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SEFÂKUS Skip to content Tunus’ta bir liman şehri ve aynı adı taşıyan idarî birimin merkezi.
Tunus’un doğusunda Kābis (Gabes) körfezi sahilinde yer alır. Tarihi Roma dönemine kadar götürülen ve Sfax, Sfaks, Sefâkıs şeklinde de anılan şehrin milâttan önce III. yüzyılda Kartacalılar’a karşı mücadele eden Berberî emîrine nisbetle bu ismi aldığı söylenir. Sefâkus bölgesi 442’de Vandallar’ın, 533’te Bizans’ın eline geçti. 45 (665) yılında müslümanlar tarafından fethedildi. Bugünkü Sefâkus, Ağlebî Hükümdarı I. Muhammed zamanında 235’te (849), Roma dönemi yerleşim merkezlerinden Tâbârûra ve Tîne köylerinin yıkıntılarının bulunduğu yerde kuruldu. İnşaat işlerini yürütmekle görevlendirilen Kadı Ali b. Sâlim el-Cibinyânî, şehrin merkezinde Ağlebîler döneminin önemli yapılarından olan Sefâkus Ulucamii’ni yaptırdı ve şehri kerpiç surla çevirdi. Surlar ve ulucami Ağlebî Hükümdarı Ahmed b. Muhammed döneminde taş ve kireç kullanılarak yenilendi (245/859).
Ağlebîler’den sonra Fâtımî hâkimiyetine giren Sefâkus 300 (912) yılında, Sicilya’da Abbâsî halifesine biat ettiğini açıklayan Arap kabile reisi İbn Kurhub tarafından gönderilen Sicilya donanmasının saldırısına uğradı. Fâtımîler’in Mısır’a intikalinden sonra Zîrîler’in idaresine bırakıldı. İbn Havkal, şehrin IV. (X.) yüzyıldaki durumunu anlatırken gelirinin büyük kısmının zeytin ve zeytinyağından elde edildiğini, önceleri ucuz olan zeytin fiyatlarının yaşanan karışıklıklar yüzünden arttığını, balıkçılığın da geliştiğini, üzüm ve diğer meyvelerin ise az yetiştiğini, bu sebeple halkın meyve ihtiyacını Kābis’ten karşıladığını söyler. Sakin bir limana sahip olan şehri çevreleyen taş yapı sur, surun demir kapıları ve surlardaki burç ve kulelerden bahseder (Ṣûretü’l-arż , s. 47). Bu dönemde Sefâkus’tan Venedik’e zeytin ihraç edildiği de bilinmektedir. Şehirde X. yüzyıldan itibaren Pizalılar’ın bir hanı (funduk) bulunuyordu.
Zîrîler’den Temîm b. Muiz devrinde Sefâkus Valisi Hammû b. Mellîl el-Bargavâtî bağımsızlığını ilân etti (454/1062). Ardından Hammâdî Emîri Nâsır b. Alennâs’ı metbû tanıyan Hammû 455 (1063) yılında Esbec, Adî ve diğer bazı Arap kabilelerinin desteğiyle Mehdiye üzerine yürüdü. Ancak Mehdiye yakınlarında meydana gelen savaşta Temîm karşısında ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı. Sefâkus’u almak için harekete geçen Temîm, 474 (1081) ve 488 (1095) yıllarında gönderdiği ordular başarısız olunca 493’te (1099) bizzat ordusunun başında Sefâkus üzerine yürüdü ve otuz altı yıl bağımsız kalan şehri tekrar itaat altına aldı. Kaçmayı başaran Hammû ise Kābis emîrine sığındı. Bekrî, V. (XI.) yüzyılda Sefâkus’un durumu hakkında duyduklarını aktarırken önceleri sadece zeytiniyle meşhur olan şehrin zamanla seçkin dokumaları bakımından İskenderiye ile yarıştığını, üstün kaliteli zeytinyağının diğer müslüman ülkelerin yanı sıra Sicilya ve Bizans ülkelerine ihraç edildiğini, bu gelişmenin ziraat, sanatkârlık, ticaret ve mimaride de kendini gösterdiğini, şehirde çok sayıda çarşı, hamam, han, kasır, sahilde ise ribâtların bulunduğunu, limanının da geliştiğini, zeytinyağı ve diğer eşya satın almak için her yerden tüccarların geldiğini zikreder (el-Mesâlik , II, 669).
