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S‘ Skip to content Eski bir ölçek.
Sözlükte “ağzı dar su kabı” anlamına gelen kelime, sâ‘ şeklindeki yaygın kullanımının yanı sıra sav‘, sû‘, suvâ‘ ve savâ‘ olarak da geçer. Bu mânada Kur’an’da suvâ‘ yer almaktadır (Yûsuf 12/72). Aslen Mezopotamya katı madde ölçeği olup Araplar’ca da benimsenmiştir. Sâın ağırlık ölçülerinden biri olduğu bilgisi (Pakalın , III, 73) doğru değildir. Sahtesinin yapılmasını önlemek için üst kenarına mühür vurulduğundan mahtûm (damgalı) adı da verilen sâın İbrânîce’si seah , Akkadca’sı şaitu dur. Sumerce’de büyük bardağa şû denir. Eski Türkçe’de ölçek anlamındaki segû veya sâgû (Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi , III, 225, 418) kelimesi sâ‘ ile bağlantılı olmalıdır. Kelime Grekçe’ye saton (= 1,5 modios; Epiphanius, s. 13, 41, 137]), Latince’ye satum şeklinde girmiştir. Pers mekkûkünün bu ölçeğe karşılık geldiği de söylenmektedir.
Sâ‘ toprak ürünlerinin zekât nisabı, fitre, gusül, çeşitli kefâretler, ihram yasaklarını ihlâl fidyesi ve zevcenin nafakası gibi konularla ilgili hadislerde geçmektedir. Bu hususlara dair hükümlerde yer alması sebebiyle daha sonra şer‘î sâ‘ şeklinde nitelendirilen Medine ölçeği Hicaz’da yüzyıllarca kullanılmışsa da Kuzey Afrika dışındaki bölgelere yayılmamıştır. Dolayısıyla tarih boyunca diğer birimlerden karşılığı hesaplanmaya çalışılmış ve mezhepler arasında ihtilâflar doğmuştur. Üzerinde görüş birliğine varılan tek husus Peygamber sâının dört Peygamber müddüne denk geldiğidir. İstiap hacmi Hanefîler’e göre 8, İmâmîler’e göre 9, diğerlerine göre 5m$frac{1}{3}$ rıtldır. Ebû Yûsuf’un Medine’de İmam Mâlik ile yaptığı bir müzakereden sonra Hicazlılar’ın görüşünü benimsediği söylenmektedir. Ancak onun Peygamber sâına dair kendi ifadesinden elde edilen 1 sâ‘ = 5m$frac{1}{3}$ rıtl = 1 Haccâc kafîzi = 1 Hâşim rub‘u = m$frac{1}{4}$ ilk Hâşim mahtûmu = 8 rıtl şeklindeki eşitlik (Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc , I, 372; ayrıca bk. Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, s. 623) bu iddianın doğrulanmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Muhalif görüşler bazılarınca Hanefîler’in sâın ölçtüğü suyu, diğer üç mezhebin ise tahıl miktarını esas aldığı şeklinde uzlaştırılmaya, bazılarınca da ihtilâf, her grubun sâın istiap hacmini farklı rıtllar cinsinden bildirdiği şeklinde giderilmeye çalışılmıştır ki Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî’nin zayıf bulduğu bu te’vile göre 1 Peygamber sâı = 4 Peygamber müddü = 5m$frac{1}{3}$ Medine rıtlı = 8 Irak rıtlı = 160 istar = 1040 dirhem eşitliğine ulaşılır. Bazı âlimlere göre gıda maddeleri ve sıvılara mahsus iki ayrı sâ‘ olup ilki 5m$frac{1}{3}$, ikincisi 8 rıtl ölçer (Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, s. 62).
