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ŞEYH MURAD TEKKESİ Skip to content İstanbul Eyüp’te XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında medrese olarak kurulan ve 1715’te tekkeye dönüştürülen tarikat merkezi.
Anadolu Kazaskeri Çankırılı Mustafa Râsih Efendi tarafından XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında medrese olarak tesis edilen yapı 1715’te bâninin oğlu Şeyhülislâm Damadzâde Ahmed Efendi tarafından Nakşibendîliğin Müceddidî kolunu ilk defa İstanbul’da yayan Şeyh Murad Buhârî adına tekkeye çevirmiştir. Murad Buhârî’nin, vefatını (1132/1720) müteakip medresenin mescid-tevhidhâne olarak kullanılan mescid-dershanesine gömülmesiyle bu mekân türbe haline gelmiştir. Arsanın güneydoğu köşesindeki bağımsız mescid-tevhidhânenin Şeyhülislâm Hacı Veliyyüddin Efendi tarafından bunun üzerine inşa edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Öte yandan medresenin tekkeye tahvilinden sonra harem ve selâmlık daireleri eklenmiş, talebe hücrelerinden bazılarına kahve ocağı, yemekhane gibi yeni işlevler verilmiş, diğerleri derviş hücresi şeklinde kullanılmıştır. Daha sonraki yüzyıllarda tekkenin mimari programı genişletilmiş ve yapılar birçok onarım geçirmiştir. IV. Mehmed’in kızı Hatice Sultan’ın kethüdâsı Tersane Emini Mehmed Efendi 1143’te (1730) tekke için şadırvan ve çeşme inşa ettirmiş, Sadrazam Köse Mustafa Paşa ikinci sadâreti sırasında (1756-1757) mescid-tevhidhâneye minber koydurmuştur. Sadrazam Yirmisekizçelebizâde Mehmed Said Paşa, XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarında Kuşluk (Peştamalcılar) Hamamı’nı yaptırarak tekkeye ilhak etmiştir. Tekkeye eklenen yapılar arasında Şeyhülislâm Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin türbesi de zikredilebilir. Böylece XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında bir tarikat külliyesine dönüşen Şeyh Murad Tekkesi’nde, Reîsülkurrâ Hâfız Feyzullah Efendi’nin meşihatı sırasında 1272’de (1855-56) türbeye dönüşmüş olan mescid-tevhidhâneye bitişik aynı işleve sahip yeni bir bölüm inşa ettirilmiş, aynı yıllarda selâmlık ve harem bölümleri yenilenmiştir. Arşiv belgeleri tekkenin 1897, 1898 ve 1907 yıllarında Evkaf Nezâreti’nce tamir edildiğini göstermektedir. 1925’te tekkelerin kapatılmasından sonra kaderine terkedilen Şeyh Murad Tekkesi, özellikle çevresinde sanayileşmenin hız kazandığı 1950’lerin ardından gecekonduların işgaline uğramış, yapıların bir kısmı (şadırvan, çeşme, hamam, harem ve selâmlık) tarihe karışmış, diğerleri de harap olmuştur. Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’nce 1980’lerde başlatılan ve yarım kalan onarım daha sonra Hakyol Vakfı tarafından tamamlanmış ve yapı topluluğu çeşitli kültür faaliyetlerine tahsis edilmiştir.
