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MÂİDE SÛRESİ Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in beşinci sûresi.
Medine döneminin sonlarında nâzil olmuştur. En son indirilen sûre olduğunu (Müsned , VI, 188; Tirmizî, “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 6) ve tamamının Vedâ haccında arefe günü veya Hudeybiye seferi sırasında nâzil olduğunu ifade eden rivayetler bulunmakla birlikte ihtiva ettiği konular ve bazı âyetler hakkında aktarılan nüzûl sebepleri sûrenin farklı zamanlarda indirildiğini göstermektedir. 120 âyet olup fâsılaları ب، د، ر، ل، م، ن harfleridir. Sûre ismini 112 ve 114. âyetlerde geçen “sofra” anlamındaki mâide kelimesinden alır. el-Ukūd, el-Münkıze ve el-Ahyâr olarak da adlandırılır. Mâide sûresinde bazı inanç ve ahlâk esaslarının yanı sıra Medenî sûrelerin genel karakteristiğine paralel olarak aile ve ceza hukukuna dair hükümler, bazı hac uygulamaları, meşrû usule uygun olmayan hayvan kesimleri, abdest, teyemmüm, şahitlik, hırsızlık, içki ve kumarla ilgili hükümler gibi fıkhî konular yer almaktadır. Sûrede ayrıca İsrâiloğulları’nın tarihine dair bilgilere, yahudilerle hıristiyanların yanlış inanç ve tutumlarına yönelik eleştirilere geniş olarak yer verilmiştir.
Mâide sûresinin muhtevasını beş bölüm halinde incelemek mümkündür. İlk bölümde (âyet 1-5) müminlere akidlerine uymaları emredildikten sonra “Allah’ın şiârları” denilen dinî hükümlerin ve ilkelerin ihlâl edilmesi yasaklanmakta, bu çerçevede ihram yasakları arasında yer alan avlanma yasağının ardından kan ve domuz etinden başlayarak İslâmî usule aykırı biçimde kesildiği veya öldürüldüğü için yenmesi haram kılınan hayvan etleri sıralanmaktadır. Arkasından, “Bir topluluğa duyduğunuz öfke sakın aşırı gitmenize sebep olmasın. İyilik ve takvâ hususunda yardımlaşın, günah ve düşmanlık yolunda yardımlaşmayın” meâlindeki cümlelerle İslâm’ın evrensel ahlâk yasalarından biri ortaya konmaktadır. Allah’ın müslümanlara din olarak İslâm’ı seçtiği, onların üzerine nimetini tamamladığı ve dinlerini kemale erdirdiği yönündeki açıklama (âyet 3) İslâmiyet’in insanlığa gönderilen son din ve ebedî bir mesaj olduğuna işaret eder. Vedâ haccı sırasında arefe günü indirilen bu âyetin ardından dinî hükümlerle ilgili herhangi bir ilâve veya değişiklik söz konusu olmamış, kısa bir süre sonra Hz. Peygamber vefat etmiştir. Hz. Ömer’in hilâfeti döneminde kendisine gelen bir yahudi bu âyeti kastederek, “Sizin kitabınızda bulunan bir âyet eğer biz yahudilere indirilmiş olsaydı o günü mutlaka bayram ilân ederdik” demiştir (Tirmizî, “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 6; Vâhidî, s. 108). Bu bölümün son âyetinde Ehl-i kitabın yiyeceklerinin ve onların kadınlarıyla evlenmenin müslümanlara helâl olduğu belirtilir.
İkinci bölümde (âyet 6-11) abdest ve teyemmümle ilgili hükümler açıklandıktan sonra şahitlikte adaleti gözetme uyarısında bulunulmakta, dinî, ahlâkî ve hukukî önemi dolayısıyla, müslümanların bir topluluğa karşı duydukları öfkenin onları haksızlık ve adaletsizliğe sevketmemesi gerektiği uyarısı bir defa daha tekrar edilmektedir.