Çeşitli rivayetlerde Resûl-i Ekrem’in 1 müd su ile abdest aldığı, 1 sâ‘ su ile gusül yaptığı ifade edilirken bazılarında ilki için 2, ikincisi için 8 rıtl denilmiştir (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 44). İbrâhim en-Nehaî’ye uyarak bunları uzlaştıran Hanefîler müddün istiap hacminin 2, sâınkinin 8 rıtl olduğuna hükmetmiştir. Sâın ölçtüğü ağırlığın çeşitli kuru gıdalar cinsinden 5m$frac{1}{3}$ rıtla denk düştüğünü söyleyen diğer üç mezhep mensupları Hz. Peygamber ile Âişe’nin beraberce gusletmekte kullandıkları 16 rıtllık farakın 3 sâ‘ hacminde olduğuna dair rivayeti delil göstermektedir; yani sâ‘ 5m$frac{1}{3}$ rıtl su alıyor demektir. Dolayısıyla bu görüşü savunanların, gerek kuru gıda maddelerinin aralarında kalan boşlukları gerekse onların ve suyun özgül ağırlıkları arasındaki farkı hesaba katmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Bir rivayete göre Mervân b. Hakem, Medine valiliği sırasında Resûl-i Ekrem dönemine ait değişik hacimlerdeki sâ‘lar arasından en doğrusunu standartlaştırmış ve bu ölçek kendisine nisbetle anılmıştır. Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî’nin 4 müdlük Peygamber sâının ölçtüğü ağırlığın 6 veya 8 rıtla eşit olduğu yönündeki bir rivayeti söz konusu farklılığı teyit eder gibidir. Peygamber müddünün 4,5 rıtllık Mervân b. Hakem müddünün üçte birine karşılık geldiğine dair rivayetten de Peygamber sâının 6 rıtla eşit olduğu sonucu çıkmaktadır. Şerîk b. Abdullah’ın bildirdiği değer ise 7-8 rıtl arası şeklindedir. Haccâc b. Yûsuf, Halife Ömer tarafından Sevâd (Irak) haracı için yaptırıldığı söylenen 8 rıtllık sâı (kafîz) standartlaştırarak yaygınlaştırmıştır. Hanefîler’in Ömer sâı/kafîzi, Haccâc sâı/kafîzi, Bağdat/Irak sâı veya mahtûm gibi isimlerle anılan bu ölçeği Hz. Peygamber’inkiyle özdeşleştirerek şer‘î sâ‘ kabul etme yanılgısına düştüğü de ileri sürülmektedir. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Makdisî, yemin kefâretlerinde kullanılan 8 rıtllık Ömer sâının Saîd b. Âs tarafından tekrar 5m$frac{1}{3}$ rıtla indirildiğini söyler.
Sâib b. Yezîd’den Peygamber sâının 1m$frac{1}{3}$ müdde (1m$frac{1}{3}$ × 4 rıtl = 5m$frac{1}{3}$ rıtl veya 1m$frac{1}{3}$ × 4,5 rıtl = 6 rıtl) denk düştüğü, ancak Ömer b. Abdülazîz (?) döneminde hacminin büyütüldüğü rivayet edilmiştir (Buhârî, “Keffârâtü’l-eymân”, 4). Emevî Halifesi Hişâm b. Abdülmelik’in Irak Valisi Hâlid b. Abdullah el-Kasrî 4 müdlük sâın istiap hacmini iki kat arttırarak 16 rıtla (6,12 veya 6,528 kg.) çıkarmıştır. Dolayısıyla yeni sâ‘ (mekkûk) onların her ikisine de nisbet edilmiştir. Enes b. İyâz bizzat ölçtüğü Peygamber sâının 2,5 (?) Hişâm müddüne denk olduğunu bildirir (Ebû Dâvûd, “Eymân ve’n-nüẕûr”, 15; Nesâî, “Zekât”, 44). Halbuki İbn Sa‘d onu 1,5 Hişâm müddüne eşitler.
