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ŞEVKEFZÂ Skip to content Türk mûsikisinde bir birleşik makam.
Acem-aşiran perdesinde karar eden inici seyir özelliğine sahip bir makam olup Mehmet Suphi Ezgi, III. Selim tarafından terkip edildiğini belirtir. Makam çârgâh perdesindeki inici zirgüleli hicaz dizisine, yerinde acem-aşiran (acem-aşiranda çârgâh) ve yine acem-aşiran perdesindeki nikriz beşlisinin eklenmesiyle oluşmuştur. Ancak bu makamdaki bazı eserlerde acem-aşirandaki nikriz beşlisi kullanılmamıştır. Bunlar yerindeki acem-aşiran dizisiyle karar eder. Bazı şevkefzâ eserlerde ise acem-aşiran dizisine hiç yer verilmemiş, doğrudan acem-aşiran perdesindeki nikriz beşlisine geçilip karar edilmiştir. Bunlar şevkefzâ makamının birkaç şekilde kullanıldığını göstermektedir.
Şefkefzâ makamının temel yapısı şekildeki gibidir:
(Şevkefzâ makamı seyri sırasında sabâ vb. makamlarda olduğu gibi re bakiye bemolü [hicaz] ve la bakiye bemolü [şehnaz] perdelerinin biraz dik basılması gerekir).
Makamın asıl yapısı şekilde görüldüğü gibi olmakla beraber bu makamla bestelenmiş klasik eserlerde makamın farklı biçimlerde kullanıldığı görülür. Bunlar makamın yapısını bozmayıp ona yeni renkler katan biçimlerdir. Meselâ bazı şevkefzâ eserlerde giriş seyrinde, gerdâniye perdesinde bir uşşak dörtlüsünün ve bunun sonucu olarak acem perdesinde bir rast beşlisinin yer aldığı görülür. Bunun sebebi, çârgâh perdesindeki zirgüleli hicaz dizisinin hicaz ve uzzâl dizisi haline dönüşmesidir. Hicaz ailesi makamlarında birbirine geçki yapılması âdeti tabii olmakla beraber şevkefzâ makamındaki bu geçki uzun sürmez ve hemen tekrar gerdâniyedeki hicaz dörtlüsüne dönülür.
Şevkefzâ makamının güçlüsü gerdâniye perdesidir ve bu perdede hicaz çeşnisiyle makamın yarım kararı yapılır. Ancak bazı şevkefzâ eserlerde güçlülük görevi gerdâniyeden ziyade acem (fa) perdesine verilmiş, ikinci mertebe güçlü olarak da çârgâh yerine kürdî perdesi (si♭) kullanılmış, dolayısıyla gerek gerdâniye gerekse çârgâh perdeleri asma karar durumunda kalmıştır. Yine bu makamdaki bazı eserlerde, yerindeki acem-aşiran dizisi hiç kullanılmadan acem-aşiran perdesindeki nikriz beşlisine geçilip karar edilmiştir. Acem perdesinin fazla önem kazanması ve acem-aşiran dizisinin hiç kullanılmadan nikriz beşlisine geçilip karar verilmesi, şevkefzâ makamının bir çeşidinde acem-aşiran perdesi üzerine kurulmuş ve tiz taraftan birinci şekilde genişlemiş bir neveser dizisinin makama katıldığını, göstermektedir. Özellikle küçük bir form olan şarkıda bu şeklin tercih edildiği görülmektedir ki bu biçim de bir “reng-i dil” makamı dizisi demektir.
Yine bazı eserlerde karara yakın birtakım değişiklikler görülmektedir. Bilhassa kürdî küçük mücennep bemollü si perdesinin fazla önem kazanması, ikinci mertebe güçlü gibi kullanılması ve çârgâh perdesindeki zirgüleli hicaz dizisinin yedeni olması gereken segâh perdesi yerine bu kürdî perdesinin kullanılması sonucu rast perdesinde bir uşşak dörtlüsü ve acem-aşiran perdesinde bir rast beşlisi meydana gelir. Acem perdesinin de birinci mertebe güçlü olarak kullanıldığı bu eserlerde tam karara yakın acem-aşiran perdesinde bir basit sûzinak dizisinin seyre katılabildiği anlaşılır. Yerindeki acem-aşiran dizisi bu eserlerde ya hiç yoktur veya pek azı gösterilmiştir. Fakat karara yakın yapılan bu değişiklikten sonra acem-aşiran dizisiyle karar eden çeşit hariç yine acem-aşirandaki nikriz beşlisiyle tam karar yapılır.
