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ŞARKI Skip to content Türk edebiyatında ve Türk mûsikisinde ortak özelliklere sahip din dışı güfte ve besteler için kullanılan bir terim.
1/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
Arapça şark kelimesine nisbet ekinin getirilmesiyle oluşan şarkīden (Doğu’ya ait) geldiği kabul edilmektedir. Kelimenin kökeni hakkında “çağırmak, yük…
2/2 Müellif: İSMAİL HAKKI ÖZKAN Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. Divan edebiyatı şekillerinden biri olan şarkı, belli bir üslûp ve nağme yapısı çerçevesinde ve küçük usullerle bestelenmesi dolayısıyla Türk m…
Arapça şark kelimesine nisbet ekinin getirilmesiyle oluşan şarkī den (Doğu’ya ait) geldiği kabul edilmektedir. Kelimenin kökeni hakkında “çağırmak, yüksek sesle söylemek, bağırmak” anlamındaki çağırğı dan türediği yolunda bir başka yorum varsa da bu fonetik bakımdan mümkün görülmemektedir. Ayrıca Anadolu ağızlarında ve bazı Türk lehçelerinde “ır/yır/cır” (şarkı, türkü) ve “ırlamak/yırlamak/cırlamak” (şarkı, türkü söylemek) kelimeleri yer almaktadır. Şarkının bir mûsiki formunu ve nazım şeklini ifade etmek üzere ilk defa ne zaman ortaya çıktığı bilinmemektedir. Edebiyat terimi olarak şarkı, bazan bestelenmiş her türlü eserin manzum metnini belirten Farsça “güfte” (söylenmiş) kelimesiyle aynı mânada kullanılmakla birlikte güfte anlam bakımından daha kapsamlı olup her türlü mûsiki eserinin sözlü kısmını ifade etmektedir. Şarkıyyât , özellikle XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren divanların sonunda bulunan, çoğu dört mısralı ve nakaratlı, bu formda bestelenecek manzumelere ayrılmış bölümlerin başlığında yer almıştır.
Divan edebiyatı nazım şekilleriyle Türk mûsikisine ait şarkı formunda bestelenmek için yazılan manzumeler halk edebiyatındaki türkülerle beraber XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren ortaya çıkmış, zamanla türküden farklılaşarak Türk edebiyatı ve mûsikisine özgü bir nazım şekli ve mûsiki formu olmuştur. Güfte mecmualarında bulunan eski şarkıların bir kısmı hem yapı hem muhteva bakımından türküleri andıran, çoğu hece vezniyle yazılmış sade şiirlerdir. Güfte yazarı ve bestekârı bilinmeyen, ilk bendi, “Gömleğim al eyledin / Kaddimi dal eyledin / Bir haftalık yâr için (hey felek) / İşimi zâr eyledin (hey zalim)” mısralarından oluşan iki bendlik şarkı buna örnektir. Hâfız Post Güfte Mecmuası ’nda şarkı başlığıyla kaydedilmiş bazı güfteler hece vezniyle yazılmış olduğu gibi başlık taşımayan bazı güftelerin de aynı vezinle ve sade bir dille kaleme alındığı görülmektedir (Doğrusöz, nr. 174, 302, 436, 526, 531, 533, 619, 771, 822, 904, 972, güftesi: Karacaoğlan). XVIII. yüzyıl divan şairlerinden, aynı zamanda saz çalarak şarkı/türkü söyleyen Vahîd-i Mahtûmî’nin divanında “Murabbaât ve Şarkıyyât ve Türkmâniyyât ve Gayrihî” başlıklı bir bölümün yer alması, burada mevcut 101 güfte arasında hece vezniyle yazılmış otuz bir manzumenin bulunması iki türün birbiriyle yakın özellikler taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bundan dolayı Mahtûmî bazı araştırmacılar tarafından saz şairi sayılmıştır. Bu durum, şarkıların türkülerden ayrılarak zamanla güfte ve beste açısından müstakil özellikler kazandığı şeklindeki bir yoruma imkân vermektedir. Nitekim Dârülelhan külliyatı arasında neşredilen türkülere ait nota mecmuası Anadolu Halk Şarkıları adını taşımaktadır (İstanbul 1926).
