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SÂLİH ZEKİ Skip to content (1864-1921)
Bilim tarihçisi, matematik ve astronomi bilgini.
İstanbul’da doğdu. 1882’de Dârüşşafaka Lisesi’ni bitirdikten sonra Posta ve Telgraf Nezâreti Fen Kalemi’nde göreve başladı. Ertesi yıl üç arkadaşıyla birlikte Paris’te elektrik mühendisliği alanında öğretim veren bir yüksek okula gönderildi. Ayrıca Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées ile Collège de France’a da devam ederek buradan mezun oldu (1887). Türkiye’ye dönüp yine Posta ve Telgraf Nezâreti’nde çalışmaya, bu arada bilim tarihiyle ilgilenmeye başladı. 1889’da bir Türk bilim adamının yurt dışında yayımladığı ilk bilim tarihi çalışması olan “Mémoire sur les chiffres indiens” adlı makalesi çıktı. 1889-1890 öğretim yılında Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’de fizik ve kimya dersleri verdi. 1890’da Rasathâne-i Âmire’de görevlendirildi. 1892’de Resimli Gazete’de “Âsâr-ı Eslâf” genel başlığı altında yazdığı makalelerle Ali b. Velî b. Hamza el-Mağribî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-aʿdâd li-ẕevi’r-rüşdi ve’s-sedâd’ını, Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Kitâbü Şekli’l-ḳuṭṭâʿını, Gıyâseddin Cemşîd el-Kâşî’nin Miftâḥu’l-ḥisâb’ı ile er-Risâletü’l-muḥîṭiyye’sini ve Mühtedî Osman Efendi’nin Hediyyetü’l-mühtedî’sini tanıttı. 1895’te rasathânenin müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. 1897’de Resimli Gazete’nin yöneticisi oldu. 1908’de Tevfik Fikret ile Hüseyin Cahit’in (Yalçın) başında bulunduğu Tanin gazetesinde bilimsel makaleler yazmaya başladı. Aynı yıl Meclis-i Maârif üyeliğine getirildi. Bu sırada Dârülfünûn-ı Şâhâne’nin Ulûm-i Riyâziyye ve Tabîiyye Şubesi’nde analitik geometri, matematiksel fizik, astronomi ve ihtimaller hesabı derslerini verdi. 1910’da Tevfik Fikret’in yerine Mekteb-i Sultânî’nin müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. 1912’de Maarif Nezâreti müsteşarlığına, 1913’te Dârülfünun umum müdürlüğüne (rektörlük) getirildi. 1917’de yöneticilikten istifa ettiyse de fen şubesindeki öğretim üyeliği görevini sürdürdü. 1919, 1920 yıllarında adı Fen Fakültesi olan bu şubenin dekanlığını yaptı. 1920’de geçirdiği ruhî bunalımın ardından 2 Temmuz 1921’de öldü. Piyanist Vecihe, Halide Edip (Adıvar) ve öğretmen Münevver hanımlarla evlenmiş, bu evliliklerinden beş oğlu olmuştur.
Sâlih Zeki’nin çalışma alanları dört başlık altında değerlendirilebilir. Astronomi. Astronomiye ilişkin ilk bilgilerini Dârüşşafaka Lisesi’ndeki hocası Telgraf Nezâret-i Âliyesi fen müşaviri ve Rasathâne-i Âmire müdür yardımcısı Emile Lacoine’dan almıştır. Rasathânede görevli olduğu yıllarda tek başına ve Lacoine ile birlikte takvim çalışmaları yapmış, aynı dönemde, Ortaçağ İslâm dünyasında yazılan astronomi ve matematikle ilgili bazı eserleri Avrupa’dan temin ederek bunların üzerinde araştırmalar gerçekleştirmiştir. Resimli Gazete’de saat reformu ve meteorolojik olaylar konusunda yazılar yazmış, yine bu dergide “felekiyyât” başlıklı bir dizi makale yayımlamıştır. 1913’te Paris’te saatlerin birleştirilmesi meselesini görüşmek üzere toplanan milletlerarası kongreye Osmanlı delegesi olarak katılmış, böylece Türkiye’de Greenwich saatine geçiş çalışmaları başlamıştır. Ayrıca astronomiye ilişkin çeşitli ders kitapları kaleme almıştır.