Nakşibendîliğe bağlı olan tekke, postnişinlerin ilki Murad Buhârî ile sonuncusu Abdülkādir-i Belhî’nin (ö. 1923) aynı zamanda Bayramî-Melâmîliğine (Hamzavîlik) mensup olmalarından dolayı söz konusu meşrebin temsil edildiği bir merkez olmuştur. Ayrıca tekkenin, Abdülkādir-i Belhî ile olan yakınlıklarından ötürü son dönem Mevlevîler’i ve Bektaşîler’inin uğrağı haline geldiği ve hemen her hafta zikir halkasının ortasında semâzenlerin semâ ettiği bilinmektedir. Tekke bunun yanında, Murad Buhârî ile Abdülkādir-i Belhî’nin Orta Asya kökenli olmalarından dolayı bu bölgeden İstanbul’a gelen tarikat ehlinin ziyaret ettiği, barındığı bir tesis vazifesi görmüştür. Âyin günü olarak XIX. yüzyıla ait kaynaklarda farklı kayıtlar (pazar ve cuma) yer almaktadır. Dahiliye Nezâreti’nin 1301 r. (1885) tarihli istatistik cetvelinde tekkede on altı erkekle on dört kadının ikamet ettiği belirtilmiştir. Tekkenin postuna sırasıyla Seyyid Murad Buhârî, Kilisli Ali Efendi (ö. 1734), Sırrı Ali Efendi (ö. 1168/1755), Gelibolulu Mustafa Efendi (ö. 1762), Yahyâ Efendi (ö. 1192/1778), Çanakhisarlı (Çanakkaleli) el-Hac Hâfız Mehmed Efendi (ö. 1784), Mehmed Efendi (ö. 1793), meşihatı 1793’te kaldırılan Hasan Efendi, meşihatı kaldırılan Mehmed Efendi, Hisarlı Hüseyin Efendi (ö. 1821), Hüseyin Efendi’nin damadı Mehmed Esad Efendi (ö. 1844), M. Esad Efendi’nin oğlu Reîsülkurrâ Hâfız Feyzullah Efendi (ö. 1867), Seyyid Süleyman Belhî (ö. 1877) ve Süleyman Belhî’nin oğlu Seyyid Abdülkādir-i Belhî oturmuştur.
Tekkenin doğuda Davut Ağa caddesi, üzerinde yer alan cümle kapısının sağında Mehmed Kethüdâ Çeşmesi yer alır. Ahşap selâmlık ve harem bölümleri hariç tekkeyi oluşturan birimlerin duvarları almaşık (tuğla-taş) örgüye sahiptir. Kubbeler ve tonozlar tuğla örgülü olup kurşunla kaplanmıştır. Arsanın güneydoğu köşesinde bulunan ve tekkenin ilk mescid-tevhidhânesi, ayrıca Mesnevîhâne olarak kullanılan kare planlı (10 × 10 m.) yapı içeriden sivri kemerli tromplara, dışarıdan sekizgen kasnağa oturan bir kubbeyle örtülmüştür. Yarım sekizgen planlı mihrabın barok üslûba özgü dalgalı bir yatay silmeyle bunun üzerindeki dilimlerden oluşan kavsarası, XVIII. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde veya XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde elden geçirildiğini gösterir. Batı duvarının güney kesiminde sonradan örülen ocağın varlığı da mekândaki eğitim işleviyle açıklık kazanmaktadır. Duvarlarda ve tromplarda XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına ait olması gereken eklektik tarzda kalem işleri, ayrıca batı duvarındaki sağır kemerin aynasında çiçekli kûfî ile yazılmış besmele ve ma‘kılî hatla yazılmış âyetler yer almaktadır.
Derviş hücrelerini, türbeyi ve sonradan eklenen ikinci mescid-tevhidhâneyi barındıran ana bina “U” biçiminde bir kitledir. Başlangıçta medrese olarak tasarlandığında on bir adet talebe hücresiyle bir mescid-dershaneden meydana gelen bu kitlenin 8,90 metrelik güney kolunda iki, 30,25 metrelik batı kolunda altı, 23 metrelik kuzey kolunda üç hücreyle sonradan türbeye dönüştürülen mescid-dershane bulunmaktadır. Kare planlı hücreler pandantifli kubbelerle örtülmüş, birer ocakla ve dolap nişiyle donatılmış, güneybatı köşesindeki hücrenin yeri helâlara tahsis edilmiştir. Kuzeybatı köşesindeki yemekhane dikdörtgen planı, merkezinde havalandırma feneri mevcut, aynalı tonozu, batı duvarında yer alan ve arkasındaki mutfağa açılan dönme dolabıyla dikkat çeker. Hücrelerin önünde uzanan ve biri tekne tonozla, diğerleri pandantifli kubbelerle örtülü olan revak birimleri, klasik Osmanlı üslûbunun oranlarına uymayan ve gotik mimariyi çağrıştıran sivri kemerlere oturur.
