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SÎRÂFÎ, Ebû Saîd Skip to content Ebû Saîd el-Hasen b. Abdillâh b. Merzübân es-Sîrâfî (ö. 368/979)
Basra dil mektebine mensup Arap dili ve edebiyatı âlimi, Hanefî fakihi.
284 (897) yılında Basra körfezinde bir liman şehri olan Sîrâf’ta doğdu. Babası Bihzâd bir Mecûsî idi. Müslüman olunca oğlu Sîrâfî onun adını Abdullah olarak değiştirdi. İlk öğrenimini Sîrâf’ta gördü. Yirmi yaşlarında Uman’a gidip bir süre Hanefî fıkhı tahsil ettikten sonra Sîrâf’a döndü. Ardından Askerimükrem’e giderek Mu‘tezilî Muhammed b. Ömer es-Saymerî’den fıkıh ve kelâm dersleri aldı. Bir yandan da astronomi ve matematik okudu. Daha sonra Bağdat’a geçip İbn Mücâhid’den kıraat, İbnü’s-Serrâc, Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, İbn Düreyd ve Ebû Bekir Mebremân’dan dil dersleri aldı. İbn Ziyâd en-Nîsâbûrî ve Muhammed b. Ebü’l-Ezher’den hadis okudu. Hattat İbn Mukle de onun hocaları arasında anılır. Sîrâfî’nin kendisinden lugat tahsil ettiği İbn Düreyd ile kıraat aldığı İbn Mücâhid’e nahiv, kendisinden nahiv dersleri aldığı İbnü’s-Serrâc’a kıraat, Mebremân’a ise matematik dersleri verdiği kaydedilir (Hatîb, VII, 342). Bağdat’ta şiirle diğer edebî ve dinî ilimlerin yanında matematik, geometri ve astronomi okumaya devam ederken bu konularda Batlamyus ve Öklid’in eserlerinden yararlandı. Ayrıca miras hukuku (ferâiz) dersleri de alan Sîrâfî Hanefî fıkhında yoğunlaştı.
Kādılkudât İbn Ma‘rûf (Ubeydullah b. Ahmed), aynı zamanda hocası olan Sîrâfî’yi kendisine vekâleten önce Doğu Bağdat, ardından Doğu ve Batı Bağdat kadılığına tayin etti. Sîrâfî’ye çok değer veren Hanefî fakihi Kerhî de onun için Rusâfe Camii’nde bir halka oluşturdu ve Sîrâfî elli yıl süreyle burada Hanefî mezhebine göre fetva verme görevini yürüttü. Bir taraftan da başta Arap dili ve edebiyatı olmak üzere kıraat, hadis, fıkıh, ferâiz, kelâm, mantık, matematik, geometri gibi çeşitli alanlarda dersler verdi. Hayatının sonuna kadar devam ettirdiği bu dersleriyle aralarında Başkadı İbn Ma‘rûf, İbn Hâleveyh, İsmâil b. Hammâd el-Cevherî, Ali b. Îsâ er-Rabaî, Ali b. Müstenîr, Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, Ebü’l-Ganâim Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Lugavî, Haddâdî, İbnü’l-Felekî, Sâhib b. Abbâd ve kendi oğlu Yûsuf b. Hasan es-Sîrâfî gibi âlimlerin de bulunduğu öğrenciler yetiştirdi. 2 Receb 368’de (3 Şubat 979) Bağdat’ta vefat etti ve Hayzürân Mezarlığı’na defnedildi. Sîrâfî fetva görevleri, verdiği dersler ve kadılık için ücret almaz, devlet adamı ve ileri gelenlerden hediye kabul etmez, kitap istinsah ederek geçimini sağlardı. Çok sayıda ilim adamı Sîrâfî’nin eserlerinden yararlanmış ve ondan nakiller yapmıştır. İbn Sîde, Ebü’l-Bekā İbn Yaîş, Radî el-Esterâbâdî ve İbn Hişâm en-Nahvî bunlardan bazılarıdır. Ancak Ebû Ali el-Fârisî ve Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî gibi Sîrâfî’yi kıskanıp rekabete giren âlimler de olmuştur.
