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MUHKEM Skip to content Başka bir ihtimal taşımayan açık mânalı âyet ve hadislerle fıkıh usulünde açıklık bakımından en üst düzeydeki lafız türü için kullanılan bir terim.
Sözlükte “sağlam kılınmış, dış etkilere ve bozulmalara karşı korunmuş” gibi mânalara gelen muhkem kelimesinin tefsir ve hadis ilimlerindeki terim anlamı hakkında farklı görüşler bulunmakla birlikte genel kabule göre başka bir ihtimal taşımayan açık mânalı âyet ve hadisleri ifade eder; fıkıh usulü terminolojisinde ise açıklık bakımından yapılan sıralamada en üst düzeye yerleştirilen lafız türünün adıdır. Kur’an’da muhkem bir sûrenin indirilmesine temas eden âyet (Muhammed 47/20) yanında, bu kelimenin masdarı olan ihkâm dan türetilmiş fiillerle kitabın âyetlerinin muhkem kılınmasından (Hûd 11/1) ve Allah’ın kendi âyetlerini sağlam biçimde -peygamberin kalbine- yerleştirmesinden (el-Hac 22/52) söz eden iki âyet bulunmakla birlikte, kitabın âyetlerini muhkemat ve müteşâbihat şeklinde bir ayırıma tâbi tutan Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 7. âyetinin yorumu, bu terimin ve karşıtı olan müteşâbihin anlam ve kapsamını belirlemede en önemli rolü oynamıştır. Belirtilen âyetteki ayırımın sözün sahibi açısından ve nefsü’l-emrde değil sadece muhatap açısından olduğu ve “kitabın anası” olarak nitelenen muhkemlerin müteşâbihat için asıl teşkil ettiği genel kabul görmekle beraber buradaki muhkem ve müteşâbihten ne kastedildiği hususunda çeşitli açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Bunların başlıcaları şunlardır: 1. Muhkem, mânaya delâleti başka beyana ihtiyaç duyurmayacak ölçüde açık, müteşâbih, mânası insanların tamamına veya birçoğuna kapalı ve ayrıca beyana muhtaç olan; 2. Muhkem tek mânalı olup te’vile ihtiyaç duyurmayan, müteşâbih birden fazla mânaya ihtimalli olup kolayca anlaşılamayan; 3. Muhkem, kendisiyle ne kastedildiği delâletinin açıklığı sebebiyle veya te’vil yoluyla anlaşılabilen, müteşâbih, hurûf-ı mukattaa ve kıyamet vakti gibi mânası ancak Allah tarafından bilinen; 4. Muhkem farzları, helâl ve haramları, va‘d ve vaîdi bildiren, müteşâbih kıssaları ve misalleri içeren; 5. Muhkem hem iman edilen hem kendisiyle amel olunan, müteşâbih amel olunmayıp sadece inanılan; 6. Muhkem mensuh olmayan veya kendisi neshetme konumunda bulunan, müteşâbih neshedilen; 7. Muhkem illeti akılla idrak edilebilen, müteşâbih -namaz rek‘atlarının sayıları gibi- illeti bilinemeyen demektir. Tek başına muhkem için yapılmış bazı açıklamalar da vardır. Meselâ İbn Abbas’ın Hz. Peygamber devrinde “muhkem”i okuduğunu söylediği ve bununla mufassal sûreleri kastettiği nakledilir. Öte yandan Râgıb el-İsfahânî âyetleri mutlak olarak muhkem, mutlak olarak müteşâbih ve bir yönden muhkem, bir yönden müteşâbih olanlar şeklinde üçe ayırır (anılan âyetin nüzûl sebebi ve farklı düşünce ekollerinin bu konudaki yaklaşımları için bk. MÜTEŞÂBİH ).
