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SÂKÎNÂME Skip to content Doğu edebiyatlarında içkili sohbet meclislerini ve bunlarla ilgili unsurları gerçek ve mecazi mânasıyla anlatan manzume.
1/2 Müellif: RIDVAN CANIM Bölüme Git
Arapça sâkī ile (içki sunan) Farsça nâme (yazılı şey, mektup) kelimelerinden oluşan sâkīnâme divan edebiyatında işret meclislerinin âdâbı ile bunların…
2/2 Müellif: ADNAN KARAİSMAİLOĞLU Bölüme Git
FARS EDEBİYATI. Hamriyyât diye adlandırılan şarap konulu Arapça ve Farsça şiirlerin sâkînâme türüne kaynaklık ettiği kabul edilmektedir. Ancak sâkînâm…
Arapça sâkī ile (içki sunan) Farsça nâme (yazılı şey, mektup) kelimelerinden oluşan sâkīnâme divan edebiyatında işret meclislerinin âdâbı ile bunların unsurları olan mûsiki aletleri, sofra malzemeleri, yemekler vb.ni anlatır. Sâkînâmeler konuyla ilgili folklorik malzemeyi, devrin ahlâk telakkilerini, değer yargılarını, zevklerini, sanatkârların hayatı yorumlayış biçimini aksettirdikleri gibi şairlerin hayat tarzı hakkında da bilgi verir.
Sâkînâmelerden sâkîliğin çok eski bir meslek olduğu, bezm meclisinde içki sunma, meclisin âdâbını düzenleme gibi görevleri içerdiği, ayrıca bu mesleğin giderek zarafet kazandığı ve sâkîlerde özel yetenekler yanında şiir ve mûsiki bilgisinin arandığı anlaşılmaktadır. İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında sâkînâmeler genellikle aruz vezninin mütekārib bahrinde “feûlün feûlün feûlün feûl” veya “feûlün feûlün feûlün feûlün” kalıbıyla yazılmıştır.
Şarabı ve şarap meclislerini rindâne ifadelerle anlatan sâkînâmelerin yanında bu konuları tasavvufî olarak işleyenler de vardır. Bunlarda şarap ilâhî aşkı, sarhoşluk vecd halini temsil eder. İçki ve içkiye bağlı haller çevresinde ölümü hatırlama, öğüt, hikmet gibi konuların da işlendiği bu eserlerde rindâne bir eda ile varlık meselesi üzerinde durulur. Meyhâne ihtiraslardan uzak aşk ve şevk dolu bir yer olup aşk şarabını sunan pîr-i mugan meyhânenin mürşid-i kâmilidir. Burada şarap (mey), insanoğlunu maddî âlemin sıkıntılarından kurtaran ve onu ebedî varlık makamına ulaştıran aşktır. Tasavvufî sâkînâmelerde meyhâne, sarhoş, sâkî, çeng, def, ney gibi kelimeler yanında şairlerin kullandığı diğer kavram ve motiflerin hemen hepsi görünen anlamları dışında tasavvufî bir mânaya bürünür.
Sâkînâmeler müstakil olarak yazıldığı gibi mesnevi türündeki eserlerin bir bölümü veya divanlar içinde terkibibend, terciibend ve kaside gibi manzumeler şeklinde de bulunabilir. İslâm öncesi Arap edebiyatında “hamriyyât” adıyla anılan ve şarabı konu alan şiirlerin önemli bir yeri varsa da sâkînâmelerin müstakil bir tür olarak ortaya çıkışı çok sonradan İran’da gerçekleşmiştir. Arap edebiyatında İslâmiyet’in şarabı yasaklayıcı hükümleri dolayısıyla bu tür şiirlerin yazılmasına uzun süre ara verilmiştir. Fakat Emevîler ve Abbâsîler döneminde bu manzumelerin yeniden artış gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Arap edebiyatında bu konuda yazılmış en önemli eser, Şemseddin Muhammed en-Nevâcî’nin (ö. 859/1455) İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında bu sahada birçok esere kaynak teşkil eden Ḥalbatü’l-kümeyt adlı kitabıdır (bk. NEVÂCÎ). Fars edebiyatında da çok eskiden beri şarabın ve şarap meclislerinin şiirin önemli konularından olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak burada da dinî endişelerle bir süre şarapla ilgili manzumeler yazılmamıştır. Acemler, Gazne sarayında yaşayan şairlerin de katkısıyla aşk ve şarabı işleyen gazel nazım şeklini kendi millî zevklerine uydurarak geliştirmişlerdir.
