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MUHTÂCOĞULLARI Skip to content X. yüzyıldan XI. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Mâverâünnehir’in Çagāniyân bölgesinde hüküm süren bir hânedan.
Muhtâcoğulları’nın (Âl-i Muhtâc) etnik kökenlerine dair kesin bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Araplar Mâverâünnehir’de ilk göründükleri zaman Çagāniyân bölgesini Çagān-hudât denilen bir hânedan yönetmekteydi. Bundan hareketle hânedanın Fars asıllı olduğu ve hânedana adını veren Muhtâc b. Ahmed’in Çagān-hudât hânedanının torunları arasında yer aldığı söylenebilir. Öte yandan bölgeyi fethetmek için gelen Araplar’ın İran halkına karıştığı, Muhtâcoğulları’nın kökeninin bu Araplar’a dayandığı ileri sürülmektedir.
Muhtâc b. Ahmed ile oğlu Muzaffer’e dair yeterli bilgi yoktur. Kaynaklarda hakkında bilgi verilen ilk hânedan üyesi Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Muzaffer b. Muhtâc, Sâmânîler’in Sîstan’a hâkim olmak için gönderdiği orduda kumandanlık yaptı. Bir süre sonra Sâmânî Emîri II. Nasr tarafından Fergana valiliğine tayin edildi, ardından Horasan’a gönderildi. Bu sırada Emîr II. Nasr’ın saltanat davasına kalkışan kardeşi Yahyâ’yı mağlûp etti ve durumu bir mektupla II. Nasr’a bildirdi. Bu başarılarından dolayı II. Nasr, Belh ve Tohâristan’ın idaresini de ona verdi (929-930).
Ebû Bekir Muhammed, Ziyârî hânedanının kurucusu Merdâvîc b. Ziyâr’ın Cürcân’a karşı harekete geçmesi üzerine Nîşâbur’a çekilmek zorunda kalınca Merdâvîc şehri ele geçirdi. Bir süre sonra Cürcân’ı geri alan II. Nasr, Ebû Bekir Muhammed’i 321’de (933) Horasan orduları kumandanı tayin etti. Ertesi yıl tekrar Cürcân’a gönderilen Ebû Bekir Muhammed, Ziyârîler’den Mâkân b. Kâkî Cürcân’ı ele geçirip Nîşâbur’a doğru ilerlediğinden savaşacak gücü kalmayıp Serahs’a gitti. Emîr II. Nasr, bu sırada hastalanan Ebû Bekir’i görevden alıp yerine oğlu Ebû Ali Ahmed’i Horasan orduları kumandanlığına getirdi (324/936). Ebû Bekir Muhammed 329’da (941) öldü ve Çagāniyân’da defnedildi. Ebû Ali Ahmed, Horasan’a geldiğinde ilk işi Deylemli mahallî kuvvetlere Sâmânî Devleti’nin üstünlüğünü yeniden kabul ettirmek oldu. Daha sonra bölgenin başşehri Cürcân’a yürüyüp yedi ay süren bir kuşatmanın ardından şehri ele geçirdi (328/940).
Büveyhîler, Ebû Ali’yi sürekli olarak Ziyârîler’den Veşmgîr (Vuşmgîr) üzerine harekete teşvik ediyorlardı. Ebû Ali, 329 yılı Muharreminde (Ekim 940) Büveyhîler’le anlaşıp Veşmgîr’in yönetimindeki Rey’e yürüdü. Onun Büveyhîler ile ittifak yaptığını haber alan Veşmgîr de Mâkân b. Kâkî ile anlaştı. İki taraf Rey civarındaki İshakâbâd’da savaşa tutuştu (21 Rebîülevvel 329 / 24 Aralık 940). Mâkân savaş sırasında öldü, Veşmgîr Taberistân’a kaçtı. Rey’e sahip olan Ebû Ali kışı burada geçirdi. Ertesi yıl Zencan, Ebher, Kazvin, Kum, Kerec, Nihâvend ve Dînever gibi şehirleri zaptetti. Onun başarıları sayesinde Sâmânî Devleti batı yönünde en geniş sınırlara ulaştı. Ebû Ali, daha sonra Veşmgîr Sârî’yi ele geçirince Mâkân b. Kâkî’nin amcası Hasan b. Fîrûzân ile birlikte Sârî’yi kuşattı. Veşmgîr’in Sâmânîler’e itaatini sağlayıp Horasan’a döndü.