Gerek muhkem hakkında yapılan açıklamalarda gerekse bu terimin değişik ilim dallarındaki kullanımlarında, lafzın mânaya delâleti, nesih, lafızla bildirilen mânanın bilgi (sübut) değeri, lafzın bildirdiği (muhberi) olmak üzere dört bakış açısının bulunduğu görülür. Bunlardan ilk ikisinin esas alınması daha yaygındır. Muhkemi birinci açıdan inceleyen Gazzâlî, muhkem ve müteşâbihten maksadın ne olduğu hakkında naklî delil bulunmadığına göre lugavî vaz‘a başvurmak gerekeceğini, bu çerçevede muhkemin “işkâl ve ihtimal söz konusu olmayacak derecede mânası açık” ve “zâhirine yahut çelişki izâfe edilemeyecek bir te’vile göre düzgün bir mâna ifade eden söz” şeklinde iki anlamı bulunduğunu, ancak bunlardan ikincisinin müteşâbih karşıtı olmadığını, dolayısıyla muhkeme sadece ilk anlamın verilebileceğini ileri sürer. Bu bağlamda önemli bir husus terimin sadece müfred lafız için kullanılıp kullanılmadığıdır. Yine bir âyetin sırf muhberinde müphemlik bulunmasının o âyetin muhkem olmasına engel teşkil etmeyeceğine dikkat edilmelidir. Meselâ kıyametin kopacağını bildiren âyetler mânaya delâleti itibariyle muhkemdir, fakat haber verdikleri olayın zamanı ve keyfiyeti bakımından müphemlikler söz konusudur. İlk iki bakış açısına göre bir tasnif yapan Zerkeşî muhkemin özel anlamda kullanıldığında mensuhun zıddını, genel anlamda kullanıldığında mânası başka şeye ihtiyaç duyurmayacak ölçüde açık lafzı ifade ettiğini belirtir. Fürûda muhkem daha çok mensuhun karşıtını ifade eder; ancak bu hususta ilk dönem âlimlerince nesih kavramının bazı yorum çeşitlerini de kapsayacak şekilde kullanıldığı gözden uzak tutulmamalıdır (bk. NESİH ). Muhkemin bilgi değeri bağlamında ele alınışı daha çok kelâm tartışmalarında, ayrıca terimi özel bir lafız taksimi içinde inceleyen Hanefî usulünde görülür. Muhkemi lafzın muhberi itibariyle incelemeye çalışan ve bir kısmına yukarıda temas edilen görüşler arasında, el-İḥkâm ’ında muhkem ve müteşâbihleri naslarda bildirilen konulardan hareketle istikrâ yoluyla tesbite çalışan İbn Hazm’ın yaklaşımı dikkat çekici bir örnek teşkil eder.
Hadislerdeki bazı ifadelerin yorumunda da muhkem-müteşâbih ayırımı yapılmış, bilhassa helâl ve haramın apaçık olduğunu ve bunun dışında şüpheli durumlar bulunduğunu bildiren hadis (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 37, “Büyûʿ”, 2) bu anlayışı destekleyen bir delil olarak görülmüştür. Ayrıca hadis rivayetinde muhkem olma kriterinden yararlanılmış, hadis muhkem ise dili bilen kişinin mâna ile rivayet edebileceği, buna karşılık tahsise açık veya mecaz olması muhtemel bir lafız söz konusu ise dili bilme yanında fıkıhta ehliyet şartını taşıyanların bu yolla rivayette bulunabileceği söylenmiştir (Serahsî, I, 356; Zafer Ahmed et-Tehânevî, s. 47). Öte yandan hadis usulü terimi olarak muhkem “zâhiren de olsa muârazadan sâlim olan” (aynı nitelikteki başka haberle çatışmayan) makbul haber” anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Eğer iki makbul haber teâruz halindeyse ve cem‘ yoluyla ikisiyle amel mümkünse her ikisine muhkem denilip denilmeyeceği hususu tartışmalıdır.