503 (1109) yılında Zîrî yönetimine isyan eden Sefâkus halkı valinin köşkünü yağmalayınca Zîrî Emîri Yahyâ b. Temîm şehrin valiliğine oğlu Ali’yi gönderdi. Ardından istikrara kavuşan şehir 543’te (1148) Sicilya’yı zapteden Normanlar’ın eline geçti. Bu sırada Sefâkus’a hıristiyan nüfus yerleştiren II. Roger şehrin idaresini Ömer b. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Firyânî’ye bıraktı. Ancak Ömer b. Ebü’l-Hüseyin ayaklanarak şehrin idaresini eline aldı, Norman hâkimiyeti de sona erdi (551/1156). Muvahhidler’in kurucusu Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî’nin Mehdiye’yi kuşattığını öğrenen Ömer b. Ebü’l-Hüseyin elçi göndererek Kûmî’ye itaat ettiğini bildirince görevinde bırakıldı (554/1159). Bu yıllarda Sefâkus yöneticileriyle Floransa, Piza gibi İtalya şehirleri arasında ticarî anlaşmalar yapıldı. Şehir limanını kullanmalarına izin verildi, vergi karşılığında ticarî hanlar tahsis edildi. Norman işgaline de işaret eden Şerîf el-İdrîsî şehrin geçmişiyle o sıradaki durumunu kıyaslar, imar durumu, çarşıları ve ticarî hayatının canlılığı bakımından Sefâkus’un Norman işgalinden önce daha iyi durumda olduğunu söyler. Şehirde balıkçılık, zeytin ve zeytinyağı üretiminin yaygınlığına işaret eder (Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ , I, 280-281).
Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî tarafından Şerefeddin Karakuş kumandasında Mısır’dan gönderilen ve Oğuzlar’dan oluşan askerî birlik tarafından da desteklenen Yahyâ b. Gāniye 586’da (1190) Sefâkus’u ele geçirdi. Ancak 602 (1206) yılında Muvahhid Hükümdarı Muhammed Nâsır-Lidînillâh şehri geri almayı başardı. Sefâkus, Muvahhidler döneminde VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda karadan bedevî Arap kabilelerinin, denizden korsanların saldırılarına uğradı. 706’da (1306) Sefâkus’u ziyaret eden Ticânî, şehrin etrafını aralarında bir atlının geçebileceği kadar mesafe bulunan iki surun çevrelediğini, sahildeki ribâtların sahili koruduğunu, zeytinliklerin bedevîler tarafından önemli ölçüde tahrip edildiğini, sayılamayacak derecede balık türü avlandığını, idarecilerin giydiği pahalı elbiselerin, “sûfü’l-bahr” diye bilinen bir deniz bitkisinin liflerinden dokunan yanar döner kumaşlardan dikildiğini, şehrin sakin bir limana sahip olduğunu, bununla birlikte sık sık med-cezir olayları yaşandığını bildirir (Riḥletü’t-Ticânî , s. 67-84). Ortaçağ’a ait kaynaktaki bu bilgi günümüzdeki coğrafî bilgilerle tamamen uyuşmaktadır. Zira Akdeniz’de med-cezir olayının en fazla görüldüğü yer Kābis körfezi kıyılarıdır. Himyerî ise şehirde çok sayıda cami, hamam, han bulunduğunu, aralarında 166 basamaklı deniz feneri olmak üzere sahilde ribâtların yer aldığını söyler (er-Ravżü’l-miʿṭâr , s. 365-366).
Muvahhidler’den sonra Hafsî hâkimiyetine geçen Sefâkus, 625 (1228) yılından itibaren yaklaşık bir asır istikrar içinde yaşadı. Ancak 718 (1318) ve 749 (1348) yıllarında isyanlara sahne oldu. 758’de (1357) Kābis Valisi Ahmed b. Mekkî’nin eline geçti, 772’de (1370) tekrar Hafsîler’e itaat etti. IX. (XV.) yüzyılın sonlarında şehrin suru yenilendi. Hafsîler’in çöküş döneminde 942’de (1535) İspanyollar’dan yardım alan Hafsî sultanına karşı Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’yı destekleyen Sefâkus halkı zorla itaat altına alındı. 956’da (1549) Turgut Reis’e tâbi olan Sefâkus iki yıl sonra İspanyol işgaline mâruz kaldıysa da tekrar Osmanlılar’ın eline geçti. 1551’de Trablusgarp, 1593’te Tunus vilâyetine bağlandı. Bu yıllarda şehri ziyaret eden Hasan el-Vezzân, yüksek ve sağlam surlara sahip şehrin önceden kalabalık olan nüfusunun çok azaldığını ve şehirde 300-400 kadar aile yaşadığını söyler. Halkının çoğunun balıkçılıkla geçindiğini, dokumacılığın yaygın olduğunu, Sefâkuslu bazı tüccarların ticaret için Mısır ve Türkiye’ye gidip geldiklerini zikreder (Vaṣfü İfrîḳıyye , II, 87).