Fıkhî konulardaki özgün görüşleri sebebiyle özel ilgi gören Sîrâfî’ye her seviyeden devlet adamları mektuplar yazar, çeşitli konularda görüşlerini sorar ve kendisine “imâmü’l-müslimîn, şeyhülislâm” gibi unvanlarla hitap ederlerdi. Öğrencisi Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, Sîrâfî’nin seyyidü’l-ulemâ olduğunu, diğer ilim adamlarının da onu hocaların hocası ve büyük bir âlim olarak kabul ettiğini belirtmiş, oğlu Ebû Muhammed Yûsuf ise babasının özellikle el-İḳnâʿ adlı eseriyle nahvin güçlüklerini ortadan kaldırarak onu kolay anlaşılır hale getirdiğini söylemiştir (Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, VIII, 149). Basra ekolüne mensup olduğu halde Kûfeli dil âlimlerine karşı taassup göstermez, görüşlerinden yararlanır ve onlardan nakillerde bulunurdu. Sîbeveyhi’yi çok iyi bilip takdir etmesine rağmen zaman zaman benimsemediği fikirleri olmuş, başkalarının görüşlerini onunkine tercih etmiştir. Mu‘tezilî olmakla birlikte bu tarafını gösteren herhangi bir tavrına rastlanmamış, bunun yanında söz konusu mensubiyeti cedelci tarafının gelişip münazaralarda üstün gelmesinde katkıda bulunmuştur. İlmî konularda son derece titiz ve dürüst olup neyin kime ait olduğunu ve kimden aldığını söyler, şüphesi varsa onu da ifade ederdi. O dönemde yapılan bir tasnife göre dil âlimleri söyledikleri anlaşılmayanlar, kısmen anlaşılanlar ve tam anlaşılanlar olmak üzere üçe ayrılmış, Sîrâfî söyledikleri tam anlaşılan dilcilere örnek olarak gösterilmiştir.
Sîrâfî mantıkçı Mettâ b. Yûnus ve filozof Ebü’l-Hasan el-Âmirî ile dil, felsefe ve mantık konularında münazaralar yapmış, bu münazaralarda çok başarılı olmuştur. Mettâ b. Yûnus’la Vezir Ebü’l-Feth İbnü’l-Amîd’in meclisinde yaptığı münazarada (326/938) lafız-mâna ilişkisiyle sözün doğrusunu ve yanlışını belirlemede nahiv ve mantık bilimlerinden hangisinin daha belirleyici olduğu meseleleri tartışılmış, Sîrâfî’nin mantığı, cedel gücü ve üslûp güzelliğiyle gösterdiği başarı orada bulunan herkesi hayrete düşürmüştür. Bu münazarada onun dil ve fıkhı, yani Arap ve İslâm kültürünü, Mettâ b. Yûnus’un da felsefe ve mantığı, dolayısıyla Yunan kültürünü temsil ettiği söylenmiştir (Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, el-İmtâʿ, I, 109-128). Ebü’l-Hasan el-Âmirî ile olan münazarasında (364/974) Sîrâfî seksen yaşını geçmişti. Münazaranın konusu besmelenin başındaki “bi-” harf-i cerrinin anlamlarıyla ilgiliydi.
Eserleri. 1. Aḫbârü’n-naḥviyyîne’l-Baṣriyyîn (Aḫbârü’n-nüḥât). Basra dil ekolüne mensup nahiv âlimlerinin kısa biyografilerine, dil ve edebiyatla ilgili tartışmalarına, haklarındaki bazı anekdot ve haberlere dairdir. Eser Fritz Krenkow (Beyrut 1936), Tâhâ Muhammed ez-Zeynî – Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî (Kahire 1374/1955) ve Muhammed İbrâhim el-Bennâ (Kahire 1405/1985) tarafından yayımlanmıştır. 2. İdġāmü’l-ḳurrâʾ (nşr. Muhammed Ali Abdülkerîm er-Rudeynî, Kahire 1405/1984). 3. Mâ ẕekerehü’l-Kûfiyyûn mine’l-idġām. Kûfe âlimlerinin on bir meseleye dair görüşlerini ele alan bir risâledir (nşr. Sabîh Hammûd eş-Şâtî, el-Mevrid, XII/2 [Bağdat 1983], s. 127-150; Cidde 1405/1985). 4. Ṣanʿatü’ş-şiʿr ve’l-belâġa. Düzgün nazım ve nesrin esaslarına dair olan eserin kaynaklarda adı bu şekilde geçmektedir (meselâ bk. Yâkūt, VIII, 150). Ancak Ca‘fer Mâcid’in Sîrâfî’ye ait olarak yayımladığı (Beyrut 1995), vezin-kafiye meseleleriyle şiir zaruretlerini ele alan Ṣanʿatü’ş-şiʿr ve’l-belâġa adlı eserin Ebü’l-Hasan el-Arûzî’nin Kitâb fi’l-ʿArûż’u olduğu iddia edilmiştir (Mahmûd M. et-Tanâhî, XL/2 [Kahire 1417/1996], s. 159-214). 