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SÂMİ EFENDİ, İsmâil Hakkı Skip to content (1838-1912)
Osmanlı celî ta‘lik ve celî sülüs hattının son büyük üstadı.
16 Zilhicce 1253 (13 Mart 1838) tarihinde İstanbul’da Fatih’in Haydarhâne mahallesinde doğdu. Babası Yorgancılar kethüdâsı Hacı Mahmud Efendi, annesi Nefise Hanım’dır. Kurban bayramı sonrasında doğduğundan kendisine İsmâil Hakkı adı verildi. Mahallesindeki sıbyan mektebine devam etti. Aksaray’da Pertevniyal Vâlide Sultan Camii’nin yerinde bulunan Kâtib Mustafa Efendi Camii Mektebi’nin hat hocası Boşnak Osman Efendi’den sülüs-nesih yazılarını meşke başladı, icâzet aldı. Bu iki nevi yazıda başka hocası olmamıştır. Kısa bir süre Arapça ve Farsça dersleri aldıktan sonra 14 Temmuz 1853’te 10 kuruş maaşla Maliye Kalemi’ne girdi. Burada kendisine Mehmed ismi ve Sâmi mahlası verildi. Eserlerinde asıl adını hiç kullanmamış, gençlik yazılarında bazan Yorganîzâde lakabına yer vermiştir. Bu sıralarda Mümtaz Efendi’den Bâbıâli tarzı rik‘a, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un hat muallimi Nâsıh Efendi’den divanî, celî divanî yazmasını ve tuğra çekmesini öğrendi. Sülüs celîsini de Mustafa Râkım’ın talebelerinden Mehmed Şâkir Recâi Efendi’den ilerletti. Ayrıca Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin meclislerine katılarak kendisinden faydalandı. Ta‘lik hattını Kıbrısîzâde İsmâil Hakkı Efendi’den meşkedip 1857’de icâzet aldı. Hocasının 1862’de vefatının ardından Melekpaşazâde Ali Haydar Bey’e celî ta‘lik hattı için devam etti. Ancak fıtrî istidadı eski üstatların yazılarına bakarak feyiz almasını sağladı. Bu arada kâğıt terbiyesini öğrendi. Ebru kâğıdı imalini Özbekler Tekkesi şeyhi Edhem Efendi’den (bir rivayete göre ta‘lik hocası Kıbrısîzâde’den) öğrenerek eserler verdi. Kalemtıraş yapımında ve mühür hakkinde çok başarı gösterdi. Mûsiki tahsiline başladığında Kapalı Çarşı İmâmeli Han’daki Hacı Efendi’den ney meşkettiyse de sonradan bıraktı.
Resmî vazifesinde terfi ederek Dîvân-ı Hümâyun Mühimme Kalemi’ne nâmenüvis olarak tayin edilen Sâmi Efendi, 18 Nisan 1878’de Nâsıh Efendi’den boşalan Dîvân-ı Hümâyun Dairesi hutût-ı mütenevvia muallimliğine getirildi. Daha sonra Nişân-ı Hümâyun Kalemi hulefalığından aynı kalemin mümeyyizliğine kadar yükseldi. Sadrazam Cevad Paşa’nın Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da açılmasını istediği ta‘lîm-i hat şubesinin muallimliğine ilâve maaşla tayin edildi (1894). Fakat XX. asrın başlarında bu şube kapatıldı. Uzun müddet Topkapı Sarayı’ndaki Enderûn-ı Hümâyun’da ve Çarşıkapı’daki Mustafa Paşa Medresesi’nde meraklılara hüsn-i hat öğretti. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra emekliye ayrıldı. Son bir yılını felçli geçirip 1 Temmuz 1912’de Horhor’daki evinde vefat eden Sâmi Efendi’nin cenazesi ertesi günü Fâtih Camii hazîresine defnedildi. Kabrinin kitâbesini talebelerinden Hacı Kâmil Efendi (Akdik) celî sülüsle yazdı; taşın tezyinatı Tuğrakeş İsmâil Hakkı Bey’indir.