Türk edebiyatında sâkînâme türünün ilk örneğine Anadolu sahası dışında Hârizmî’nin Muhabbetnâme’sinde rastlanır. Eserde bölüm sonlarında ikişer beyitle sâkîye seslenilir. Aynı dönemde Anadolu sahasında Ahmed-i Dâî’nin Emîr Süleyman için yazdığı, yedişer beyitlik yedi bentten oluşan terciibendi, içkiyle ilgili kavram ve motifleri bir araya toplaması bakımından bir sâkînâme kabul edilebilir. Bu manzumenin dili ve konunun işleniş biçimi Türk edebiyatında daha önce bu türde eserler yazıldığı izlenimi vermektedir. XV. yüzyılda Çağatay şairi Ali Şîr Nevâî’nin 458 beyitlik Sâkînâme’si türün geçiş dönemi eserleri arasında sayılır.
Sâkînâme türünün Anadolu’daki yeni bir hüviyete bürünmüş, müstakil bir eser halini almış ilk başarılı örneği Edirneli Revânî’nin (ö. 930/1524) İşretnâme’sidir. Yavuz Sultan Selim’e sunulan 694 beyitlik bu eserde tevhid, münâcât, na‘t, sebeb-i te’lîf ve Sultan Selim’e dair iki kasideden sonra asıl konuya geçilir. Şarabın bulunuşu, nitelikleri, içki meclislerinin bazı unsurları, yemekler ve bu meclislerdeki sohbet âdâbından bahsedilir. XVI. yüzyılda kaleme alınan sâkînâmeler arasında Hayretî’nin Sâkīnâme’si (102 beyit), Fuzûlî’nin Sâḳīnâme (Heftcâm, 327 beyit, Farsça) içinde yer alan sâkînâme tarzı beyitlerle Beng ü Bâde (doksan yedi beyit) ve Leylâ vü Mecnûn’u (kırk dokuz beyit), İşretî Mustafa’nın terciibendi (elli iki beyit), Fevrî’nin divanındaki “Sahbânâme”si (elli beş beyit), Taşlıcalı Yahyâ’nın kırk sekiz beyitlik mesnevisi, Bursalı Cinânî’nin Cilâü’l-kulûb’ü, Rusçuklu Şeyh Mustafa Beyânî’nin Sâkīnâme’si, Âlî Mustafa Efendi’nin terkibibendi ve Kalkandelenli Fakîrî’nin tasavvufî mahiyetteki 101 beyitlik Sâkīnâme’si (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 4097; Köprülü Ktp., Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, nr. 912) sayılabilir. Bazı araştırmacılar ise Fuzûlî’nin bir sâkînâme şairi olduğunu ve kendisinden sonraki şairleri etkilediğini söylemektedir.
XVII. yüzyılda bu türde yazılmış eserlerin sayısında bir artış görülmektedir. Kafzâde Fâizî’nin Sâkīnâme’si (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3468), Azmîzâde Mustafa Hâletî (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 4097), Selânikli Esad ve Şeyh Mehmed Allâme Efendi’nin eserleri, Nef‘î’nin her ikisi de terkibibend tarzında Farsça ve Türkçe iki sâkînâmesi, Nev‘îzâde Atâî’nin Âlemnümâ adıyla da bilinen (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 3746) hacimli sâkînâmesi türün en dikkate değer örnekleri arasındadır. Şeyhülislâm Yahyâ (TSMK, Bağdat Köşkü, nr. 168), Riyâzî (Atatürk Üniversitesi Ktp., M. Seyfettin Özege, Agâh Sırrı Levent Yazmaları, nr. 312), Sabûhî (Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, nr. 249), Şeyhülislâm Bahâî Mehmed Efendi, Rüşdî, Cem‘î Mehmed (Atatürk Üniversitesi Ktp., M. Seyfettin Özege, Agâh Sırrı Levent Yazmaları, nr. 498), Tıflî Ahmed Çelebi (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 3518), Nâzükî ve Tîbî Efendi’nin (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2877) mesnevi tarzındaki sâkînâmeleri, Fehîm-i Kadîm’in kasidesi (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 2673/3), Edirneli Âlî’nin ve Kelîm Eyyûbî’nin terkibibendleri (TSMK, Bağdat Köşkü, nr. 161) yüzyılın bu türdeki diğer örnekleridir.