Öte yandan Emîr II. Nasr’ın ölümünün ardından kumandanları arasında anlaşmazlıklar çıktı (331/943). Yeni emîr I. Nûh, Ebû Ali’ye Büveyhîler’in zaptettiği Rey’i geri almasını emretti. Ordusunun çoğunluğunu oluşturan Kürtler’in ihaneti yüzünden mağlûp olan Ebû Ali daha sonra tekrar Rey üzerine yürüdü. Rüknüddevle onun kalabalık bir orduyla geldiğini öğrenince şehri terketti. Ebû Ali Rey’i ele geçirdi ve Kuzey Cibâl’in diğer yerleşim merkezlerine de hâkim oldu. Kardeşi Ebü’l-Abbas Fazl’ı Cibâl bölgesini yönetmekle görevlendirdi. Emîr Nûh, Nîşâbur’da bulunduğu sırada halktan bir topluluğun Ebû Ali ve adamlarının hırsızlık ve tecavüzlerinden şikâyetçi olunca Ebû Ali’yi görevinden alıp yerine İbrâhim b. Simcûr’u tayin etti (Ramazan 333 / Nisan-Mayıs 945). Bu sırada Ebû Ali’nin idaresindeki askerler, Nûh’un amcası İbrâhim b. Ahmed’i Sâmânî Devleti’nin başına getirmeye karar verdiler. Ebû Ali de isyancıların tehdidi karşısında onlara uymak zorunda kaldı. Musul’da bulunan İbrâhim b. Ahmed daveti alınca hemen Ebû Ali’nin yanına geldi (334/946).
Ebû Ali ve İbrâhim, Nîşâbur ve Merv’i ele geçirip Sâmânîler’in merkezi Buhara’ya doğru ilerlediler. Bu esnada Sâmânî askerleri maaşları ödenmediği gerekçesiyle ayaklandılar. Ebû Ali’ye direnemeyeceğini anlayan Emîr Nûh şehri terkedip Semerkant’a gitti. Ebû Ali Buhara’ya girdi ve şehirde hutbeyi İbrâhim b. Ahmed adına okuttu (Cemâziyelâhir 335 / Ocak 947). Ancak çok geçmeden Ebû Ali ile İbrâhim b. Ahmed’in arası açıldı. İbrâhim, Buhara halkından bir grup ile anlaşıp emirlikten vazgeçti ve Emîr Nûh’a tâbi oldu. Kendisini ortadan kaldırmak isteyen Sâmânî kuvvetlerini mağlûp ederek Buhara’yı zapteden Ebû Ali, Sâmânî tahtına Emîr Nûh’un kardeşi Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed’i geçirdi. Fakat bazı ordu mensuplarının davranışları yüzünden Semerkant’a gitmek üzere yola çıktı. Onun Buhara’dan ayrılması üzerine İbrâhim b. Ahmed ve Ebû Ca‘fer, Nûh’tan af dilediler. Emîr Nûh daha sonra Buhara’ya döndü (Ramazan 335/Nisan 947) ve Ebû Ali’nin tekrar harekete geçmesini önlemek için Çagāniyân’ı ele geçirmek amacıyla hazırlıklarını tamamladı. Ebû Ali, Emîr Nûh’un ordusuyla Harceng denilen yerde savaşa tutuştu ve yenilerek Çagāniyân’a geri döndü (Cemâziyelevvel 336 / Kasım-Aralık 947). İki ordu Çagāniyân’a yaklaşık 12 km. uzaklıkta tekrar karşılaştı (Rebîülevvel 337 / Eylül 948); bu savaşı da Sâmânî ordusu kazandı. Çok geçmeden çevredeki hükümdarlardan gelen yardımlarla güçlenen Ebû Ali