Sülüs-nesih hatları ile fazla uğraşmayan ve az sayıda kıta bırakan Sâmi Efendi bu hat nevilerinde çok beğendiği Mehmed Şevki Efendi ile onun dayısı ve hocası Mehmed Hulûsi Efendi’den teberrüken icâzet aldı (1281/1864). Sanat şahsiyetini hattın en geç ve güç kemale ermiş şekli olan celîde ortaya koydu. Genellikle siyah kâğıda sarı renkli zırnık mürekkebiyle yazılan celî yazılar iğnelenip kalıp yapılır ve bunlar müzehhipler tarafından altınla işlenir. Zamanının en iyi müzehhipleri olan Hüsnü, Nûreddin ve Bahâeddin efendilerin kalıptan tebeşir tozuyla koyu renkli zemine silkip geçirerek zerendûd olarak işledikleri Sâmi Efendi’nin bu levhaları pek beğenilirdi. Bu sebeple kendisinin is mürekkebiyle yazılmış hattı çok azdır.
Sâmi Efendi, bir yazıyı yazdıktan sonra şeklinin hâfızadan silinip kusurlarının gözükmesi için uzun bir müddet ona bakmaz ve aradan zaman geçince yazısını çıkartıp tekrar elden geçirirdi. Sanatında onun kadar titiz hattat azdır. Önceden zerendûd olarak hazırlanmış yazılarını da bir daha sipariş edildiğinde kalıbı üzerinde tekrar tashih ederdi. Zaman içindeki tekâmülü ve mutlak güzeli arayış gayreti böylece eserlerinde de görünür. Bir yazı ile aylarca, hatta yıllarca uğraştığı olurdu. Bir yazısını altı ayda bitirdiğinin söylenmesi üzerine, “Altı ayda yazıldı demezler, Sâmi yazdı derler, zaman mühim değil” demiştir.
Sâmi Efendi sülüs celîsi ve tuğrada Mustafa Râkım, ta‘lik celîsinde Yesârîzâde Mustafa İzzet vadisinde yazmayı tercih etmiş, âdeta onlarda kalan noksanlıkları tamamlamıştır. 1893 Nisanında dostlarından Tevfik Paşa tarafından diş kirası olarak kendisine verilen İsmâil Zühdü murakkaından aldığı ilhamla, Zühdü Efendi’nin sülüs şivesinden zevkine uygun gelen harfleri seçip Râkım Efendi’nin celî vadisine tatbik ederek “Sâmi Efendi şivesi”ni ortaya çıkarmıştır. Celî hattına hâkimiyeti o derecededir ki bazı yazılarını celî kalemiyle yazmayıp tek kurşun kalemle resmederek bitirirdi (Yazır, II, rs. 199). “Celî yazmadan esrâr-ı hatta vâkıf olunmaz” ve, “Celî benim hem elimde hem kafamda mevcuttur” sözleriyle kendisi de bu kalem hâkimiyetine işaret etmiş; “Râkım’ı geçtiniz” diyenlere de, “Râkım geçilmez, onu geçtim diyen geri döner” cevabı ile bu dahi hattatın hakkını teslim etmiştir.
Celî sülüs hattının okunmasına olduğu kadar bezenmesine de yardımı bulunan hareke, tezyin ve mühmel işaretleri ile eserin yazıldığı yılı gösteren rakamları Sâmi Efendi en mükemmel şekline koymuş, kendisine gelinceye kadar hiçbir hattat bu işaretleri böylesine güzel ve muntazam yapamamıştır (a.g.e. , III, rs. 259). Ancak celî divanî yazıyla fazla uğraşmış olması sebebiyle eski hattatlara göre işaretleri daha sık kullanmıştır. Zira celî divanî yazısında zemin tamamen işaretlerle doldurulur.