Divan edebiyatında şarkı formuna en yakın özellikler taşıyan ilk şiirleri XVII. yüzyılda Nâilî’nin yazdığı kabul edilmektedir. Daha çok dörtlükler halinde yazılan şarkı güfteleri Türk mûsikisinde kendine has bir yapıda bestelendiğinde aynı adla anılmıştır. Şarkılarda genellikle aşk, ayrılık, hasret, sevgili, içki ve eğlence gibi konular ele alınır. Güfte mecmualarında şarkı başlığı altında kaydedilen en eski örnekler, Hâfız Post adıyla tanınan İmamzâde Mehmed Çelebi’nin hazırladığı XVII. yüzyıla ait derlemede yer almaktadır. Burada Hâfız Post’un, hocası Kasımpaşalı Koca Osman Efendi’nin evfer usulünde ve rast makamında bestelediği ve ilk bendi, “Yeter cevreyledin ben nâtüvâne / Aman ey çarh-ı zâlim dâd elinden / Murâdım üzre devretmez zamâne / Aman ey çarh-ı zâlim dâd elinden” mısralarından oluşan iki bendlik şarkısı bu formun belirgin özelliklerini aksettirmektedir. Yine bu mecmuada mevcut, Fuzûlî’ye ait arazbar makamında ve devr-i revân usulündeki, “Perîşan-hâlin oldum sormadın hâl-i perîşânım / Gamından derde düştüm kılmadın tedbîr-i dermânım / Ne dersin rûzigârım böyle mi geçsin güzel hânım / Gözüm cânım efendim sevdiğim devletlü sultanım” mısralarından ibaret murabbaın Küçük İmam Mehmed Efendi tarafından şarkı formunda bestelendiği kaydedilmektedir. Başka örnekler de dikkate alındığında, gazel tarzında yazılan şiirlerle üç mısralı bendlerden yedi sekiz mısralı bendlere kadar değişik hacimde kaleme alınmış güftelerin şarkı olarak bestelendiği görülmektedir. Ancak murabba adının aynı zamanda bir beste formu olduğuna işaret etmek gerekir. Ayrıca dört veya daha çok mısralı bir şekil olarak şarkılarda güfte halinde kullanılan birkaç bendlik şiirler, daha ziyade ilk bendin son mısraının diğer bendlerin sonlarında nakarat şeklinde tekrarlanması sebebiyle “mütekerrir” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Fakat en çok kullanılan şekil dört mısralı, yani murabba-ı mütekerrir halindeki güftelerdir. Bunu iki veya üç bendlik güfteler takip eder. Bu sebeple bazı güfte mecmualarında şarkı yerine murabba, muhammes, müsemmen gibi adlandırmalar yer almaktadır. Hâfız Post’un hüseynî makamında ve devr-i revân usulünde bestelediği, “Nâlemiz tuttu yeter âfâkı / Yâd kıl eylediğin mîsâkı / Şâd-kâm eyle dil-i müştâkı / Kârımız lutfuna kaldı sâkî” bendiyle başlayan şarkı üç bendden ibarettir.
Şarkılar genellikle dört mısralı bendler halinde yazıldığından murabba ve tuyuğ gibi dört mısralı bendlerden veya sadece dört mısradan meydana gelen divan edebiyatı nazım şekilleriyle benzerlik gösterse de şarkılarda ilk dört mısralık bendin ikinci mısraı nakarat halinde her bendin sonunda tekrarlanır ve aynı melodiyle ezgilendirilir: a an a an / b b b an / veya a a a an / b b b an . Bilhassa XIX ve XX. yüzyıllarda sadece dört mısradan ibaret ve bazıları nakaratsız şarkılar da kaleme alınmıştır. Şarkılarda aruz vezninin “mefâîlün mefâîlün mefâîlün mefâîlün”, “mefâîlün mefâîlün feûlün”, “mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlü feûlün”, “mef‘ûlü fâilâtü mefâîlü fâilün”, “fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilün”, “fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilün”, “feilâtün mefâîlün feilün” gibi hece vezninin âhengini hatırlatan kalıpların yanında hecenin 4+4=8, 4+4+3=11, 4+5=9 şeklindeki vezinleri de kullanılmıştır.