XVIII. yüzyılda sâkînâme sayısında önemli ölçüde azalma olmuştur. Şeyhî Mehmed Efendi’nin mesnevisi yanında (Atatürk Üniversitesi Ktp., M. Seyfettin Özege, Agâh Sırrı Levent Yazmaları, nr. 12) Subhizâde Feyzî’nin sâkînâme tarzında düzenlenmiş Mir’ât-ı Âlemnümâ, Safânâme ve Işknâme adlı eserleri (TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 101), Nevres-i Kadîm ve Ayıntablı Aynî’nin sâkînâmeleri, Yenişehirli Belîğ ile (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 520) Şeyh Galib’in (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 1431) terciibend şeklindeki manzumeleri türün bu asırdaki belli başlı örnekleridir.
XIX. yüzyılda kaleme alınan sâkînâmeler müstakil birer eser olmaktan ziyade genellikle terkibibend veya terciibend tarzında küçük manzumelerdir. Hoca Neşet (Atatürk Üniversitesi Ktp., M. Seyfettin Özege, Agâh Sırrı Levent Yazmaları, nr. 381), Mehmed Dâniş Bey, Hemdem Mehmed Said Çelebi, Kâzım Paşa ve Tayyar Mahmud Paşa’nın sâkînâmeleri bunlardandır. Benlizâde İzzet (Atatürk Üniversitesi Ktp., M. Seyfettin Özege, Agâh Sırrı Levent Yazmaları, nr. 357), Hüznî ve Süleyman Celâleddin Molla Bey’in (İstanbul 1305) sâkînâmeleri ise mesnevi tarzındadır. Hanyalı Nûrî (Kastamonu 1325), Selânikli Hâmî, Zîver Paşa, Türâbî ve Ziyâ Paşa’nın terkibibendleri; Dilsûz Mehmed Emin Tebrîzî, Keçecizâde İzzet Molla, Nâmık Kemal ve Bayburtlu Zihnî’nin kasideleri ve Nigârî’nin tasavvufî mahiyetteki sâkînâmesi yüzyılın bu türde kayda değer eserleri arasında sayılabilir. XX. yüzyılın tek sâkînâmesi Mehmed Memduh Paşa’ya ait olup terkibibend şeklindedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Gibb, HOP, I, 317-346; Browne, LHP, I, 465; Celâleddîn-i Hümâyî, Târîḫ-i Edebiyyât-ı Îrân, Tahran 1340, s. 319 vd.; A. Bombaci, Histoire de la litterature turque (trc. I. Melikoff), Paris 1968, s. 283; Nihad M. Çetin, Eski Arap Şiiri, İstanbul 1973, s. 86, 91; Abdülkadir Karahan, Eski Türk Edebiyatı İncelemeleri, İstanbul 1980, s. 117-123; Tunca Kortantamer, Nev‘îzâde Atâyî ve Hamse’si, İzmir 1997, s. 154-175; a.mlf., “Sâkînâmelerin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişimine Genel Bir Bakış”, TDEAD, sy. 2 (1983), s. 81-90; Rıdvan Canım, Türk Edebiyatında Sâkînâmeler ve Edirneli Revânî’nin İşretnâmesi, Ankara 1998; Adnan Karaismailoğlu, “İran Edebiyatında Sâkînâmeler”, SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 1, Konya 1992, s. 1-9; Ali Osman Coşkun, “Sâkînâmeler ve Kafzâde Fâizî’nin Sâkînâmesi”, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 9, Samsun 1994, s. 52-64; Erdoğan Uludağ, “Divan Edebiyatı Türlerinden Sâkînâmeler ve Şeyhülislâm Bahâyî’nin Sâkînâmesi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 9, Erzurum 1998, s. 49-64; Bekir Çınar, “Tıflî Ahmed Çelebi ve Sâkînâmesi”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 12, Niğde 2002, s. 111-153; J. E. Bencheikh, “Khamriyya”, EI2 (İng.), IV, 998-1009.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 13-14 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FARS EDEBİYATI. Hamriyyât diye adlandırılan şarap konulu Arapça ve Farsça şiirlerin sâkînâme türüne kaynaklık ettiği kabul edilmektedir. Ancak sâkînâmeler hamriyyelerden anlam ve nitelik bakımından ayrılır. Daha çok aşk konularını işleyen hamriyyelere rağmen sâkînâmeler felsefî, ahlâkî ve irfanî öğütler içermektedir. İslâmiyet’in İran bölgesine yayılmasından sonra şekillenen yeni Farsça ile şiir yazan ilk şairlerin örnek aldığı Arapça manzumelerde önemli bir yer tutan şarap konulu şiirler Farsça şiirde de belirli bir yere sahip olmuştur. İran edebiyatının ilk büyük şairi sayılan Rûdekî ile (ö. 329/941) Gazneliler döneminin önde gelen şairlerinden Menûçihrî bu alanda isim yapmış kişilerdir.