Sefâkus halkı, XI. (XVII.) yüzyılda Murâdîler döneminde Ali Bey ile Muhammed Bey arasındaki iktidar mücadelesi sırasında önemli sıkıntılar yaşadı (1677-1684). Hüseynîler’in kurucusu Hüseyin Paşa, istikrarın sağlandığı şehirde ilmî hareketi güçlendirmek için el-Medresetü’l-Hüseyniyye’yi yaptırdı. Onun tamir ettirdiği Sefâkus Camii’nde de öğretim canlandı. Hüseyin Paşa zamanında (1705-1735) ticaret ve dokumacılık gelişti, zeytin ağacı dikimi teşvik edildi. Gelişen şehrin nüfusu arttı. Ancak Sefâkus 1160 (1747) yılında Venedik donanmasının saldırısına uğradı. Ali Paşa zamanında 1190’da (1776) şehrin güneyinde sur dışında yabancıların sürekli kalmasını sağlamak amacıyla Avrupa varoşu da denilen, sadece yabancıların oturduğu bir mahalle kuruldu. Sefâkus, Hammûde Paşa döneminde 1784-1792 yılları arasında devam eden savaşta Venedik donanması tarafından birkaç defa bombalandı. Son kuşatma sırasında şehrin doğu varoşunun bir kısmı tahrip edildi. Osmanlı döneminde yaşayan ve Sefâkus tarihçisi olarak bilinen Mahmûd b. Saîd Makdîş, Kuzey Afrika ve Osmanlı dönemi Tunus tarihi hakkında önemli bir eser olan Nüzhetü’l-enẓâr ’ının son bölümünde Sefâkus şehrine dair geniş bilgi verir; siyasî tarihinin yanı sıra orada yetişen çok sayıda velî, âlim ve şairin biyografilerini kaydeder (II, 171-471).
1830’da Avrupalılar’ın oturduğu mahalle surla çevrildi. Bu mahalleye yerleşmiş olan yahudilerle birlikte Avrupalı göçmenler 1875’ten itibaren ithalât ve ihracat işlerini tekelleri altına aldılar. Sefâkus halkı ise harap duruma gelen zeytinliklerini imar için zeytin ağacı yetiştirmeye yöneldi. Zeytincilik canlandı ve Sefâkus yeniden Akdeniz havzasında zeytinyağı ihraç eden en önemli şehirlerden biri oldu. 1835’te Sefâkus’u ziyaret eden Alman Hermann von Pückler-Muskau zeytin, zeytinyağı ve dokumaların yanı sıra Cerîd bölgesinden getirilen hurma, kına, bal ve mum, Cerbe’den getirilen çömleklerle Sefâkus’un önemli bir ticarî merkez haline geldiğini söyler. Timbüktü gibi Kara Afrikası ticaret merkezleriyle de ilişkileri gelişen şehrin sabun, bornoz, yün ve ipek kumaşlarıyla meşhur olduğunu, 14.000’i içinde ev bulunan 50.000 bahçenin şehri kuşattığını, bahçelerde bol miktarda ceviz, fıstık, hurma, incir, nar yanında çeşitli meyvelerin yetiştirildiğini zikreder (Cum‘a Şîha, s. 37-40). 1840’ta Sefâkus’a uğrayan Fransız seyyahı E. P. de Reynaud ise şehrin mevkii, konumu, surları, sur kapıları, mahalleleri hakkında bilgi verir, yahudilerin ve hıristiyanların oturduğu Rabazulkıbelî semtinden bahsederken özellikle Malta’dan gelenler olmak üzere nüfusunun arttığına işaret eder. Onun anlattığına göre 10.000 nüfuslu şehirde beş cami vardı. Bunlardan birinde Hanefîler, diğerinde Mâlikîler olmak üzere sadece ikisinde cuma namazı kılınıyordu. Sefâkus, İngiliz kumaşları, demir ve kereste ithal ederken birinci derecede Malta, ikinci derecede Marsilya’ya olmak üzere zeytinyağı, ceviz, fıstık, kimyon, kurutulmuş balık ve yün ihraç ediyordu. Şehirde İngiltere, Fransa, Sardinya, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Napoli konsoloslukları bulunuyordu (Description , s. 101-105). XIX. yüzyılın sonunda Sefâkus’u ziyaret eden J. Servonnet ve F. Lafitte ikilisi de yeni mahallenin yanı sıra eski şehirdeki dar sokaklar, evler, loş dükkânlar, tarihî mescidler, halkın giyim kuşam şekli, şehirdeki Karkeneli, Mısırlı, Maltalı, Sicilyalı, Yunanlı tüccarlar hakkında bilgi verir (En Tunisie: Golfe de Gabès , s. 12-86).