Muhkem ve müteşâbih konusunda ortaya konan görüş ve yorumların kelâm ve fıkıh çevrelerinde gelişen tartışmalardan ve dille ilgili tahlillerden kaynaklanan yoğun bir arka planı bulunmaktadır; bunların sağlıklı bir değerlendirmeye tâbi tutulması ancak o bağlam içerisinde incelenmesiyle mümkün olabilir. Konunun kelâm ilmindeki önemi, özellikle ilâhî sıfatlar ve müteşâbih âyetlerin te’viliyle ilgili tartışmalarda ortaya çıkar. Dilin nakli meselesini gündeme getiren ve bir ölçüde fıkıh usulüne de yansıyan bu tartışmalar sırasında bir bütün olarak dilin nakil ve delâlet itibariyle kesinlik taşıyıp taşımadığı, dolayısıyla bunun nasların muhkemliği ve aklî mukaddimelerle ilişkisi ele alınmıştır. Bir taraf -tevâtüren nakledilmemesi ve farklı ihtimallere açık kullanımlarının bulunması gibi sebeplerle- dilin kendinde muhkemlik taşımadığını ve lafızların delâlet ettiği mânaların muhkemliklerini aklî mukaddimelerden aldığını, dolayısıyla müteşâbihatın bu mukaddimelere binaen te’vil edilmesi gerektiğini ileri sürerken diğer taraf dilin bütünüyle olmasa da kısmen mütevâtir olduğunu ileri sürmüş ve te’vilde bizzat lugata ve nassın zâhirine bağlı kalınması gerektiğini savunmuştur (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, s. 1-39; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, II, 632 vd.).
Günümüze ulaşan fıkıh usulü eserleri içinde ilk muhkem tarifi Cessâs’a ait olup “birden fazla mânaya ihtimalli olmayan” şeklindedir ve konu müteşâbihin karşıtı olarak Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 7. âyetinin yorumu çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Cessâs’tan sonraki Hanefî usulcüleri, bu terimi mânaya delâletindeki açıklık ve kapalılık açısından yaptıkları dörderli lafız tasnifi içerisinde (zâhir, nas, müfesser, muhkem ve hafî, müşkil, mücmel, müteşâbih) inceler. Açıklık bakımından lafız ayırımında en üst sıraya yerleştirilen muhkem için “mânaya delâleti açık ve kesin olan, te’vil, tahsis ve Hz. Peygamber’in hayatında dahi nesih ihtimali taşımayan lafız” diye bir tanım verilir. Söz konusu tasnif günümüze ulaşan eserler içinde ilk olarak Taḳvîmü’l-edille ’de görülür. Debûsî, zuhur bakımından dörde ayırdığı lafızlardan biri olan muhkemi “değişme ihtimali taşımayan bir hüccetle kendisiyle kastedilenin sağlamlaştırıldığı (söz)” şeklinde tarif eder ve bu delil dolayısıyla nesih ihtimaline kapalı hale geldiğini belirtir. Daha sonraki Hanefî usulcüleri bu dörtlü ayırımı muhafaza etmiş olsalar da mütekaddimînin tasnifinde bu lafızların birbirine tedâhülü mümkün iken müteahhirîn tarafından yapılan ayırımda her bir terimin sınırları daha açık biçimde belirlenmiştir. Başta muhkem olmak üzere bu dört terimin örneklendirilmesinde ihtilâf vardır. Genel kabul gören görüşe göre muhkemi diğerlerinden ayıran temel ölçü onun mâna bakımından neshe ihtimalinin bulunmamasıdır. Buradaki “mâna bakımından” kaydıyla bir hükmün, lafzı neshedildiği halde kendisinin bâki kalabilmesi durumuna işaret edilmiş olmaktadır. Öte yandan bazı usulcülerin belirttiği gibi muhkem müfesserden vuzuh bakımından değil kuvvet yönünden üstündür.