Şarkının gerek güfte gerekse beste olarak gelişmesinde Sâmi, Nâbî, Nedîm gibi divan şairlerinin aynı zamanda bestekâr olmaları yanında Hâfız Post, Itrî, Nazîm gibi bestekârların kendi yazdıkları güfteleri bestelemelerinin de önemli etkisi vardır. Bu sebeple şarkı hem bestekâr hem de şairler tarafından geliştirilmiştir. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren pek çok şairin şarkı güftesi kaleme aldığı veya bunların şarkı tarzında yazdıkları şiirlerin bestelendiği bilinmektedir. Bunlar arasında Nâilî, Nazîm, Nedîm, Şeyh Galib, Enderunlu Fâzıl, Enderunlu Vâsıf, Pertev Paşa, Leylâ Hanım, Fatîn Efendi, Osman Nevres gibi isimler öne çıkmaktadır. Bilhassa Nedîm yalın bir dille en şuh, en güzel şarkıları kaleme alan bir şairdir. Enderunlu Vâsıf değişik nazım şekillerinde 200’ün üzerinde örnekle en çok şarkı yazan sanatkâr unvanını elde etmiştir. Yine pek çok bestekârın, şarkı nazım şeklinde yazılmadığı halde beğendiği veya çeşitli zümreler tarafından beğenilen şiirleri seçerek bestelediği bilinmektedir. Bunlar şiirleri çok defa yazıldığı gibi bestelemiş, bazan da nakarat olmaya uygun mısraı belirleyerek şarkı güftesi haline getirmiştir. Bu sebeple güfte mecmualarında kayıtlı bazı şiirler divanlarda farklı biçimlerde yer almaktadır.
Bazı bestekârların besteledikleri eserlerin güftelerini kendilerinin yazması, bu eserlerin bestelerinin sanat değeri bakımından güftelerinden çok üstün olmasına yol açmıştır. Bir kısım bestekârlar da yakınları tarafından verilen güfteleri bestelemek mecburiyetinde kalmıştır. İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal’in Hoş Sadâ adlı eserinin mukaddimesinde bazılarına işaret ettiği seviyesiz güftelerin benzerleri güfte mecmualarında da yer almaktadır. Bazılarında ise daha seviyesiz müstehcen şarkıların bulunduğu görülmektedir. İbnülemin, “Güftelerin onda dokuzunun hezeyân-ı mahz olması da mûsikinin en büyük dertlerindendir” dedikten sonra Şevki Bey’in, “Hüsnüne sükker demek de söz müdür” mısraıyla başlayan nihâvend şarkısını örnek gösterir. Ancak diğer güftelerde olduğu gibi şarkı güftelerinde de icra edenlerin sözleri unutması yahut yanlış hatırlaması veya mânasını kavrayamaması gibi sebeplerle bazı değişikliklerin meydana geldiği, güfte mecmualarının da şifahî bilgilere dayanarak yahut hânendelerin okuyuşlarını esas alarak düzenlendiği unutulmamalıdır.