Sâkînâmelerin muhtevasına uygun yazılmış ilk Farsça beyitler Nizâmî-i Gencevî’ye (ö. 611/1214 [?]) aittir. Ancak Nizâmî’nin bu beyitleri Fahreddin Es‘ad-i Gürgânî’nin (ö. 446/1054’ten sonra) sadece iki beyti elde kalan bir mesnevisini örnek alarak yazdığı düşünülmektedir. İlk müstakil sâkînâme yazarının Selmân-ı Sâvecî (ö. 778/1376) olduğu görüşü ise doğru değildir. Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî’nin (ö. 792/1390 [?]) müstakil sâkînâme diye kabul edilen mesnevisi de bu adla anılmamış olmalıdır. X. (XVI.) yüzyılın başlarından itibaren sâkînâme türü olgunlaşmış şekliyle daha çok müstakil manzumeler olarak yazılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu sebeple Ümîdî-i Râzî (ö. 925/1519) ilk müstakil sâkînâmenin sahibi kabul edilmelidir. Örfî-i Şîrâzî’nin divanında bazılarına göre müstakil bir eser sayılan sâkînâme vardır. Terciibend veya terkibibend şeklinde olmalarına karşılık aynı muhtevayı taşıdıklarından sâkînâme kabul edilen manzumelerin ilki Fahreddîn-i Irâkī’ye (ö. 688/1289) ait olup Vahşî-i Bâfkī’nin “Sâkînâme” başlıklı terciibendi Şeyh Abdüsselâm Peyâmî-i Kirmânî ve birçok şair tarafından örnek alınmıştır. Peyâmî-i Kirmânî’nin terciibendinin vasıta beyti, Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî’nin sâkînâme özelliği taşıyan terkibibendinde ikinci vasıta beyti olarak yer almaktadır.
Farsça sâkînâmelerle ilgili ayrıntılı bir çalışma yapan ve Meyḫâne isimli bir tezkire hazırlayan (telifi: 1028/1619) Molla Abdünnebî Fahrüzzamân, Nizâmî-i Gencevî’nin müstakil sâkînâme söylemediğini, kendisinin İskendernâme’deki her hikâyenin sonunda yer alan sâkînâme muhtevasına uygun iki beyti ve başka birkaç beyti alarak bir derleme yapıp eserine koyduğunu belirtmektedir. Aynı şeyi Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî için de söyleyen ve İskendernâme’sinden (Âyîne-i İskenderî) derlediği beyitleri eserine alan Fahrüzzamân, Hâcû-yi Kirmânî’nin Hümâ vü Hümâyûn isimli mesnevisinden bir sâkînâme oluşturduğunu kaydeder. Fahreddîn-i Irâkī’nin manzumesini naklederken “o ilâhî meyhâne sarhoşunun” sâkînâme tarzında yazdığı terciibendini şeref kazandırması için eserine aldığını belirtir, Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî’nin mesnevisine yer verirken kendi zamanına kadar Hâfız’ın divanının dışında hiçbir divanda müstakil sâkînâme görmediğini kaydeder ve genellikle onun döneminde müstakil sâkînâme yazılmadığını, Nizâmî ve Hüsrev-i Dihlevî gibi davranıldığını anlatır. Ayrıca müstakil sâkînâme söylemenin kendi döneminde yaygın olduğunu ve herkesin sâkînâme söylediğini ilâve eder. Fahrüzzamân’a göre Pertev-i Şîrâzî (ö. 928/1522) en güzel sâkînâmeyi kaleme alan şairdir. En hacimli sâkînâme yazarı olarak anılan Zuhûrî-i Türşîzî’nin (ö. 1025/1616) eseri 4500 beyittir. Tesbit ve derleme faaliyetlerini başka şairlerin mesnevilerinde de gerçekleştiren