Matematik. Sâlih Zeki’ye göre matematik bütün bilimlerin temeli olan en mükemmel bilimdir. Matematik âdeta evrende görülemeyecek kadar küçük gerçekleri gösteren bir mikroskoptur. Doğa yasalarının keşfi de evrenin matematik düşüncesiyle incelenmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Meselâ Newton’un çekim kanunu matematiği temel aldığından en basit, en mükemmel, en genel ve en açık kanundur (Köz, s. 75). Sâlih Zeki’nin, Başhoca İshak Efendi ve Vidinli Hüseyin Tevfik Paşa’dan sonra çağdaş matematiğin Türkiye’ye girişinde önemli hizmetleri olmuştur. Dârülfünun’da verdiği konferanslarla ve çeşitli eserleriyle sayılar kuramı, sanal sayılar, Öklid dışı geometriler ve ihtimaller hesabı gibi Türk matematikçilerinin o günlerde yabancısı olduğu birçok alanı Türkiye’de tanıtmıştır. Aynı zamanda ilk, orta ve yüksek öğretimde matematik eğitiminin yaygınlaşmasında büyük rol oynamıştır.
Mantık. Türkiye’ye cebirsel mantığın girişinde Sâlih Zeki’nin çalışmaları önemlidir. Dârülfünun’da verdiği mantığa dair ders notlarını Mîzân-ı Tefekkür adıyla yayımlamış ve burada İngiliz matematikçilerinden George Boole’ün geliştirmiş olduğu cebirsel mantığı ayrıntılı biçimde tanıtmıştır. Sâlih Zeki’ye göre mantıkta üç bakış açısı bulunmaktadır: Mantık-ı sûrî (formel mantık), mantık-ı musavver (niceleme mantığı), mantık-ı işârî (cebirsel mantık). Bunlardan cebirsel mantığı benimsemiş (Ömerustaoğlu, I/1 [1996], s. 111-112) ve onu açıklarken tamamen Boole’ün sistemine bağlı kalmıştır.
Bilim Tarihi. Türk bilim tarihi yazıcılığı, XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısı ile XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısı arasındaki uyanış sürecinde Batı’dan aktarılan düşünsel etkinliklerden biri olarak gelişmiştir. Sâlih Zeki, İslâm toplumunda süregelen bilimsel çalışmaları günümüz bilim tarihi yöntemleriyle yeni baştan değerlendirmiştir; dolayısıyla o, Türkiye’de bilim tarihi yazıcılığının babası sayılabilir. Onun bu konudaki en önemli eseri Âsâr-ı Bâkıye’dir. Bilim tarihinin yanında bilim felsefesiyle de ilgilenen Sâlih Zeki, Fransız matematikçisi ve bilim felsefecisi Jules-Henri Poincaré’nin bu konudaki eserlerini yayımlanmalarından kısa bir süre sonra Türkçe’ye çevirmiş, böylece hem bu düşünürün hem de onun bilim anlayışının Türkiye’de tanınmasını sağlamıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Hikmet-i Tabîiyye Dersleri (Ahmed Fahri ile birlikte, I-II, İstanbul 1309). 2. Kāmûs-ı Riyâziyyât. Matematik ve astronomide kullanılan terimleri açıklamak ve matematikçilerle astronomların biyografilerini verip eserlerini tanıtmak amacıyla hazırlanmış olup bu özelliğiyle Türkiye’de yapılan ilk çalışmadır; ayrıca Türkçe’de yazılan ilk matematik ve astronomi tarihi ansiklopedisidir. Eserin ilk cildi Vidinli Hüseyin Tevfik Paşa tarafından tashih edilerek yayımlanmış (İstanbul 1315), Sâlih Zeki’nin ölümünden sonra diğer ciltlerin basımına girişilmiş, ancak sadece II. cildi basılabilmiştir (İstanbul 1342). Kalan kısmın 4000 sayfa tutarındaki müsveddeleri on cilt halinde İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ndedir (TY, nr. 910-919). 