Sâmi Efendi sanat hayatı boyunca birçok talebe yetiştirmiştir. Kızı Saadet Hanım’ın 20 Ocak 1903’te bir yetim bırakarak vefat etmesi üzerine üzüntüsünden yazı meşketmeye son vermiştir. Üsküdar Özbekler Tekkesi şeyhi Edhem Efendi’nin tavassutu ile ömrünün son yıllarında yeniden birkaç talebe yetiştirmiştir. Kışın Fatih’in Horhor semtinde, yazın Çengelköy’de oturur ve talebesine salı sabahları evinde ders gösterirdi. O gün devrin bütün yazı üstatları ziyaretine gelir ve evi âdeta bir medresetü’l-hattâtîn olurdu. Sâmi Efendi hem sağlığında hem ölümünden sonra kıymeti bilinen nâdir sanatkârlardandır. Sultan Abdülaziz, II. Abdülhamid ve Sultan Reşad’ın tuğralarını da en mükemmel şekilde çeken Sâmi Efendi bilhassa Sultan Abdülhamid’in şahsî teveccühüne nâil olmuş, Bâbıâli’deki resmî vazifesi esnasında mühim şahıslara verilen menşurları celî divanî ile yazmıştır.
Hat sanatına kazandırdığı hattatlar arasında en fazla tanınanları şunlardır: Hacı Kâmil Efendi (Akdik): Sülüs, nesih, divanî, celî divanî, tuğra, ta‘lik ve celî sülüs; Hulûsi Efendi (Yazgan): Ta‘lik ve celî ta‘lik; Tuğrakeş Hakkı Bey (Altunbezer): Divanî, celî divanî, celî sülüs, tuğra; Hacı Mehmed Nazif Bey: Celî sülüs ve celî ta‘lik; Ferid Bey: Divanî, celî divanî, tuğra; Hasan Rızâ Efendi: Ta‘lik; Rifâî Aziz Efendi: Celî sülüs, celî ta‘lik, tuğra; Müfessir Elmalılı Hamdi Efendi (Yazır): Ta‘lik; Ömer Vasfi Efendi: Ta‘lik, celî ta‘lik, celî sülüs, tuğra; Re’fet Efendi: Celî sülüs; Neyzen Emin Efendi (Yazıcı): Celî sülüs; Sofu Mehmed Hamdi Efendi: Sülüs ve celîsi; Mehmed Necmeddin Efendi (Okyay): Ta‘lik, celî ta‘lik, celî sülüs; Enderunlu Ahmed Râkım Efendi (Boren): Ta‘lik; Suud Bey (Yavsî): Celî divanî; Ahmed Ziyâ Bey (Akbulut): Celî sülüs, ta‘lik. Bu hattatların bir kısmı 20 Mayıs 1915’te açılan Medresetü’l-hattâtîn’de muallim olarak vazife almış ve Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında hat sanatının devamına katkıda bulunmuştur.
Eserlerinden zerendûd olarak veya yapıştırma altınla hazırlanan celî sülüs ve celî ta‘lik levhalarına Altunîzâde, Aksaray Pertevniyal Vâlide Sultan, Râmi, Edirnekapı Mihrimah Sultan, Erenköy Zihni Paşa ve Galib Paşa camilerinde, ayrıca Topkapı Sarayı, Türk ve İslâm Eserleri, Türk Vakıf Hat Sanatları müzelerinde ve hususi koleksiyonlarda rastlanır. Cihangir Camii’ndeki levhaları birkaç yıl önce Türk Vakıf Hat Sanatları Müzesi’ne nakledilmiştir.