Fahrüzzamân bu tavrı ile âdeta sâkînâmeler için ölçüler belirlemiştir. Onun Meyḫâne’sinde elli dokuz sâkînâme bulunmaktadır. Sâkînâme mecmuası oluşturma geleneğini günümüz araştırmacılarından Ahmed Gülçîn-i Meânî devam ettirmiştir. Meânî’nin Teẕkire-i Peymâne adlı eserinde farklı şairlere ait altmış iki sâkînâme yer almaktadır. İran edebiyatında tesbit edilen 200 civarındaki sâkînâmeden nazım şekli bilinenlerin yüzde doksanı mesnevi tarzında olup mütekārib bahrinde ve “feûlün feûlün feûlün feûl” veznindedir. Geri kalanın büyük çoğunluğu ise terciibend ve terkibibend şeklinde olup hezec bahrindedir.
Sâkî, şarap, kadeh ve ilgili kelimelerle işlendiği için sâkînâmelerde eğlence meclislerinin, tabiat manzaralarının tasvirleri görülür. Gerçekte rezm (savaş) ve bezm (eğlence) sahnelerinin bir arada sunulduğu tarihî, hamâsî mesnevilerin vezni aynı zamanda sâkînâmelerin veznidir. İlk sâkînâmelerin derlendiği mesneviler esasen bu özellikteki eserlerdir. Sâkînâmelerde ayrıca övgü amaçlı bölümler yer almıştır, hatta sâkînâmelerin bir kısmı yalnız övgü amacıyla kaleme alınmış gibidir. Bunlarda bazan din büyükleri anılmış, nitelikleri övülmüştür. Pertev-i Şîrâzî, Destgayb-ı Şîrâzî, Muhammed Bâkır gibi şairlerin eserleri bu özelliğe sahiptir. Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî, Şeref-i Cihân, Kāsım-ı Gunâbâdî ve diğer birçoğunun sâkînâmesinde sultan, emîr gibi kişiler övülmektedir. Bazı sâkînâmelerde her iki yönde de övgü ifadeleri bulunmaktadır. Çağdaş Fars şiirinde de birkaç sâkînâme yazılmıştır. Hûşeng-i İbtihâc, Radî-i Âzerhaşî ve Nevzer Pereng sâkînâme yazan şairlerdendir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Abdünnebî Fahrüzzamân-ı Kazvînî, Meyḫâne (nşr. Ahmed Gülçîn-i Meânî), Tahran 1340 hş.; Münzevî, Fihrist, IV, 2857-2891; Safâ, Edebiyyât, III/1, s. 334-335; Zeynelâbidîn Mü’temen, Şiʿr u Edeb-i Fârsî, Tahran 1364 hş., s. 235-242; Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa, Tahran 1357 hş., XII, 102-119; Ahmed Gülçîn-i Meânî, Teẕkire-i Peymâne, Tahran 1368 hş., s. 1-17; Adnan Karaismailoğlu, İran Edebiyatında Sâkînâmeler (yüksek lisans tezi, 1991), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; a.mlf., “İran Edebiyatında Sâkînâmeler”, SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 1, Konya 1992, s. 1-9; a.mlf., “Sâkînâme Yazma Geleneğinin Öncüsü Genceli Nizâmî”, Yedi İklim, V/41, İstanbul 1993, s. 19-21; Ali Nakī Münzevî, “Sâḳīnâmehâ-yi Ḫaṭṭî”, Neşriyye-yi Kitâbḫâne-i Merkezî-i Dânişgâh-ı Tahran, I, Tahran 1339 hş., s. 18-50; Müjdehî, “Sâḳīnâme”, Ferhengnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî (nşr. Hasan Enûşe), Tahran 1381 hş., II, 777-778; Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn), VIII, 11742.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 14-15 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.