ile Sâmânî ordusu arasında antlaşma sağlandı ve Horasan valiliği ona verildi. Çagāniyân ve Tirmiz’de yerine oğlu Ebû Mansûr Nasr’ı bırakarak bölgeden ayrılan Ebû Ali (Ramazan 340 / Şubat 952) önce Hârizm’i, ardından Horasan’ı düzene soktu. Bu sırada Cürcân’ın hâkimiyeti için Büveyhîler’den Rüknüddevle ile mücadele etmekte olan Veşmgîr, Emîr Nûh’tan yardım talep etti. Emîr Nûh’un isteğiyle harekete geçen Ebû Ali, Veşmgîr ile birlikte Rey’e yürüdü (Rebîülevvel 342 / Temmuz-Ağustos 953). Ebû Ali, Taberek Kalesi’ne çekilen Rüknüddevle’yi üç ay süreyle kuşattıysa da kesin başarı kazanamadı. Neticede iki taraf arasında antlaşma yapıldı. Buna göre Rüknüddevle, Sâmânîler’e her yıl 200.000 dinar ödeyecekti. Veşmgîr, daha sonra Emîr Nûh’a mektup gönderip Ebû Ali’nin samimi davranmadığını ve Rüknüddevle’ye meylettiğini bildirince Emîr Nûh onu Horasan valiliğinden azletti. Ebû Ali de Rüknüddevle’nin yardımıyla Abbâsî Halifesi Mutî‘-Lillâh’tan Horasan’a vali tayin edildiğine dair bir ferman aldı. Böylece gücü artan Ebû Ali, Horasan’a dönerek Nîşâbur’a hâkim oldu ve bölgede eline geçirdiği yerlerde hutbeyi Abbâsî halifesi adına okuttu.
Emîr Nûh’un ölümünün ardından yerine geçen oğlu Abdülmelik, Horasan sipehsâlârı Ebû Saîd Bekir b. Mâlik el-Fergānî’ye Ebû Ali’yi bölgeden uzaklaştırmasını emretti (343/954). Ebû Ali, onun karşısında tutunamayıp Rey’e Rüknüddevle’nin yanına kaçtı. Ebû Ali ve Rüknüddevle Sâmânîler ile barış yapmak zorunda kaldılar. Ebû Ali bu olaydan sonra bir salgın hastalık sırasında Rey’de öldü (344/955) ve cenazesi Çagāniyân’a getirilerek burada defnedildi. Üstün meziyetlere sahip, cesur ve karakter sahibi bir kişi olan Emîr Ali, Avfî tarafından “emîr-i âlim ve cihân-ı ilm” unvanıyla zikredilir (Lübâb, I, 27).
Ebû Ali’nin yerine oğlu veya torunu olduğu tahmin edilen Fahrüddevle Ebü’l-Muzaffer Muhammed geçti. Onun idaresi sırasında Ebû Ali’nin yeğeni Tâhir b. Fazl bir ara Çagāniyân bölgesine sahip oldu. Şair ve sanatkârları himaye eden, kendisi de şair ve hatip olan Tâhir b. Fazl’ın 381 (991) yılında Belh’te öldürülmesi üzerine Fahrüddevle Ebü’l-Muzaffer Muhammed tekrar Çagāniyân’ı yönetmeye başladı. Şair Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî, Çagāniyân’a gittiği sırada (1015) burada Fahrüddevle Ebü’l-Muzaffer hüküm sürüyordu. Dakīkī ve Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî gibi dönemin büyük şairleri, Gazneliler’in vasalı olarak ölen Fahrüddevle Ebü’l-Muzaffer’den övgüyle söz ederler.
