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ŞEM‘DÂNÎZÂDE SÜLEYMAN EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1193/1779)
Mür’i’t-tevârîh adlı eseriyle meşhur olan Osmanlı tarihçisi.
Hayatına dair bilinenler daha çok eserinde kendisi hakkında verdiği bilgilere dayanır. Buna göre babası Tokat tüccarlarından iken İstanbul’a gelip yerleşen, 1730 Patrona İsyanı’nda İstanbul gümrüğünün talan edilmesini önlemedeki yardımı dolayısıyla o tarihlerde gümrük emini olan Sadrazam Yeğen Mehmed Paşa ile yakın dostluk kuran, böylece dönemin nüfuzlu şahsiyetleri arasına giren Şamdancı Mustafa Ağa’dır. Aile Fındıklı semtinde oturduğu için Süleyman Efendi muhtemelen 1740’a doğru burada doğmuş ve “Fındıklılı” unvanıyla anılmıştır.
Babasının konumu sebebiyle iyi bir eğitim aldığı anlaşılan Süleyman Efendi medrese tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra ilmiye mesleğine girdi. Medresede iken ders aldığı hocaları arasında özellikle Ayasofya şeyhi Yâsincizâde Osman Efendi’nin adını anar. Kaydettiği ilk görevi, 1171 (1757-58) ve 1173 (1759-60) yıllarında Beypazarı kadılığıdır. Ardından 1 Rebîülâhir 1175’te (30 Ekim 1761) İstanbul kadılığına getirilen Damadzâde Mehmed Murad Efendi tarafından İstanbul Balkapanı nâibliğine nakledildi. Nâibliği esnasında III. Selim’in doğumu (24 Aralık) münasebetiyle düzenlenen törenler sırasında Balkapanı’nın süslenmesi işini üstlendi. Bir süre İstanbul’da kalan Süleyman Efendi 1176’da (1762-63) Pravişte, 1765’te İsmâil kasabası nâibliğine atandı. Bir yıl sürdüğü anlaşılan bu vazifesi esnasında 1179 Muharreminde (Haziran-Temmuz 1765) kasabaya gelerek üç gün kalan Kırım Hanı Selim Giray’ı ağırladı. Ayrıca İsmâil’de mahallî yöneticilerin halktan fazla vergi almasını önledi. 1182’de (1768-69) Ankara nâibiydi. Bir sene sonra Hezargrad’a tayin edildi. 1185’te (1771) Tokat nâibliğine gönderildi ve bu görevi sırasında Tokat’ta bulunan yeniçerilerin sayımını gerçekleştirip 1500’ünün orduya sevki için hazırlıklar yapmasına rağmen azli sebebiyle bunu tamamlayamadı. Sinop üzerinden İstanbul’a dönünce o esnada Anadolu kazaskerliğinden alınmış olan Mehmed Murad Efendi’nin özel hizmetine girip yeni bir kadılık vazifesi beklemeye başladı. Bazı kaynaklarda Murad Efendi’nin beytülmâl kâtipliği yaptığı ve onun sürgüne gönderilmesiyle kendisinin de adalardan birine yollandığı belirtilirse de eserinde böyle bir bilgiye rastlanmaz. 1188’de (1774) barış görüşmeleri yapmakla görevli heyette bulunan hocası Yâsincizâde Osman Efendi’nin tarihe olan âşinalığı sebebiyle kendisini de kethüdâsı sıfatıyla yanına almak istediğini, fakat bu görevi kabul etmediğini yazar; bu görüşmelerin sakıncalarından söz ederek ona da gitmeme tavsiyesinde bulunduğunu belirtir.
Eserindeki ifade ve yorumlarından barış taraftarlarına muhalif ulemâ grubu içinde yer aldığı anlaşılan Süleyman Efendi, bu yıllar boyunca kaleme aldığı tarihinin ikinci tertibini tamamladığı sırada 9 Rebîülevvel 1190’da (28 Nisan 1776) mûsıle rütbesiyle Mısır’da Feyyûm kadılığına getirilmiş bulunuyordu. Ardından İstanbul’a döndü ve İstanbul mahkemesi kısmet-i askerî kâtipliği görevindeyken I. Abdülhamid’in tahta çıkışından itibaren başladığı eserinin son bölümünü tamamlayıp 1191’de (1777) padişaha takdim etti. 1193’te (1779) vefat etti ve Eyüp’te Feshâne karşısında Sa‘dî Balçık Dergâhı hazîresine defnedildi. Adı geçen hazîrede bugün mezar taşı mevcut değildir.