5. Şerḥu Kitâbi Sîbeveyhi. Sîrâfî’nin şöhretini sağlayan en önemli ve hacimli eseridir. Nahiv ve lugat alanındaki geniş bilgisinin ürünü olan bu şerh kendisi henüz hayattayken tanınmıştı. Ebû Ali el-Fârisî ile taraftarları eseri kıskanmış, eleştirip hatalarını tesbit etmek için çok gayret göstermişlerse de herhangi bir hata bulamamışlardır. Öğrencisi Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî şerhin Sîrâfî’nin el yazısıyla orijinalinin 3000 varak olduğunu ve hiç kimsenin bu konuda o ayarda bir eser yazamadığını söylemiştir (el-İmtâʿ, I, 131). Daha sonra bu alanda eser telif edenler bu şerhten çok yararlanmıştır. Şerh önce el-Kitâb’ın Bulak baskısının kenarında özet olarak Taḳrîrât ve zübed min ṣerḥi Ebî Saʿîd es-Sîrâfî adıyla basılmış (1317/1899), daha sonra Abdülmün‘im Fâiz (Dımaşk 1983) ve bir komisyon (Ramazan Abdüttevvâb, Mahmûd Fehmî Hicâzî, Muhammed Hâşim Abdüddâim) tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1986). Eserde şiirle ve şiir şâhidleriyle ilgili geniş bilgiler verilmiş, özellikle şiir zaruretleri üzerinde çok durulmuştur. Bu bilgileri Ramazan Abdüttevvâb (Żarûretü’ş-şiʿr, Beyrut 1405/1985) ve Avad b. Hamed el-Kūzî (Mâ yaḥtemilü’ş-şiʿr, Kahire 1409/1989, 1412/1991) Sîrâfî’ye ait müstakil birer eser olarak neşretmiştir. 6. Şerḥu şevâhidi’l-Kitâb (Şerḥu ebyâti Sîbeveyhi). Esved el-Gundicânî’nin Fürḥatü’l-edeb adıyla bu şerhe reddiye yazdığı ifade edilmektedir (İbnü’l-Kıftî, II, 169). Eser M. Ali R. Hâşim tarafından Kahire’de (1394/1974) ve Muhammed Ali Sultânî tarafından Şerḥu ebyâti Sîbeveyhi adıyla bir derginin iki sayısında (el-Mecmaʿu’l-ʿilmî, Dımaşk 1976-1977) neşredilmiştir. Oğlu Yûsuf es-Sîrâfî’ye nisbet edilen ve aynı ismi taşıyan şerh de babasına ait şerhin gözden geçirilmiş şekli olmalıdır. 7. Fevâʾitü Kitâbi Sîbeveyhi min ebniyeti kelâmi’l-ʿArab (nşr. Muhammed el-Bekkâ, el-Mevrid, XXVIII/3 [Bağdat 1421/2000], s. 119-120). 8. Elifâtü’l-ḳaṭʿ ve’l-vaṣl. İbnü’l-Kıftî bu eserin 300 varak olduğunu söyler (İnbâhü’r-ruvât, I, 314). 9. el-İḳnâʿ fi’n-naḥv (el-Muḳniʿ). Müellif eserin telifi bitmeden vefat ettiği için oğlu Yûsuf tarafından tamamlanmıştır (Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî, s. 424). 10. Cezîretü’l-ʿArab. Yâkūt Muʿcemü’l-büldân’ında bu eserden yararlanmıştır. Sîrâfî bu kitabında dâbbetü’l-arzın Cezîretülarap’tan çıkacağını ileri sürmüştür (Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân, I, 11, 138). 11. el-İġrâb fi’l-iʿrâb. Cambridge Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshasının bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir (Brockelmann, GAL, II, 188). 12. el-Müdḫal ilâ Kitâbi Sîbeveyhi. Sîrâfî’nin, bu eserini öğrencisi Hüseyin b. Merdeveyh el-Fârisî’ye anlatırken onun şahsında öğrencilerine önemli tavsiyelerde bulunduğu nakledilmektedir (Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, VIII, 153). 13. Şerḥu Maḳṣûreti İbn Düreyd. İbn Düreyd’in Nîşâbur Valisi İsmâil b. Abdullah el-Mîkâlî’yi övdüğü ve İran yolculuğu ile Basra özlemini tasvir ettiği kasidesinin şerhidir (Brockelmann, GAL, I, 504). 14. el-Vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 68). 15. Şerḥu şevâhidi’l-Cemhere fi’l-luġa. İbn Düreyd’in el-Cemhere’sinin Leiden yazmasında mevcut olan bu şerhlere Fritz Krenkow’un neşrinde (Haydarâbâd 1345/1925) yer verilmiştir. 