Şarkı güftelerinin toplandığı mecmuaların en önemlileri Hâfız Post ile Hekimbaşı Abdülaziz Efendi’nin derlemelerdir. Matbaacılığın yaygınlaşmasından sonra şarkılar müstakil kitaplarda toplanmıştır. Bunlara müellifleri bilinmeyen Şarkı Mecmuası (İstanbul, ts.) ve Şarkılar ve Kantolar (İstanbul 1919) adlı derlemelerle Cenap Muhittin Kozanoğlu’nun Şarkılar (Sivas 1339) ve Ata Terzibaşı’nın Şarkı ve Türküler (Bağdad 1953) isimli mecmuaları örnek gösterilebilir. Ayrıca derleyenin adıyla basılmış Hâşim Bey Mecmuası (İstanbul 1280) ve Mecmûa-i Ârifî ile (İstanbul 1290) Mehmed Selim’in Mecmûa-i Beste Semâiyyât ve Şarkıyyât (İstanbul, ts.), Ahmet Avni Konuk’un Hânende (İstanbul 1317), Hasan Tahsin’in Gülzâr-ı Mûsikî (İstanbul 1323) ve Şamlı İskender’in Câmiu’l-elhân veyahut Mükemmel Şarkı Faslı Mecmuası (İstanbul, ts.) gibi güfte kitaplarında da şarkılara yer verilmiştir. Cumhuriyet döneminde yayımlanan şarkı güfteleri arasında Seçilmiş Şarkı Güfteleri (I-II, İstanbul 1948-1949), Şerif İçli’nin Şarkı Güfteleri (I-III, İstanbul 1949-1950) ve Etem Ruhi Üngör’ün Türk Musikisi Güfteler Antolojisi (I-II, İstanbul 1981) adlı eserlerine işaret etmek gerekir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kantemiroğlu, Kitâbu İlmi’l-mûsîkî alâ vechi’l-hurûfât: Mûsikîyi Harflerle Tesbît ve İcrâ İlminin Kitabı (nşr. Yalçın Tura), İstanbul 2001, I, 186-187.
Nedîm Divanı (haz. Muhsin Macit), Ankara 1997, s. 254.
İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ , s. 8-10.
Özege, Katalog , IV, 1630.
Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi , Ankara 1983, s. 214-216.
Nilgün Doğrusöz, Hâfız Post Güfte Mecmuası: Türkçe Güfteler (yüksek lisans tezi, 1993), İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 73, 113, 157, 192, 234, 286, 305, 332, 357.
Bahattin Kahraman, Vahîd Mahtûmî: Hayatı, Eserleri, Edebî Kişiliği ve Eserlerinin Tenkidli Metni (doktora tezi, 1995), SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 98-100, 116-123, 452-553.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 367.
a.mlf., “Şarkı”, TDEA , VIII, 106-107.
Alâeddin Yavaşça, Türk Mûsikîsinde Kompozisyon ve Beste Biçimleri , İstanbul 2002, s. 122-323.
E. G. Ambros, “S̲h̲arḳi̊”, EI2 (İng.) , IX, 353-354.
İsmail Hakkı Özkan, “Güfte”, DİA , XIV, 218.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 357-358 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MÛSİKİ. Divan edebiyatı şekillerinden biri olan şarkı, belli bir üslûp ve nağme yapısı çerçevesinde ve küçük usullerle bestelenmesi dolayısıyla Türk mûsikisinde ortaya çıkan bir formdur. Hacı Ârif Bey, Şevki Bey, Sermüezzin Rifat Bey, Hâşim Bey gibi bestekârlarca belli kurallara oturtulan bu forma daha sonra Rahmi Bey, Lemi Atlı, Zeki Ârif Ataergin ve Suphi Ziya Özbekkan gibi sanatkârlar tarafından büyük rağbet gösterilmiş ve bu rağbet günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Hacı Ârif Bey’den önceki klasik devirde de şarkılar bestelenmiş, ancak bunlar daha çok türküleri andıran ve nakaratları türkülerdeki kavuştakları hatırlatan bir yapı etrafında şekillenmiştir. Fakat Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede Efendi ve Şâkir Ağa gibi bestecilerin şarkıları bu tesbitin dışında tutulmalıdır.