Kendisine kitâbe sipariş edildiğinde ancak Edirnekapı’daki Süslü Ali Usta’ya yaptırılması şartıyla bunu kabul eden Sâmi Efendi’nin kitâbelerinden bazıları şunlardır: Kapalı Çarşı’nın Fesçiler Kapısı üstünde, “Çalışıp kazananı Allah sever” meâlindeki celî ta‘lik hadîs-i şerif (1320); Nuruosmaniye Kapısı’nda II. Abdülhamid’in tamir kitâbesi, büyük kapı üstündeki tuğra (1314); Erenköy’de Zihni Paşa (1320) ve Galib Paşa (1316) camilerinin celî ta‘lik kitâbeleri; Bâbıâli’deki Nallı Mescid’in batı kapısı üstünde celî sülüsle, “Namaz dinin direğidir” meâlindeki hadîs-i şerif; Kantarcılar (1313), Rami (1313), Şehzade (1314) ve Çemberlitaş Atik Ali Paşa (1314) camilerinin kapılarında celî sülüsle namaz hakkındaki âyet-i kerîme (en-Nisâ 4/103); 1956’da Tophane’den Maçka’ya nakledilen Hamidiye Çeşmesi’nin celî ta‘lik kitâbesi (1319); Şişli Etfal Hastahanesi’nin celî sülüs ve celî ta‘lik kitâbeleri; Yıldız Sarayı bahçesindeki Hamidiye Çeşmesi’nin tuğrası, celî muhakkak ve celî sülüs kitâbesi (1321); Yenicami arkasında Bahçekapı’da bulunan Yeni Vâlide Çeşme ve Sebili celî sülüs istifli kitâbesi (altında 1074 tarihi bulunmakla beraber 1325’te yazılan bu kitâbenin on iki satırlık kalıbı yazılışından bugüne kadar celî sülüsle uğraşan hattatlara hocalık etmektedir); Şam’da Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî türbesinin celî ta‘lik tamir kitâbesi (1294); Medine’de II. Abdülhamid’in inşa ettirdiği misafirhanenin kitâbesi (bina ile birlikte yok edilmiştir). Ayrıca Eyüp, Süleymaniye ve Sünbül Efendi camilerinin hazîrelerinde, Karaca Ahmed (a.g.e. , III, rs. 298), Yahyâ Efendi Dergâhı hazîresinde hocası Ali Haydar Bey’in mezar kitâbesi (1287) ve Sahrâyıcedid Kabristanı’nda yazdığı birçok kabir kitâbesi vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnülemin, Son Hattatlar , s. 355-365.
Yazır, Kalem Güzeli , II, rs. 199, 230-232, 259, 276; III, rs. 295, 298, 307-308, 310, 316-317, 337-339.
Şevket Rado, Türk Hattatları , İstanbul, ts. (Yayın Matbaacılık), s. 239-241.
M. Uğur Derman, Türk Hat Sanatının Şâheserleri , İstanbul 1982, lv. 32, 33, 36, 37.
a.mlf., Letters in Gold , New York 1998, s. 142-149.
a.mlf., Sabancı Üniversitesi Sakıp Sabancı Müzesi Hat Koleksiyonundan Seçmeler , İstanbul 2002, s. 192-201.
a.mlf., “Hattat Sâmi Efendi’nin Diş Kirası”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası , sy. 12, İstanbul 1969, s. 20-22.
a.mlf., “Büyük Bir Hat Sanatkârımız: Sâmi Efendi”, a.e. , sy. 5 (1969), s. 4-10.
a.mlf., “Yeni Câmi Sebîlinin Kitâbesi”, Lâle , sy. 4, İstanbul 1986, s. 14-17.
a.mlf., “Hat Sanatının Büyük İsimlerinden: Sâmi Efendi”, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi , sy. 4-5, İstanbul 2000, s. 473-484.
İslâm Kültür Mirâsında Hat San’atı (haz. M. Uğur Derman), İstanbul 1992, s. 217, 218, 220, 221, 223.
Ali Alparslan, Osmanlı Hat Sanatı Tarihi , İstanbul 1999, s. 122-125.
Muhittin Serin, Hat Sanatı ve Meşhur Hattatlar , İstanbul 2003, s. 187-194.
A. Süheyl Ünver, “Zât-ı Sâmî’lerini Ziyâret”, San‘at ve Kültürde Kök , sy. 12, İstanbul 1982, s. 14-15; sy. 13 (1982), s. 16-18; sy. 14 (1982), s. 41-43; sy. 15 (1982), s. 42-43.
Necmeddin Okyay’ın Hâtıra Defteri , M. Uğur Derman özel kitaplığı, Yenişehr-i Fenârî Hüseyin Hâşim Bey’in Notları (Türkpetrol Vakfı Arşivi).
Nurullah Pertev Bey’in notları, M. Uğur Derman özel kitaplığı.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 72-74 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.