara Harp Okulu) ilk nüvesini teşkil eder.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Mahmud Râif Efendi ve Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e Dâir Eseri (nşr. Kemal Beydilli – İlhan Şahin), Ankara 2001, tür.yer.; Mehmed Esad, Mir’ât-ı Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun, İstanbul 1312; Çağatay Uluçay – Enver Kartekin, Yüksek Mühendis Okulu, İstanbul 1958, tür.yer.; Kâzım Çeçen, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi’nin Kısa Tarihçesi, İstanbul 1990, tür.yer.; Kemal Beydilli, Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne, Mühendishâne Matbaası ve Kütüphânesi: 1776-1826, İstanbul 1995, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “İlk Mühendislerimizden Seyyid Mustafa ve Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e Dair Risalesi”, TED, XII (1987), s. 387-479; Mustafa Kaçar, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Askerî Teknik Eğitimde Modernleşme Çalışmaları ve Mühendishânelerin Kuruluşu”, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, II, İstanbul 1998, s. 82-104.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 516-518 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.