Şevkefzâ makamının çeşitli biçimlerdeki oluşumuna karışan diziler toplu olarak şunlardır:
Makamın birinci mertebe güçlü perdesinin gerdâniye olduğu ve bu perdede hicaz çeşnisiyle makamın yarım kararının yapıldığı belirtilmişti. Ancak bazı bestekârların, eserlerinde acem perdesindeki nikriz çeşnisini çokça kullandıkları, hatta bu perdeyi güçlü kabul edip yarım kararı acem perdesindeki nikriz çeşnisiyle yaptıkları görülmektedir. Makamın ikinci mertebe güçlüsü çârgâh perdesi olup bu perdede zirgüleli hicaz çeşnisiyle asma karar yapılır. Fakat yine bazı bestekârlar bu makamdaki eserlerinde çârgâh perdesinin 1 tanini altında yani kürdî perdesinde meydana gelen nikriz çeşnisini daha çok kullanmış ve bunu ikinci mertebe güçlü gibi kabul etmiştir.
Şevkefzâ makamı çeşitli şekillerde kullanılan, çok dizili ve çok çeşnili bir makam olduğu için asma kararlar bakımından zengindir. Güçlü gerdâniye perdesindeki hicaz çeşnili yarım karardan sonra bunun 1 tanini altında yani acem perdesinde nikriz çeşnili ve dik-hisar (koma bemollü mi) perdesinde hüzzam çeşnili asma karar yapılabilir. Çârgâh perdesindeki asma karar zirgüleli hicaz çeşnisiyle yapılır. Bu perdedeki zirgüleli hicaz çeşnisiyle yapılan asma karar için segâh perdesi yeden olarak kullanılır. Fakat bazan çârgâh perdesindeki asma karar zirgüleli hicaz yerine sadece hicaz çeşnisiyle yapılmış olabilir. Bu takdirde segâh perdesi yerine kürdî perdesi yeden olarak kullanılır, çünkü hicazın yedeni tam seslidir. Bu makamda nikriz çeşnisiyle asma karar yapılan kürdî perdesi de önemlidir. Bunlardan başka acem-aşiran dizisine geçilince çârgâh perdesinde çârgâhlı, dügâh perdesinde kürdîli, rast perdesinde bûselikli, acem-aşiran perdesinde çârgâhlı asma kararlar yapılır. Ancak bütün bu kararların yapılabilmesi bestelenen formun büyüklüğü ile orantılıdır. Meselâ bir kâr veya bestede bunların hepsi kullanılabilirse de şarkı gibi küçük formlarda çok karakteristik ve yapılması mutlaka gerekli olan asma kararların dışındakiler yapılmayabilir.
Şevkefzâ makamının donanımına si için koma, re için bakiye bemolleri yazılır, gerekli değişiklikler eser içinde gösterilir. Makamı meydana getiren dizilerin sesleri tizden peste çârgâhta zirgüleli hicaz dizisi: tiz çârgâh, tiz segâh, şehnaz, gerdâniye, acem, dik-hisar, hicaz, çârgâh; yerinde acem-aşiran dizisi: acem, hüseynî, nevâ, çârgâh, kürdî, dügâh, rast, acem-aşiran; acem-aşiranda nikriz beşlisi: çârgâh, segâh, zirgüle, rast, acem-aşirandır. Şevkefzâ makamının yedeni portenin 1. çizgisindeki mi (hüseynî aşiran) perdesidir.