Şem‘dânîzâde Süleyman Efendi yaptığı görevlerden çok kaleme aldığı Mür’i’t-tevârîh adlı eseriyle tanınmış ve eserini Kâtib Çelebi’nin Takvîmü’t-tevârîh’ini esas alarak hazırlamıştır. Takvîmü’t-tevârîh’i önce genişletmiş, ardından 1191 (1777) yılı sonuna kadar getirmiştir. Kendi ifadesine göre yaratılıştan başlayan Takvîmü’t-tevârîh 1065 (1655) yılına kadar gelmektedir. Buna önce Emîr Buhârî Zâviyesi şeyhi Şeyhî Mehmed Efendi 1145 (1732-33), Basmacı İbrâhim Efendi (İbrâhim Müteferrika) 1146 (1733-34) yılına kadar zeyil yazmıştır. Kendisi de onlara zeyil olmak üzere 1146’dan I. Abdülhamid’in cülûsuna kadar (1187/1774) cereyan eden olayları yazdığını belirtir. Daha sonra I. Abdülhamid devri olaylarını da eklemiştir. Eserin telifinin on üç yıl sürdüğünü ve 400’den fazla tarih kitabını görerek eseri kaleme aldığını söyleyen Süleyman Efendi, 1145 yılına gelinceye kadar 7351 yıllık olayları Takvîmü’t-tevârîh’ten ilâveler yaparak genişlettiğini, 1191 (1777) yılına kadar elli altı yıllık dönemi ise kendisinin eklediğini, esasen bu dönemin yirmi yılının vak‘anüvis Subhi Mehmed ve İzzî Süleyman efendiler tarafından kaleme alındığını, 1165’ten (1752) itibaren olaylar hiç yazılmadığından kendisinin bu son yirmi altı yıllık vak‘aları toplamaya muvaffak olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bununla beraber son olayları yazarken dönemin vak‘anüvislerinden Hâkim Mehmed, Sâdullah Enverî ve Mûsâzâde Mehmed’in müsveddelerinden yararlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim 1166 (1752-53) yılından itibaren Hâkim Efendi’nin müsveddelerini güçlükle elde edebildiğini belirtir (Mür’i’t-tevârîh, I, 171). Ayrıca 1183 (1769-70) yılı sefer-i hümâyun hadiselerini Enverî’nin tarihinden özetlediğini, İstanbul olaylarını ise Mûsâzâde Mehmed’in evrakından aktardığını söyler, 1184 (1770-71) yılı olaylarını da yine bu ikisinden faydalanarak kaleme aldığını beyan eder (a.g.e., II/B, s. 27). Eserde kaydedilen son olay 14 Zilkade 1191’de (14 Aralık 1777) I. Abdülhamid’in Bahçekapı’da yaptırdığı imaret ve sebilin açılış merasimidir. Müellif eserini de bu hayratın bir parçası olarak tamamladığını belirtir. Son kısma padişahlar, sadrazam ve şeyhülislâmların cetvelleri eklenmiştir.