Müteahhir Hanefî usulcüleri, muhkem terimini li-aynihî ve li-gayrihî şeklinde niteleyerek iki farklı kapsamda kullanırlar. Anılan dörtlü taksim içinde açıklık bakımından en üst düzeye yerleştirilen muhkem, li-aynihî muhkem olarak anılır. Zira bu kapsamdaki lafızların neshedilemezliği bizâtihi nassın içeriğinden kaynaklanan bir özelliktir, dolayısıyla bunların delâlet ettiği hükümlerin Hz. Peygamber’in sağlığında dahi neshi düşünülemez. Bunlar da iki grupta toplanabilir. Birinci grupta Allah’ın varlığına ve birliğine, meleklere iman gibi dinin inanç esasları ile zaman ve mekâna göre değişiklik arzetmeyen adalet, ana babaya saygı, ahde vefa gibi temel ahlâk ilkeleri yer alır. İkinci gruptakiler ise amelî konulardaki bazı ayrıntılarla ilgili olmakla birlikte değişmeyeceğine dair kayıt taşıyan hükümlerdir. Meselâ iffetli kadınlara iftira ettiği sabit olanların şahitliklerinin kabul edilmeyeceğini (en-Nûr 24/4), Resûlullah’ın vefatından sonra onun eşleriyle evlenilemeyeceğini (el-Ahzâb 33/53) bildiren âyetlerde “asla” anlamındaki te’bîd kaydı bu hükümlerin muhkem olarak nitelenmesi sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bu tür muhkemin hükmü inanılması ve amel edilmesinin kesin biçimde gerekli olması, zâhirinden başka mânaya çekilememesi ve anlamının iptal edilememesidir. Öte yandan muhkemle diğer vâzıh lafızlar arasında teâruz bulunduğu kanaatine varılırsa muhkemin tercih edilmesi gerekir. Muhkem li-gayrihî neshedilemezliğin nassın içeriğinden değil nas dışındaki bir sebepten, yani vahyin kesilmesinden kaynaklanan durumları ifade eder. Buna göre Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra nesih meydana gelmesi ihtimali bulunmadığından delâleti açık olan bütün lafızlar artık muhkem kabul edilir. Diğer bir ifadeyle yukarıda sözü edilen ayırımda zâhir, nas, müfesser, muhkem terimleriyle belirtilen lafızlar muhkem li-gayrihî kapsamında sayılır. Nitekim bazı âlimler, fıkıh usulü terminolojisiyle tefsirlerde geçen muhkem ve müteşâbih karşıtlığı arasında ilişki kurarken muhkem li-gayrihî türünü esas alırlar. Kâfiyeci de “ibaresi ihtimal ve iştibahtan korunmuş olup mânası vâzıh olan lafızlar” şeklinde tanımladığı muhkemin fıkıh usulündeki delâleti açık lafızların dördünü de kapsadığını bildirmiştir.
Muhkem li-gayrihî kapsamındaki dört türün bilgi ve bağlayıcılık değeri ele alınırken hepsinin amel bakımından kesin olduğu, ancak farklı derecelerde bulunduğu (Hanefî-Mâtürîdîler’e göre sadece muhkem ve müfesserin kesin olduğu), kesinlikten yakīn ve tume’nîne olmak üzere iki farklı bilgi düzeyinin kastedildiği ve dar anlamda muhkemin yakīn bildirdiği ifade edilir. Bir başka husus da dar anlamda muhkem lafzın esasen sübut ve delâlet açısından kesin olması gerektiğidir. Çünkü Hanefîler’in çoğunluğuna göre vuzuh bakımından muhkem veya müfesser olan bir lafız eğer âhâd haberde yer almışsa mütevâtiren nakledilen ve vuzuhça daha aşağı derecede olan bir lafız ona tercih edilir. Bu bakış açısı esas alındığında muhkem (li-aynihî) “mütevâtir veya icmâ ile sabit olan hüküm” anlamına gelecektir. Esasen bu tasnif ve tarifler şâriin kelâmı hakkında yapılmış olmakla birlikte mükelleflerin irade beyanları hakkında da kullanılır.
Hanefîler dışındaki usulcülerde muhkem fıkıh usulüne has bir terim olarak ele alınmamış, daha çok ilgili âyetin (Âl-i İmrân 3/7) tefsiri çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte özellikle Fahreddin er-Râzî’den itibaren bir kısım usulcüler tarafından muhkemin nas ve zâhiri kapsadığı söylenmiştir. Umumi hatlarıyla cumhurun terminolojisinde zâhirin Hanefîler’deki zâhir ve nassa, nassın da Hanefîler’deki müfessere tekabül ettiği dikkate alınırsa cumhurun müteahhirînine göre muhkemin Hanefîler’deki zâhir, nas ve müfesseri içine alan geniş kapsamlı bir terim olduğu söylenebilir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 42-44 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.