3. Âsâr-ı Bâkıye*. Türk ve İslâm bilim tarihi açısından büyük önem taşıyan eserde İslâm öncesi ve özellikle eski Yunan ve Hint muhitindeki çalışmalar ortaya konulmuştur. Dört cilt olarak planlanan kitabın ilk cildinin birinci ve ikinci kısımları basılmış olup (İstanbul 1329) diğer ciltler müsvedde halinde kalmıştır (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 903, 904, 905). Âsâr-ı Bâkıye’nin basılan kısmı günümüz Türkçe’siyle yeniden yayımlanmıştır (Sâlih Zeki, Asâr-ı Bâkiye: Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyasında Trigonometri [haz. Remzi Demir – Yavuz Unat], Ankara 2003, I, a.e.: Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyasında Hesap ve Cebir [haz. Melek Dosay Gökdoğan], Ankara 2003, II; a.e.: Bilginlerin Yaşamları ve Yaptıkları [haz. Melek Dosay Gökdoğan v.dğr.], Ankara 2004, III). 4. İlmin Kıymeti. Jules-Henri Poincaré’nin bilim felsefesiyle ilgili La valeur de la science adlı eserinin tercümesidir (İstanbul 1330). 5. Dârülfünûn Konferansları (I-II, İstanbul 1331). Eserde, XIX. yüzyıl matematiğinin en önemli konuları arasında bulunan Öklid dışı geometrilerle sanal nicelikler üzerine kurulmuş çeşitli alanlar ayrıntılı biçimde tanıtılmıştır. 6. Mîzân-ı Tefekkür (İstanbul 1332). Eserde İngiliz matematikçilerinden George Boole’ün geliştirmiş olduğu cebirsel mantık savunulmaktadır. 7. Mebâhis-i Elektrik (İstanbul 1338). Sâlih Zeki’nin Dârülfünun’da 1905-1909 yılları arasında verdiği derslerin özetinden oluşan kuramsal elektrikle ilgili bir eserdir. Bir giriş ve iki kısımdan meydana gelen kitap Batı’da elektrik konusunda yapılan çalışmaların ülkemize aktarılması bakımından önemlidir. 8. İlm-i Tabakātü’l-arz (İstanbul 1923). Jeoloji meselelerini konu alır ve bu arada Kant-Laplace kuramına da yer verir. 9. İlim ve Faraziye. Jules-Henri Poincaré’nin La science et l’hypothèse adlı eserinin çevirisidir (İstanbul 1927). 10. İlim ve Usul. Aynı bilginin Science et méthode adlı eserinin tercümesidir (İstanbul 1928).
Sâlih Zeki’nin diğer eserleri de şunlardır: 1308 Sene-i Mâliyyesine Mahsus Takvim (İstanbul 1309); Takvîm-i Cedîd: 1310 Sene-i Mâliyyesine Mahsus (Emile Lacoine ile birlikte, İstanbul 1311); Muhtasar Hikmet-i Tabîiyye (İstanbul 1312); Hulâsa-i Hisâb-i İhtimâlî (İstanbul 1314); Hikmet-i Tabîiyye-i Umûmiyyeden Mebhas-ı Elektrik (İstanbul 1318); Nazarî ve Amelî Hendese (I-III, İstanbul 1322, 1326, 1328); Mebâdî-i Hendese (İstanbul 1325); Muhtasar Hendese (İstanbul 1325); Hikmet-i Tabîiyye-i Umûmiyyeden Mebhas-ı Harâret-i Harekiyye (İstanbul 1326); Hikmet-i Tabîiyye-i Umûmiyyeden Mebhas-ı Savt (İstanbul 1326); Hikmet-i Tabîiyye-i Umûmiyyeden Mebhas-ı Câzibe-i Umûmiyye (İstanbul 1327); Hikmet-i Tabîiyye-i Umûmiyyeden Mebhas-ı Elastikiyyet ve Şa‘riyyet (İstanbul 1327); Yeni ve Musahhah Muhtasar Hikmet-i Tabîiyye (İstanbul 1327); Cebir Dersleri (İstanbul 1328); Hisâb-ı İhtimâlât (İstanbul 1328); Mücmel Cebir (İstanbul 1329); Mücmel Hendese (İstanbul 1329); Nazarî ve Amelî Mücmel Hendese (İstanbul 1329); Müsellesât-ı Müsteviyye (İstanbul 1329); Yeni ve Musahhah Hikmet-i Tabîiyye (İstanbul 1330); Yeni Tertip Hikmet-i Tabîiyye (İstanbul 1331); Yeni Kozmoğrafya (İstanbul 1331); İlk Hendese Dersleri: Devr-i Mutavassıta Birinci Sene (İstanbul 1332); İlk Hendese Dersleri: Devr-i Mutavassıta