Şem‘dânîzâde eserinin mukaddimesinde tarihten, tarihin faydalarından ve tarih bilmenin devlet idarecileri için öneminden söz eder; burada özellikle tarih anlayışını vurgular ve uzviyetçi görüş çerçevesinde bazı fikirler ileri sürer. Ayrıca tarihçinin tanımını yapar (siyasetnâme bilen, ilm-i harîtadan ve deniz seferlerinden haberdar, zihni açık, idrak sahibi, şahsî garezini yansıtmayan), onun olayları nasıl ele alması gerektiğini belirtir, onu bir nevi toplum hekimi kabul eder ve felsefî temelde açıklamalarda bulunur. Ardından Takvimü’t-tevârîh’teki kısa bilgileri aynen alıp şerh başlığı ile eklemeler yapar. Eserin özellikle müellifin şahit olduğu hadiseleri içine alan son elli yıllık kısmı önemlidir. Bu bölümde olaylar kronolojik sıralanmış, birçok alt başlıkla okuyucunun dikkatinin metin üzerinde yoğunlaşmasına çalışılmıştır. Bu olay başlıkları yıl başlıklarının altında topluca verildikten sonra teker teker ayrıntılarına geçilmiş, böylece eser sistematik hale gelmiştir. Resmî bir sıfatla değil özel olarak kaleme alınan eserde dönemin vak‘anüvis tarihlerinde üzerinde durulmayan birçok ayrıntılı bilgi bulunur. Babasının devrin önde gelen ricâli arasında yer almasından dolayı muhtemelen 1730’dan itibaren gerek ondan gerekse yakın çevresinden duyduklarını, gizli kalmış bazı ayrıntıları öğrenip aktarmıştır. Bir kısım olayları da bizzat dönemin vezirleri ve devlet ricâlinden dinlediğini belirtir. Bu arada hadiseleri zaman zaman hayli renkli bir şekilde fıkralarla süsleyerek anlatmayı tercih etmiştir. Hatta bazı kaba anekdotları açık şekilde belirtmekten çekinmemiş, bu yönüyle muhtemelen Naîmâ tarzı bir üslûbu benimsemiştir. Müellifin geniş bir tarih bilgisine sahip olduğu, olayları değerlendirerek aktarmayı tercih etmesinden ve yer yer dikkat çekici eleştirilerinden anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca devlet adamları ve ilmiye mensupları hakkında kendine has tanımlama ve yorumlarda bulunmuştur.
Mür’i’t-tevârîh’in Türkiye’de ve Türkiye dışında nüshalarının bulunması yaygın biçimde okunduğuna işaret eder. Cevdet Paşa eserinin I ve II. ciltleri için onu kaynak olarak kullanmıştır. Eserin başlangıçtan Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman dönemine kadar olan kısmı Ahmed Tevhid Bey tarafından bastırılmıştır (İstanbul 1338). I. Mahmud’un cülûsundan (1730) itibaren 1191 (1777) yılına kadar gelen son bölümünü Münir Aktepe değişik nüshalarını görerek dört kitap halinde yayımlamıştır (Şemdanizâde Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi Tarihi, Müri’t-tevârih, I, İstanbul 1976; II/A, İstanbul 1978; II/B, İstanbul 1980; III, İstanbul 1981). Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’dan 1730 yılına kadar gelen kısım (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., nr. 5144; TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1338; Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, Tarih, nr. 131, 552/1) yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanmıştır.
Şem‘dânîzâde bu eserinin dışında Behçet-i Fetevâ’nın fihristini yapıp bazı fasıllarını düzeltmiş (Fihrist-i Behçet-i Fetevâ, Süleymaniye Ktp., Kasidecizâde Süleyman Sırrı, nr. 267), Ankara’da görev yaparken yedi bab üzerine Kanunnâme adlı bir eser telif etmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Murad Molla, nr. 1187). Ayrıca Kızlar Ağası Tekkesi’nde şeyh olan Abdurrahman Efendi’nin meclisinde hazır bulunduğu sıralarda onun yorumladığı rüyaları Kavâmilü’t-ta‘bîr adıyla topladığını da belirtir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe), I, 171; II/B, s. 27; Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘, I, 281-282; Cevdet, Târih, I, 6; Sicill-i Osmânî, III, 86; Osmanlı Müellifleri, III, 76; Babinger (Üçok), s. 333-334; Mehmet Nermi Haskan, Eyüp Sultan Tarihi, İstanbul 2008, II, 419-420; Mücteba İlgürel, “Şem‘dânîzâde Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi Tarihi: Mür’i’t-tevârîh”, TD, sy. 33 (1980-81), s. 449-450; “Süleyman Efendi, Şem‘dânîzâde”, TA, XXX, 92; “Süleyman Efendi (Şem‘dânîzâde)”, TDEA, VIII, 64-65.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 501-503 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.