İbnü’r-Rif‘a, Muhibbüddin et-Taberî’ye ait olup Resûl-i Ekrem’in müddüne göre ayarlandığı söylenen bir ahşap müddün 173m$frac{1}{3}$ (dolayısıyla sâın 693m$frac{1}{3}$) Mısır dirhemi ağırlığında Saîd arpası aldığını görmüştür. Başkadı İmâdüddin Abdurrahman b. Abdülalî İbnü’s-Sükkerî’nin (ö. 624/1227) Peygamber sâını 2 vasat Mısır kadehine eşit saydığına dair bir haberi de aktardıktan sonra gerek adı geçen müddün gerekse Hz. Peygamber’in müddüne göre ayarlandığı ileri sürülen diğerlerinin iki tanesinin kaldırdığı ağırlığın bu kadehin kapasitesini aştığını gözlemiştir. İbnü’r-Rif‘a, tayin edildiği Mısır Eyyûbî Dârülhisbesi’ndeki, üzerinde Hz. Peygamber’in sâına göre ayarlandığı yazısı bulunan 18 Rebîülevvel 591 (2 Mart 1195) tarihli bir ölçeğin 337 dirhem su aldığını da açıklar (el-Îżâḥ ve’t-tibyân , s. 65-68, 73-75). Onun metrik değerini Mahmûd Bek 1,04279, E. de Zambaur 1,15, Walther Hinz 1,053125 litre olarak hesaplar. Bunun 2 Peygamber müddüne eşit bir ölçek veya Mısır kadehi olduğu yahut üzerindeki kaydın aksine Hz. Ömer’in müddüne göre ayarlandığı ihtimalleri de düşünülebilir.
Kahire muhtesipliği yapması dolayısıyla Dârülıyâr’ı da yöneten ve değerlendirmesinde muhtemelen İbnü’r-Rif‘a’nın sözünü ettiği ölçeği esas alan Şâfiî âlimi Ebü’l-Abbas Necmeddin Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Kamûlî (ö. 727/1327) Peygamber sâının hacmini 2 Kahire kadehi (= 4 müd = 2,75 litre) olarak ölçmüştür. Zekeriyyâ el-Ensârî de (ö. 926/1520) aynı değeri verir. Takıyyüddin es-Sübkî (ö. 756/1355) zamanında söz konusu sâ‘ 1m$frac{13}{15}$ kadehe eşitti. Hatîb eş-Şirbînî de (ö. 977/1570) bunu doğrular. Abdülbâkī b. Yûsuf ez-Zürkānî’ye göre 1632-1678 yılları arasındaki dönemde 4 müdlük sâ‘ 1m$frac{1}{3}$ Mısır kadehine tekabül ediyordu. Hanefî âlimi İbn Âbidîn 1226 (1811) yılında ölçtüğü sâı 3m$frac{1}{3}$ sümniyyeye yakın bulmuştur. Ayrıca Irak sâının 2m$frac{1}{3}$ Mısır kadehine (= 2m$frac{1}{3}$ × 445m$frac{5}{7}$ dirhem = 1040 dirhem) veya 2m$frac{2}{3}$ Mısır kadehine tekabül ettiğini ve 1,5 Şam rıtlı civarında, yani tam olarak 910 örfî dirhem yahut 1040 şer‘î dirhem buğday aldığını rivayet etmektedir (Reddü’l-muḥtâr , I, 107; II, 76-77; ayrıca bk. Abdülganî b. Tâlib el-Meydânî, I, 152, 160-161). Ali Paşa Mübârek bunların hepsinin istiap hacminin 2,75 litre olduğunu ileri sürerken Mahmûd Bek, Kamûlî ve Sübkî’nin verdiği değerlerin metrik karşılıklarını sırasıyla 4,247 litre ve 3,94364 litre hesaplayarak 4,17116 litrelik bir ortalamaya ulaşır. Alfred Bel’in, fukaha tarafından sâın değerinin her biri 128 Mekke dirhemi ağırlığındaki 26m$frac{2}{3}$ rıtla eşdeğer sayıldığı yönündeki iddiası hesap hatasından kaynaklansa gerektir. Ayrıca Peygamber sâı yüzyıllarca 2 kısta denk tutulmuştur (Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, s. 26; Muhammed b. Abdülbâkī ez-Zürkānî, I, 136).
Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Makdisî 5m$frac{1}{3}$ rıtllık Hicaz sâını mekkûkün üçte birine denk sayar. Matematikçi Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî ise (ö. 388/998) Hicaz sâını 5 rıtllık keyleceye (5 × 408 = 2040 gr.) eşitlerken İbn Hazm (ö. 456/1064) Peygamber sâının hacminin 2 Basra veya 1 Bağdat keylecesini biraz aştığını bildirir. Nevevî de onun karşılığını 2 keylece (= 5m$frac{1}{3}$ rıtl) olarak verir. Takıyyüddin el-Fâsî, 569 (1173-74) yılına ait Zebîd sâının IX. (XV.) yüzyılın başlarında kullanılan çeyrek Mekke müddüne, Tâif sâının da yaklaşık yarım Mekke müddüne denk geldiğini söyler. XX. yüzyılın başlarında Lahsâ sâının 2 semîn (yaklaşık 5,5 rıtl) hacminde olduğu bildirilmektedir.
Merînî Emîri Ebû Yûsuf Ya‘kūb b. Abdülhak el-Mansûr zamanına (1258-1286) ait olup Fas’ta X. yüzyıla kadar kullanılan sâ‘ 4 Peygamber müddüne eşittir. Onun halefi Ebû Ya‘kūb Yûsuf en-Nâsır 693 (1294) yılında sâ‘ları Hz. Peygamber’in müddüne göre yeniden ayarlatmıştır. Tâcülârifîn el-Bekrî, Peygamber sâının Hafsîler zamanında 2 Tunus sâına, 1024 (1615) yılında 3,2 Kayrevan sâına karşılık geldiğini söyler. Dolayısıyla müd de denen Tunus sâının ölçtüğü ağırlık 2m$frac{2}{3}$ şer‘î rıtl olur. Robert Brunschvig bunun hacmini 1,466 litre hesaplar. Onun rıtl için verdiği 380,98 gr. (= 128 dirhem × 2,975 gr.) esas alındığında söz konusu sâın/müddün kaldırdığı buğdayın ağırlığı (2m$frac{2}{3}$ × 380,98 =) 1,015946 kg. olarak bulunur. Tunus hükümeti 12 Ocak 1895 tarihli kanunla sâın hacmini 3,35 litre diye belirlemiştir. Üzerlerine nakşedilmiş yazılardan Zeyd b. Sâbit’in sâına göre ayarlandıkları anlaşılan bazı Mağrib sâ‘larının hacimleri ve üretim tarihleri şöyledir: 3,75 litre (1050/1640), 3,005 litre (Cemâziyelevvel 1072 / Ocak 1662) ve 3,004 litre (25 Muharrem 1124 / 4 Mart 1712) (Pascon, XVI [1975], s. 43, 47, 59, 67).
Fransa Ticaret Odası bülteninde kaydedilen bilgilere ve Osmanlı Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye İdaresi verilerine dayanan George Young’a göre 1890’larda Berberistan’da kullanılan Osmanlı sâının hacmi 12,75 İstanbul kilesidir. VI. (XII.) yüzyılda Musul sâı 15 Bağdat rıtlı (= 15 × 408 = 6,12 kg.) buğday alırdı. Bu ise Makdisî’nin sözünü ettiği Musul mekkûküyle aynı şey olmalıdır. XVII. yüzyılda Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği bilgilerden Sâve sâının ölçtüğü ağırlık için şu eşitlik elde edilir: 1 sâ‘ = 2 müd = 4 men = 8 rıtl = 1040 dirhem = 34320 arpa. Bunun metrik karşılığı 3,264 kg. civarındadır. M. Sâlim Tarâvne, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı ile XX. yüzyılın başlarında Belkā sâının 2 Nablus rıtlına, Azîz sâının onun 1,5 katına tekabül ettiğini söyler. Bunların metrik karşılıklarını da 6 ve 9 kg. olarak verir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 317-319 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.