Abbâsî Halifesi Kāim-Biemrillâh’ın 424 (1033) yılında yöneteceği ülkelerle ilgili olarak Gazneli Sultan Mesud’a gönderdiği menşurda Çagāniyân’ın da adı geçmektedir. Bu bilgiden, Çagāniyân’ın bu tarihte Gazneliler’e tâbi bölgeler arasında yer aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Aynı tarihte bölge, Gazneliler’in damadı ve muhtemelen Muhtâcoğulları’ndan olan Ebü’l-Kāsım isimli bir şahsın idaresindeydi. Zaman zaman Karahanlılar’dan Ali Teginoğulları’nın bölgeye yaptıkları akınları önlemek için Türk kabilelerinden asker topladığı kaydedilen Ebü’l-Kāsım’ın 430’da (1039) genç yaşta ve geride bir vâris bırakmadan ölmesiyle Muhtâcoğulları hânedanı ortadan kalkmış oldu.
Muhtâcoğulları, İran edebiyatı tarihinde meşhur şairlerin hâmisi olarak önemli rol oynamıştır. Dakīkī, Müncîk-i Tirmizî, Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî ve Lebîbî gibi şairler bu hânedan hakkında methiyeler yazmışlardır. Muhtâcoğulları ilim adamlarını da himaye etmiştir. Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî Ṣuverü’l-eḳālîm ve Şerḥu mâ ḳīle fî ḥudûdi’l-felsefe adlı eserlerini Ebû Bekir Muhammed adına kaleme almış, Ebû Ali Sel-lâmî-i Nîşâbûrî Kitâbü Aḫbâri vülâti Ḫorâsân’ı yine onun için telif etmiştir. İbn Ferîgūn da Cevâmiʿu’l-ʿulûm adlı eserini Ebû Ali adına yazmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Miskeveyh, Tecâribü’l-ümem, V, 5-6, 106-108, 109, 164-169, 172; Muhammed b. Abdülcebbâr el-Utbî, Târîḫ-i Yemînî (trc. Cerbâzekānî, nşr. Ca‘fer Şuâr), Tahran 1345 hş., s. 94; Gerdîzî, Zeynü’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Abdülhay Habîbî), Tahran 1347 hş., s. 83-85, 124, 152-160, 168; Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, Târîḫ (nşr. Kāsım Ganî – Ali Ekber Feyyâz), Tahran 1324 hş., s. 265, 291, 492-495, 501-502, 558, 563, 569; Nizâmî-i Arûzî, Çehâr Maḳāle (nşr. Muhammed Kazvînî), Tahran 1333, s. 58-59; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, III, 67, 68, 80; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, bk. İndeks; Avfî, Lübâb, I, 27; Mîrhând, Ravżatü’ṣ-ṣafâʾ , IV, 45-49; Browne, LHP, II, 124-128; Zambaur, Manuel, s. 204; V. V. Barthold, Moğol İstilâsına Kadar Türkistan (haz. Hakkı Dursun Yıldız), İstanbul 1981, s. 94, 96, 313-315, 373, 376; a.mlf., “Çagâniyân”, İA, III, 265-266; Erdoğan Merçil, “Muhtacoğulları”, Prof. Dr. Fikret Işıltan’a 80. Doğum Yılı Armağanı , İstanbul 1995, s. 67-92; a.mlf., “Simcurîler I”, TD, XXXII (1979), s. 73-76; a.mlf., “Simcurîler II. İbrahim b. Simcûr”, TED, X-XI (1981), s. 92-94; Ahmed Ateş, “Farruxī Çaġāniyān’a Ne Zaman Gitti?”, ŞM, IV (1961), s. 32; Azîzullah Bayat, “Âl-i Muḥtâc (Ümerâ-yı Çâgānî)”, Berresîhâ-yi Târîḫî, sy. 56, Tahran 1975, s. 272; C. E. Bosworth, “The Rulers of Chaghāniyān in Early Islamic Times”, Iran, XIX, London 1981, ayrı basım, s. 1-20; a.mlf., “Muḥtādjids”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 477; a.mlf., “Āl-e Moḥtāj”, EIr., I, 764-766; Sâdık Seccâdî, “Âl-i Muḥtâc”, DMBİ, II, 132-137.
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