16. Cüzʾ fîhi teʿâlîḳ mine’n-naḥvi ve’l-luġati ve ebyâtü meʿânin (nşr. M. Abdülmuttalib el-Bekkâ – Mey Fâzıl el-Cübûrî, el-Mevrid, XXVIII/2 [1421/2000], s. 62-91). Sîrâfî’ye şu eserler de nisbet edilmektedir: en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ fi’l-Ḳurʾân, el-Medḫal ilâ Kitâbi Sîbeveyhi, Esmâʾü Cibâli Tihâme, Mesâʾil. Son eser nahiv, lugat, şiir, Kur’an ve hadisle ilgili 1500 soru ve cevabını içerir. İbnü’l-Kıftî, Sîrâfî hakkında el-Müfîd fî aḫbâri Ebî Saʿîd isimli “güzel” bir kitap yazdığı için İnbâhü’r-ruvât’ta (I, 313) onun hayatından kısaca söz ettiğini söylemektedir. Abdülmün‘im Fâiz, Hasan İsmâil Abdürrâzık, D. S. Margoliouth, Tâhâ Abdurrahmâne, İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, Mahmûd M. et-Tanâhî, Muhammed Süleyman İbrâhim Fetîh, M. M. F. Hegazî, Abdülhamîd A. Sâlim gibi birçok çağdaş araştırmacı Sîrâfî ile ilgili kitap, makale ve tez çalışması yapmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ebû Saîd es-Sîrâfî, Aḫbârü’n-naḥviyyîne’l-Baṣriyyîn (nşr. M. İbrâhim el-Bennâ), Kahire 1405/1985, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-21; a.mlf., Mâ yaḥtemilü’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Avad b. Hamed el-Kūzî), Kahire 1412/1991, neşredenin girişi, s. 13-22; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd), s. 68; Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, el-İmtâʿ ve’l-muʾânese (nşr. Ahmed Emîn – Ahmed ez-Zeyn), Beyrut 1373/1953, I, 107-131; a.mlf., el-Muḳābesât (nşr. M. Tevfîk Hüseyin), Beyrut 1989, s. 68-86; Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî, Risâletü’l-ġufrân (nşr. Âişe Abdurrahman), Kahire 1397/1977, s. 424; Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd, VII, 341-342; Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ (nşr. İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî), Zerkā/Ürdün 1405/1985, s. 127-129; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, VIII, 145-232; a.mlf., Muʿcemü’l-büldân, I, 11, 138; II, 123; İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât, I, 313-331; II, 169; İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât, I, 360-361; Brockelmann, GAL, I, 115, 504; II, 188; Suppl., I, 174; Sezgin, GAS, IX, 98-100; Abdülmün‘im Fâiz, es-Sîrâfi en-Naḥvî fî ḍavʾi Şerḥihî li-Kitâbi Sîbeveyhi, Dımaşk 1403/1983, tür.yer.; Hasan İsmâil Abdürrâzık, Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz beyne Ebî Saʿîd es-Sîrâfî ve ʿAbdilḳāhir el-Cürcânî, Kahire 1991, tür.yer.; D. S. Margoliouth, “The Discussion Between Abū Bishr Mattā and Abū Sa‘īd al-Sīrāfī on the Merits of Logic and Grammer”, JRAS (1905), s. 79-129; İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, “Ebû Saʿîd es-Sîrâfî ve Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi”, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-edebiyye, VI/3-4, Beyrut 1965, s. 249-264; Mahmûd Muhammed et-Tanâhî, “Ṣanʿatü’ş-şiʿr li’s-Sîrâfî hüve Kitâbün fi’l-ʿarûż li-Ebi’l-Ḥasan el-ʿArûżî”, MMMA (Kahire), XL/2 (1996), s. 159-214; Taha Abderrahmane, “Discussion entre Abū Sa‘īd al-Sīrāfī le grammairien et Mattā b. Yūnus le philosophe”, Arabica, XXV, Leiden 1978, s. 310-323; Geneviève Humbert, “al-Sīrāfī”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 668-669.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 264-265 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.