İkinci Sene (İstanbul 1332); Muhtasar Kozmoğrafya (İstanbul 1332); Yeni Usul Resimli Hesap Dersleri (altı kitap, Hamazasb Hakiyan ile birlikte, İstanbul 1332); Mebâdî-i Felsefe-i İlmiyye (I-II, İstanbul 1332); Mukaddimât-ı Ulûm-i Tabîiyyeden Yeni Hikmet ve Kimya (İstanbul 1333); Usûl-i Cebir (I-II, İstanbul 1338); Hesap Dersleri (İstanbul 1927). Sâlih Zeki’nin yerli ve yabancı dergi ve gazetelerde birçok ilmî makalesi yayımlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Kerim Erim, “Riyaziye”, Tanzimat I, İstanbul 1940, s. 477-483; İsmail Köz, Sâlih Zeki’nin Mantık Anlayışı (yüksek lisans tezi, 1992), AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Celâl Saraç, Sâlih Zeki Bey: Hayatı ve Eserleri (haz. Yeşim Işıl Ülman), İstanbul 2001; Remzi Demir, “Türkiye’de Bilim Tarihi Araştırmalarının Gelişimine Genel Bir Bakış (1532-1993)”, Türkiye’de Bilim Tarihi Araştırmalarının Dünü ve Bugünü (haz. Esin Kâhya v.dğr.), Ankara 2003, s. 1-92; a.mlf., “Sâlih Zeki Bey’in Journal Asiatique’de Yayımlanan Notation Algébrique Chez Les Orientaux Adlı Makalesi”, Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyası’nda Bilim ve Teknik (ed. Yavuz Unat), Ankara 2008, s. 85-102; a.mlf. – Ali Rıza Tosun, “Sâlih Zeki Bey’in İslâm’da Matematiksel Bilimler Tarihi Adlı Makalesi”, a.e., s. 15-41; a.mlf. – Yavuz Unat, Doğumunun 140. Yıldönümünde Sâlih Zeki Bey, Ankara 2004; a.mlf. – İnan Kalaycıoğulları, “Büyük Bir Matematik Tarihçisi ve Felsefecisi: Salih Zeki Bey (1864-1921)”, Kutadgubilig, sy. 6, İstanbul 2004, s. 195-211; Yavuz Unat, “Asâr-ı Bâkiye ve Yazılış Yöntemi”, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları (Salih Zeki özel sayısı), VII/1, İstanbul 2005, s. 23-31; Melek Dosay Gökdoğan, “Sâlih Zeki’de Hint Rakamlarının Kökeni Meselesi”, Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyası’nda Bilim ve Teknik (ed. Yavuz Unat), Ankara 2008, s. 116-125; Adnan Adıvar, “Athār-i-Bāqiya: A History of Arabic Mathematics by Sālih Zeki”, ISIS, XIX/3 (1933), s. 506-515; Adnan Ömerustaoğlu, “Salih Zeki Bey’in Mantık Görüşü”, Akademik Araştırmalar, I/1, Erzurum 1996, s. 111-118; Erdal İnönü, “Salih Zeki ve Asâr-ı Bâkiye”, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, VII/1 (2005), s. 1-21; Hülya Şenkon, “Salih Zeki ve Asâr-ı Bâkiye’nin 1960’larda Yapılmış Bir Çevirisi”, a.e., s. 33-44; Atilla Bir – Mustafa Kaçar, “Salih Zeki’nin ‘Teslis-i Zâviye’ Konusundaki ‘Bir Hendese Meselesi’ Adlı Yazı Dizisi”, a.e., s. 45-66; Meltem Akbaş, “Salih Zeki ve ‘Zaman’ Başlıklı Konferansı”, a.e., s. 79-96; Feza Günergun, “Salih Zeki ve Astronomi: Rasathane-i Amire Müdürlüğü’nden 1914 Tam Güneş Tutulmasına”, a.e., s. 97-122; a.mlf., “Asâr-ı Bâkiye ve Salih Zeki Üzerine Ek Bilgiler”, a.e., s. 187-191; Emre Dölen, “Salih Zeki ve Darülfünun”, a.e., s. 123-135; Şeref Etker, “Salih Zeki-Üç Boyutlu Bir Biyografi İçin”, a.e., s. 137-154; Tanju Demir, “Salih Zeki ve ‘Ecnebi Postahaneleri’nin Kaldırılması Konusundaki Görüşleri”, a.e., s. 169-185; Sâlim Aydüz, “Sâlih Zeki”, Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 1999, II, 496-497.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 43-45 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.