Genellikle şevkefzâ ve şevkutarab makamları, dizi ve seslerinin benzerliği sebebiyle birbirine karıştırılmaktaysa da iki makam birbirinden farklı olup bu farklar şu şekilde ifade edilebilir: 1. Şevkefzâ makamı inici, şevkutarab makamı inici-çıkıcı karakterdedir. 2. Şevkefzâ makamının birinci mertebe güçlüsü gerdâniye, bazan da acem perdesidir; şevkutarab makamının birinci mertebe güçlüsü ise her zaman çârgâh perdesidir. 3. Şevkefzâ makamı çârgâh perdesindeki zirgüleli hicaz makamının tiz tarafında çok seyreder. Şevkutarab ise bu bölgede fazla dolaşmayıp daha çok sabâ makamı dizisinde gezinir. 4. Çârgâh perdesindeki zirgüleli hicaz çeşnisi her iki dizide de vardır, fakat şevkutarab makamı bundan sonra sabâ dörtlüsü ile dügâh perdesine kadar iner. Şevkefzâ makamında ise zirgüleli hicaz çeşnili asma karardan sonra kürdî perdesinde nikriz çeşnisiyle asma kararlar yapılabilir. Kürdî perdesindeki bu asma karar şevkutarab makamında yoktur. 5. İki makamın tek benzer tarafı acem-aşiran dizisiyle karar etmesidir. Ancak şevkefzâ makamının acem-aşiran perdesinde nikriz beşlisiyle karar etmesine karşılık şevkutarab makamında çârgâh çeşnili tam karar yapılır. Şevkefzâ makamı yapısı gereği geniş bir seyir alanına sahip olduğundan ayrıca genişlemez.
Makamın seyrine birinci mertebe güçlü olan gerdâniye perdesi civarından ve bu perde eksen olmak üzere başlanır. Bu perdenin iki yanındaki çeşnilerde karışık gezinildikten sonra gerdâniye perdesinde hicaz çeşnili veya acem perdesinde nikriz çeşnili yarım karar yapılır. Ardından gerekli yerlerde gerekli asma kararlar ve geçkiler gösterilerek çârgâh perdesine kadar inilir ve bu perdede zirgüleli hicaz çeşnili, kürdî perdesinde de nikriz çeşnili asma kararlar yapılır. Daha sonra acem-aşiran dizisine geçilir. Bu dizide de karışık gezinildikten ve asma kararlar gösterildikten sonra acem-aşiran perdesindeki nikriz beşlisine geçilip bu beşli ile acem-aşiran perdesinde genellikle yedenli tam karar yapılır. Şevkefzâ makamının bir başka çeşidinde ise çârgâh perdesindeki zirgüleli hicaz dizisinden sonra yerindeki acem-aşiran dizisine geçilip bu dizi ile acem-aşiran perdesinde karar edilir. Bu çeşitte acem-aşiran perdesindeki nikriz beşlisi yoktur.
Kömürcüzâde Hâfız Mehmed Efendi’nin hafif usulünde, “Hüsn-i zâtın gibi bir dilber-i sîmîn-endâm”, Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede Efendi’nin ağır çenber usulünde, “Ermesin el ol şehin şevket-i vâlâlarına” mısraıyla başlayan besteleri; yine Kömürcüzâde Hâfız Mehmed Efendi’nin, “Dil-besteye lutf u keremin mâhazar eyle” mısraıyla başlayan ağır semâisi; Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede Efendi’nin, “Ser-i lutf-i anberi yüzüne nikāb edersin” mısraıyla başlayan yürük semâisi; Çilingirzâde Ahmed Ağa’nın aksak usulünde, “Geçip de karşıma gözlerin süzme”, III. Selim’in aksak usulünde, “Ey serv-i gülzâr-ı vefâ”, Mustafa Nâfiz Irmak’ın curcuna usulünde, “Sebep sensin gönülden ihtilâle” mısralarıyla başlayan şarkıları; Hacı Fâik Bey’in düyek usulünde, “Lâ mevcûde illâ hû”, Muallim İsmâil Hakkı Bey’in evsat usulünde, “Ey bu cümle kâinâtı var eden mevlâ meded” ve Sermüezzin Rifat Bey’in devr-i hindî usulünde, “Mest ü hayrânım zâr u giryânım” mısralarıyla başlayan ilâhileri bu makamın örnekleri arasındadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hâşim Bey, Mûsikî Mecmuası , İstanbul 1280, s. 41.
Tanbûrî Cemil Bey, Rehber-i Mûsikî , İstanbul 1321, s. 62.
Suphi Ezgi, Nazarî-Amelî Türk Musikisi , İstanbul 1933-40, I, 186-187; IV, 249.
Rauf Yektâ, Türk Musikisi , s. 78.
Hüseyin Sâdeddin Arel, Türk Mûsıkîsi Nazariyatı Dersleri (haz. Onur Akdoğu), Ankara 1991, s. 172-174.
İsmail Hakkı Özkan, Türk Mûsikîsi Nazariyatı ve Usûlleri Kudüm Velveleleri , İstanbul 2006, s. 520-526.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 28-30 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.