Şarkılar en çok on zamanlıya kadar olan küçük usullerle bestelenmiş, bu usullerin çoğunlukla 8’lik mertebeleri tercih edilmiştir. Ancak 9/4’lük ağır aksak kuralın dışında olup bu usulde bestelenmiş epeyce şarkı bulunmaktadır. Fakat meselâ 8/4’lük ağır düyek veya 10/4’lük ağır aksak semâi şarkılar fazla değildir. Yirmi altı zamanlı evsat usulüyle bestelenmiş çok az şarkı vardır, on üç zamanlı şarkı devr-i revânı usulü ile bestelenenler ise nâdirdir. Bir mûsiki kompozisyonu olarak şarkıyı kâr, beste, ağır ve yürük semâi gibi büyük formlardan ayıran bir başka özellik ise şarkılarda terennümün olmamasıdır. Bazı şarkıların mısra başında, ortasında veya sonunda bir veya birkaç ölçülük “of, aman, canım, hey, âh” gibi terennümler bulunursa da bunlar mısraın mânasını güçlendirme amacına dayanan ve büyük formlardaki gibi başlı başına bir bölüm teşkil etmeyen durumlardır.
Şarkılar pek çok şekilde kullanılmışsa da kompozisyonda ana kalıp dörtlük şeklinde olmalıdır. Kantemiroğlu şarkının altı veya sekiz beyitten meydana gelebileceğini, sadece sofyan ve devr-i revân usulleriyle bestelenebileceğini söyledikten sonra şarkıların beyit esasına göre teşkil edildiğini belirtir. En basit şekliyle dört mısralı bir şarkının mısra isimleri ve beste şekli şöyledir: 1. mısra zemin adını alır ve şarkının makamında seyredilip sonunda o makamın güçlü perdesinde yarım karar yapılır. 2. mısra nakarattır. Yine aynı makamda gezinilir ve mısra sonunda makamın durak perdesinde tam kararla nihayete erer. 3. mısra miyan (meyan) adını alır, bu mısrada yakın veya uzak bir yahut birkaç makama geçilir. Bu mısra sonunda yine ilk makama dönüş köprüsü kurulur ya da 1. mısraın son bir iki nağmesi tekrar edilir. 4. mısra yine nakarattır ve 2. mısraın bestesiyle okunur. Bu ana yapının şeması şöyledir:
1. mısra A: Zemin 2. mısra B: Nakarat 3. mısra C: Miyan 4. mısra D: Nakarat
Mısra sonlarında diğer mısralara geçmek için bazan kısa, bazan nisbeten daha uzun saz kısımları olabilir. Bunlara ara nağme adı verilir. Şarkıların bazılarında mısra sonlarından alınmış bir bölüm tekrar edilebilir. Bu durumda şema şu biçimi alır:
1. mısra A+a: Zemin 2. mısra B+b: Nakarat 3. mısra C+c: Miyan 4. mısra B+b: Nakarat
Bazı şarkılarda her mısra ayrı ayrı iki defa besteli olabilir. Bu durumda şema şu biçimi alır:
1. mısra A+B: Zemin 2. mısra C+D: Nakarat 3. mısra E+F: Miyan 4. mısra C+D: Nakarat
Birtakım şarkılarda son mısra 2. mısraın bestesinden farklı ve ayrıca bestelidir. O takdirde mısraların adları da değişir:
1. mısra A: Zemin 2. mısra B: Zaman 3. mısra C: Miyan 4. mısra D: Karar
Şarkılar dört mısralı olmayabilir; 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 mısralı şarkılar da vardır. Bunlar mısra sayısına göre şöyle adlandırılır: İki mısralı müsennâ şarkı, üç mısralı müselles şarkı, dört mısralı murabba şarkı, beş mısralı muhammes şarkı, altı mısralı müseddes şarkı, yedi mısralı müsebba‘ şarkı, sekiz mısralı müsemmen şarkı, dokuz mısralı müttesâ‘ şarkı, on mısralı muaşşer şarkı, on iki mısralı isnâaşer şarkı. Şarkılar arasında iki ve üç mısralı olanlar fazla değildir. Bunlar, bir çeşit şehir türküsü denilebilecek mülâzimeli eserlerdir ki önemli bir şarkı bestekârı olan Tanbûrî Mustafa Çavuş’un bazı şarkıları bunlara örnektir. Genellikle Türk mûsikisi repertuvarında on iki mısralı şarkılar az, yedi ve dokuz mısralı şarkılar çok daha az bulunmaktadır. Bütün şarkılar dört mısralı şarkıların kurallarına ve imkânlarına uygun biçimde bestelenir. Bunlardan sadece birer örnekle konu açıklanabilir:
Beş mısralı şarkı: 1. mısra A: Zemin 2. mısra B: Nakarat 3. mısra C Miyan 4. mısra D 5. mısra: Nakarat
Altı mısralı şarkı: 1. mısra A: Zemin 1. mısra A: Zemin 2. mısra B: Nakarat 2. mısra B: Nakarat 3. mısra C: I. Miyan veya 3. mısra C Miyan 4. mısra B: Nakarat 4. mısra D 5. mısra D: II. Miyan 5. mısra E 6. mısra B: Nakarat 6. mısra B: Nakarat
Sekiz mısralı şarkı: 1. mısra A: Zemin 1. mısra A: Zemin 2. mısra B: Nakarat 2. mısra B: Nakarat 3. mısra C: I. Miyan 3. mısra C: I. Miyan 4. mısra B: Nakarat veya 4. mısra B: Nakarat 5. mısra D: II. Miyan 5. mısra D II. Miyan 6. mısra B: Nakarat 6. mısra E 7. mısra E: III. Miyan 7. mısra F 8. mısra B: Nakarat 8. mısra B: Nakarat
Özellikle beş mısralıdan itibaren (dört mısralılarda da olabilir) 1, 2, 3. miyanlarda başka usullere geçkiler yapılabilir, fakat son mısrada ilk usule dönülür. Fantezi şarkıların dışında şarkılarda her mısraın usul sayısının eşit veya orantılı olması, ayrıca her mısraın karşılıklı hecelerinin kullanılan usulün aynı vuruşlarına isabet etmesi gerekir (bu kural büyük formlar için de geçerlidir).
Şarkıların başında güfteli kısımdan önce veya sonra şarkının makam ve usulünde bir ara nağme bulunabilir. Bunlar daha çok şarkıda kullanılan nağmelerle örülür. Şarkıdan sonra gelen ara nağmeler ise genellikle iki, üç kıtalı şarkılarda kıtaları birbirine bağlamak amacıyla kullanılır. Şarkıların ara nağmelerinin usul sayısı mısraların usul sayısı ile eşit veya orantılı olmalıdır. Ayrıca usul geçkisi yapılmış şarkılarda bazan bu geçki ara nağme ile başlatılabilir.
Şarkılarda ana tema aşktır. Aşkın her türlü nüansı bu eserlerde işlenmiş, aşk karşısındaki psikolojik durumlar en ince ayrıntısına kadar terennüm edilmiştir. Fakat şarkıda konu serbestliği söz konusu olduğundan akla gelebilecek pek çok şey şarkıda yer almıştır. Bütün duygu ve konular sonunda sevgiliye ve aşka bağlanır: “Aşk imiş her ne var âlemde” mısraında ifadesini bulan şarkının bir aşk mûsikisi olduğu rahatlıkla söylenebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kantemiroğlu, Kitâbu İlmi’l-mûsîkî alâ vechi’l-hurûfât: Mûsikîyi Harflerle Tesbît ve İcrâ İlminin Kitabı (nşr. Yalçın Tura), İstanbul 2001, I, 186-187.
Tanbûrî Cemil Bey, Rehber-i Mûsikî , İstanbul 1321, s. 25.
Suphi Ezgi, Nazarî-Amelî Türk Musikisi , İstanbul, ts., III, 221-285.
Mahmut R. Gazimihal, Musiki Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1961, s. 53.
İsmail Hakkı Özkan, Türk Mûsikîsi Nazariyatı ve Usûlleri Kudüm Velveleleri , İstanbul 2006, s. 108-111.
E. G. Ambros, “S̲h̲arḳi̊”, EI2 (İng.) , IX, 353-354.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 358-359 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.