Türbeye dönüşmüş olan, kareye yakın dikdörtgen (5,60 × 5,20 m.) planlı mescid-dershane avlu yönünde hücrelerden ileri doğru taşar. Mihrap duvarında yanlarda yer alan ve mekânın türbeye çevrilmesi sırasında şekillendiği anlaşılan açıklıklar, mukarnaslı ve palmetli takozlara sahip söve dikmeleri ve üzerlerinde âyetlerin yazılı olduğu, basık kemer biçimli söve başlıklarıyla çerçevelenmiştir. Pandantifli bir kubbeyle örtülü olan türbede Murad Buhârî ile sonraki bazı postnişinlere ait (Seyyid Süleyman Efendi, Abdülkādir-i Belhî) oymalı ahşap parmaklıklarla kuşatılmış sandukalar bulunur. Eski fotoğraflarda yan duvarların üçgen alınlıklarla yükseltildiği, kubbenin kiremit örtülü bir beşik çatıyla gizlendiği görülmekte, empire üslûbunu yansıtan bu tâdilâtın türbenin önüne 1272’de (1855-56) yeni mescid-tevhidhânenin eklenmesi sırasında yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Sonradan eklenen ikinci mescid-tevhidhâne 11,70 × 7,85 m. boyutlarında, moloz taş duvarlı, kırma çatılı, doğu ve batı yönlerinde birer girişi, güney duvarının ekseninde mihrabı olan bir yapıdır. Tekkenin cümle kapısının yer aldığı doğu yönüne açılan, cemaatin kullandığı esas girişteki kemer aynasında dış yüzde bu bölümün inşa tarihini (1272) ve “Rüşdî” imzasını taşıyan bir hadis levhası, iç yüzde aynı tarihi veren bir âyet levhası vardır ve her ikisi de sülüs hatlıdır. Söz konusu mekânla doğrudan bağlantının kurulduğu türbeye komşu hücrenin şerbethâneye dönüştürüldüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Dikdörtgen planlı (7 × 4,50 m.) ve üstü açık olan Şeyhülislâm Veliyyüddin Efendi Türbesi, demir parmaklıklı dikdörtgen pencerelerle avluya (kuzey) açılan basık kemerli bir girişi barındıran, kesme taş örgülü ve harpuştalı duvarlarla kuşatılmıştır.
Ahşap olan harem ve selâmlık bölümleri tekkenin kâgir olan diğer bölümlerinden bağımsızdır. Veliyyüddin Efendi Türbesi’yle derviş hücreleri arasındaki dikdörtgen planlı (9 × 7 m.) ve iki katlı selâmlıkta her katta küçük birer sofanın çevresinde dörder oda bulunur. Arsanın batı kesiminde geniş bir bahçe (harem bahçesi) içinde yer alan harem ise 15 × 14 m. boyutlarında üç katlı bir konak yavrusudur. Nişancı Mustafa Paşa caddesi boyunca uzanan, almaşık örgülü zemin kat duvarının eksenindeki girişin açıldığı sofanın batısında (sağında) harem mutfağı ile buna bitişik su haznesi, doğusunda ana binadaki yemekhaneyle bağlantılı asıl tekke mutfağı bulunmaktadır. Birinci ve ikinci katlarda “zülvecheyn” sofalarla bunlara açılan, yüklüklerle donatılmış çok sayıda oda yer alır. Tekkenin pek zengin olmayan kütüphanesi Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ne taşınmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 62-64 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.