1881’de Tunus’un işgali öncesinde Fransızlar tarafından bombalanan Sefâkus işgale karşı direnen en önemli şehirlerden biri oldu. Eyaletin askerî, hâricî ve malî idaresini fiilen Fransa’ya bırakan 12 Mayıs 1881 tarihli Bordeaux Antlaşması’nı tanımaması üzerine Sefâkus’u tekrar bombalayan Fransız donanması halkının şiddetli direnişine rağmen şehri kontrol altına aldı (15 Temmuz 1881). İşgalciler direnişleri yüzünden halkı 6 milyon frank savaş tazminatı ödemeye mecbur tuttu. Bu sırada şehrin nüfusu 6000 civarındaydı. Himaye döneminin üçüncü yılında Avrupa varoşunun surları yıktırıldı. Eski şehirle deniz arasında kalan varoş bu dönemde Fransız, İtalyan ve Maltalılar’la doldu. Batı tarzı binaların bulunduğu mahalledeki hıristiyan ve yahudiler XX. yüzyılın ortalarında şehirden ayrılıncaya kadar barış içinde yaşadılar. Özellikle Sefâkus’taki Avrupalılar’ın ticarî faaliyetlerini geliştirmek için 1884’te liman açıldı. Küçük olan liman fosfat madeni ihracatı dolayısıyla 1895, 1907 ve 1921’de genişletildi. Fosfatın çıkarıldığı Kafsa ile Sefâkus 1888’de demir yoluyla birbirine bağlandı. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Mihver Bloku tarafından üs yapılan şehrin limanı savaş esnasında tahrip edildiyse de daha sonra onarılıp genişletildi.
Sefâkus günümüzde başşehir Tunus’un ardından ülkenin ikinci büyük şehridir. Sur dışında deniz tarafında özellikle batı istikametinde hızla büyümekte ve gelişmekte olan şehrin nüfusu 2010’da 287.000’i aşmıştı. Yüksek ve sağlam bir surla çevrili olan tarihî şehrin en önemli kısmı kalesidir. Sur içindeki çarşılarda geleneksel sanatlar canlı bir şekilde devam ettirilmektedir. Güney Tunus’un merkezi olarak tanınan Sefâkus’un ekonomik hayatında yün ve deri sanayii, önemli bir ihracat maddesi haline gelen zeytin ve zeytinyağı üretimi büyük önem taşır. Halkının dörtte birinin zeytinlik sahibi olduğu söylenir. Geleneksel dokuma sanatları, dericilik, ayakkabı ve sabun üretimi gelişmektedir. Balıkçılık da yaygındır. Fosfat madeninin bulunduğu Kafsa’ya bağlanan demir yoluyla limanı üzerinden ihraç edilen fosfat sebebiyle ülkeler arası fosfat ticaretinin önemli bir merkezidir. Sefâkus aynı zamanda turizm alanında da gelişmektedir. Turizmin gelişmesinde, şehre 20 km. uzaklıktaki önemli bir turizm merkezi olan Karkene adasının büyük katkısı vardır. Ayrıca vilâyet petrol ve doğalgaz kaynakları bakımından zengindir. Sefâkus’ta 45.000 civarında öğrencisi olan bir üniversite (Câmiatü Sefâkus) ve bir havaalanı vardır.