Sûrenin üçüncü bölümü (âyet 12-86) büyük ölçüde yahudiler ve hıristiyanlarla ilgili âyetlerden oluşur. Bu arada Hz. Âdem’in oğulları Hâbil ile Kābil kıssasına, müslümanlara yönelik mesajlara ve bazı hükümlere de yer verilir. Bu bölümde önce İsrâiloğulları’nın Allah’a verdikleri sözü tutmadıkları için lânetlendikleri, hıristiyanlardan bir kesimin de benzer şekilde ahde vefasızlık gösterdikleri anlatılır. Bölümün hıristiyanlarla ilgili en dikkate değer yönü, onların Hz. Îsâ’yı Allah’ın oğlu sayan inançlarıyla (âyet 17, 72) teslîs inancının (âyet 73) açıkça reddedilmesi ve her iki inancın küfür olduğunun belirtilmesidir. Aynı bölümde İsrâiloğulları’nın Mısır’dan çıkarıldıktan sonra Hz. Mûsâ’ya karşı serkeşlik yaptıkları, bu yüzden kutsal topraklara girmekten kırk yıl süreyle mahrum bırakıldıkları (âyet 26) bildirilir. Hz. Âdem’in iki oğlunun (Hâbil ve Kābil) kıssası özetlendikten sonra haksız yere bir cana kıyan kimsenin bütün insanlığı öldürmüş gibi olacağı, bir insanın hayatını kurtaran kişinin de bütün insanları yaşatmış sayılacağı ve bu hükmün İsrâiloğulları’na yazıldığı belirtilir, böylece yaşama hakkının önemine vurgu yapılır (âyet 32). Daha sonra “eşkıyalık, din, can ve mal güvenliğini tehdit etme, terör estirip halka korku salma” anlamındaki hırâbe (âyet 33-34) ve hırsızlık (âyet 38-39) suçlarının hükümlerine (âyet 45; krş. Levililer, 24/17-21; Sayılar, 35/16-21) yer verilir. Hz. Peygamber’e, Allah’ın indirdiğiyle hükmetmesi emredilerek müminlere yahudi ve hıristiyanları dost edinmemeleri tavsiye edilir (âyet 51). Nüzûl sebebiyle ilgili rivayetlere göre (Vâhidî, s. 113; Şevkânî, II, 61) bu âyetin, Medine döneminde etkili bir kitle durumunda olan ve müslümanlara karşı düşmanlık besleyen yahudileri dost edinen bazı müslümanlar hakkında nâzil olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Medine’de etkili olmadıkları halde âyette hıristiyanların da zikredilmesi, benzer şartların hıristiyanlar açısından ortaya çıkması halinde onları da dost edinmemek gerektiğini, konunun belli bir dinî kesimle değil belli bir tutumla ilgili olduğunu göstermektedir. Sûrenin 57. âyetinde, dostluk kurma yasağının müslümanların dinlerini alay konusu yapan gayri müslimlerle ilgili olduğuna işaret bulunduğu gibi diğer bazı âyetlerden de müslümanlara karşı düşmanlık beslemeyenlerle iyi ilişkiler kurmanın yasaklanmadığı anlaşılmaktadır (bk. el-Mümtehine 60/8). 54. âyette, İslâm’a karşı düşmanlık duyguları besleyenlerin saptırmasıyla bazı müslümanların dinlerinden dönebileceklerine dikkat çekilerek oluşacak İslâm toplumunun fertleri arasındaki ilişki biçiminin başlıca özellikleri şöyle sıralanmaktadır: Allah onları, onlar da Allah’ı sever; onlar müminlere karşı yumuşak ve alçak gönüllü, inkârcılara karşı güçlü ve onurludur; bütün çabalarıyla Allah yolunda mücadele eder, kimsenin kınamasından korkmazlar. İnsanlar içinde müslümanlara en fazla düşmanlık besleyenlerin yahudiler, sevgi bakımından en yakın olanların da hıristiyanlar olduğunu belirten 82. âyette yahudilere karşı kullanılan sert ifadede özellikle Hz. Peygamber dönemindeki yahudilerin düşmanca tavır ve davranışlarının etkili olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Buna karşılık 82-83. âyetlerde hıristiyanlar hakkında kullanılan övücü ifadelerin, bilhassa Habeş Necâşîsi Ashame veya onun tarafından Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib ile birlikte Resûl-i Ekrem’e gönderilen ve onun huzurunda dinledikleri âyetler üzerine iman eden Habeşli bir heyet hakkında nâzil olduğu aktarılmaktadır (Vâhidî, s. 116).