Sefâkus’taki tarihî eserlerin başında Tunus’un en önemli dört tarihî camisinden biri olan Sefâkus Ulucamii gelmektedir (diğerleri Kayrevan Sîdî Ukbe Camii, Sûse Camii ve Zeytûne Camii). Sîdî İlyâs Camii, Acûzeyn Camii, Ebû Şüveyşe Camii, Sîdî Abdülmevlâ Camii de önemli eserlerdir. Öte yandan Sefâkus, Tunus’un surları sağlam kalan tek şehridir. Şehirdeki diğer ziyaret yerlerinin en önemlileri Methafü dâri’l-Cellûlî, Bâbüddîvân, Bâbülcebelî, Sîdî Ali el-Kerây Zâviyesi, Kayrevan’dan gelip çok sayıda talebe yetiştiren Ali b. Muhammed el-Lahmî’nin Sefâkus Kalesi’ndeki mezarı ile Avâmiriyye, Îseviyye, Kādiriyye gibi tarikatlara ait zâviyelerdir. Şehirde yetişen ve Sefâkusî nisbesini taşıyan meşhur kişilerin başında Ebû Amr Osman b. Ebû Bekir, Şemseddin Muhammed b. Muhammed, el-Muḥabberü’l-faṣîḥ fî şerḥi’l-Buḫâriyyi’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ müellifi Abdülvâhid b. Tîn, tefsir ve nahiv âlimi Ebû İshak Burhâneddin İbrâhim b. Muhammed, Ali b. Sâlim en-Nûrî, Normanlar’a karşı yürütülen mukavemetin öncüleri olan Cebele b. Hammûd, Abbas el-Cedîdî el-Mağribî ve Sefâkus müftüsü Yahyâ b. Zâbit, şairlerden Ali b. Habîb et-Tenûhî, Mudar b. Temîm el-Fezârî, Ali el-Gurâb, Muhammed eş-Şerefî, XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yaptığı haritalarla ün kazanan, 955’te (1548) sekiz yapraklı bir atlas hazırlayan Ali b. Ahmed eş-Şerefî, XVII. yüzyılın başlarında doğu yarısı İdrîsî’nin haritasına, batı yarısı Katalonyalı gemicilerin haritalarına dayanan bir dünya haritası çizen Muhammed b. Ali eş-Şerefî ve dinî ilimlerin yanı sıra matematik ve mantık alanlarında meşhur olan Sefâkus tarihçisi Mahmûd b. Saîd Makdîş sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Ya‘kūbî, el-Büldân (nşr. M. Emîn Dannâvî), Beyrut 1422/2002, s. 189; İbn Havkal, Ṣûretü’l-arż (nşr. M. J. de Goeje), Leiden 1873, s. 47; Bekrî, el-Mesâlik , II, 669; Şerîf el-İdrîsî, Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ , Beyrut 1409/1989, I, 280-281; el-İstibṣâr fî ʿacâʾibi’l-emṣâr (nşr. Sa‘d Zağlûl Abdülhamîd), Dârülbeyzâ 1985, s. 116-117; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , III, 223-224; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , bk. İndeks; Ticânî, Riḥletü’t-Ticânî , Tunus 1377/1958, s. 67-84, 97, 241; İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber (nşr. Halîl Şehhâde), Beyrut 1421/2001, V, 238; VI, 210-224, 333-334; Himyerî, er-Ravżü’l-miʿṭâr , s. 365-366; Hasan el-Vezzân, Vaṣfü İfrîḳıyye , II, 87; Mahmûd b. Saîd Makdîş, Nüzhetü’l-enẓâr fî ʿacâʾibi’t-tevârîḫ ve’l-aḫbâr (nşr. M. Mahfûz – Ali ez-Züvârî), Beyrut 1988, I, 108-109; II, 171-471; E. P. de Reynaud, Description de la régence de Tunis , Paris 1853, s. 101-105; J. Servonnet – F. Lafitte, En Tunisie: Golfe de Gabès en 1888 , Paris 1888, s. 12-86; Muhammed Bayram, Ṣafvetü’l-iʿtibâr (nşr. Me’mûn b. Muhyiddin Cennân), Beyrut 1417/1997, I, 125; Cum‘a Şîhâ, Medînetü Ṣefâḳus ʿabre’t-târîḫ min ḫilâlî kütübi’r-raḥalât , Tunus 1416/1995; G. Marçais, “Sfâkes”, İA , X, 549-550; T. Bachrouch, “Safāḳus”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 762-764; Ali Diyâb, “Ṣafâḳus”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye , Dımaşk 2005, XII, 141-142.
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