Sûrenin dördüncü bölümü (âyet 87-109) müminlerden, Allah’ın helâl kıldığı güzel ve temiz şeylerden kendilerini mahrum bırakmamalarını isteyen âyetlerle başlar. Bu âyetlerin, geceleri namazla ve gündüzleri oruçla geçirmeye, ayrıca bazı yiyecekleri yememeye karar veren bir grup müslümanı uyarmak üzere indiği, Hz. Peygamber’in de onların bu tutumunu kendi uygulamasına aykırı bulduğu ve, “Benim sünnetimden yüz çeviren benden değildir” diyerek (Müsned , II, 158; III, 241; Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 1) onları ikaz ettiği belirtilmektedir (Vâhidî, s. 117-118). 89. âyette yemin kefâretiyle ilgili hükümler düzenlendikten sonra müteakip âyetlerde Câhiliye döneminin falcılıkla ilgili bazı yanlış uygulamalarıyla içki ve kumar yasaklanmaktadır. Ardından ihramlı iken avlanma yasağı, vasiyet ve vasiyet esnasında şahit bulundurmayla ilgili hükümler yer almaktadır.
Sûrenin son bölümünde (âyet 110-120) Hz. Îsâ’nın Allah tarafından nâil olduğu mazhariyetler, ona has mûcizeler anlatılmakta, kısaca havârilerden söz edildikten sonra Allah ile Îsâ arasında bir diyalog üslûbuyla hıristiyanların Hz. Îsâ hakkındaki bâtıl inançları düzeltilmektedir. Sûre Allah’ın mutlak hükümranlığını ve kudretini ifade eden âyetle sona ermektedir.
Mâide sûresinin faziletiyle ilgili olarak Resûl-i Ekrem’den nakledilen, “Mâide sûresini okuyan kimseye on sevap verilir, kendisinden on günah silinir ve dünyada nefes alıp veren her bir yahudi ve hıristiyan sayısınca derecesi on misli yükseltilir” (Zemahşerî, I, 659) ve, “Erkeklerinize Mâide sûresini öğretiniz” şeklindeki rivayetlerin sahih olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır (İbnü’l-Cevzî, I, 239; Muhammed et-Trablusî, II, 716; M. Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî, V, 32).
Mâide sûresine dair yapılan çalışmalardan bazıları şunlardır: Ali Abdülhalîm Mahmûd, et-Terbiyetü’l-İslâmiyye fî sûreti’l-Mâʾide (Kahire 1414/1994); Hasan Abdülhâdî Muhammed, el-Yehûd ve’n-naṣârâ fî sûreti’l-Mâʾide (yüksek lisans tezi, 1399, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed Suûd); Mustafa İzci, el-Mâide Suresinin Kıraat Açısından İncelenmesi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1996, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); İbrâhim Avad, Tefsîrü sûreti’l-Mâʾide (baskı yeri ve yayımlayan yok, 1987). Ayrıca Şîa âlimlerinden Hüseyin b. Hasan el-Kerkerî’nin Mâide sûresinin 5. âyetiyle ilgili bir tefsiri mevcuttur (Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, IV, 322). Mahmûd Şeltût’un Kahire’de yayımlanan Risâletü’l-İslâm adlı derginin IV ve VII. ciltlerinin muhtelif sayılarında (1952-1953) Mâide sûresinin tefsiriyle ilgili makaleleri yer almaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , II, 158; III, 241; VI, 188.
Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 1.
Tirmizî, “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 6.
Vâhidî, Esbâbü’n-nüzûl , Kahire 1379/1959, s. 108, 113, 116, 117-118.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf , I, 659.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Mevżûʿât (nşr. Abdurrahman M. Osman), [baskı yeri yok] 1403/1983 (Dârü’l-fikr), I, 239.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , VI, 31.
Muhammed et-Trablusî, el-Keşfü’l-ilâhî ʿan şedîdi’ż-żaʿf ve’l-mevżûʿ ve’l-vâhî (nşr. M. Mahmûd Ahmed Bekkâr), Mekke 1408, II, 716.
Şevkânî, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , Beyrut 1412/1991, II, 61, 82.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , III, 1543-1857.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1403/1983, IV, 322.
Mevdûdî, Tefhîmü’l-Kur’ân (trc. M. Han Kayanî v.dğr.), İstanbul 1986, I, 359-429.
M. Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî, Silsiletü’l-eḥâdîs̱i’ż-żaʿîfe ve’l-mevżûʿa , Riyad 1417/1996, V, 32.
Nihad Çetin, “Mâide”, İA , VII, 197.
Zuhûr Ahmed Ezhar, “Mâʾide”, UDMİ , XVIII, 420-422.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 403-405 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.