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MALTA Skip to content Akdeniz’de Sicilya ile Afrika arasında bir ada devleti.
Bölümler İçin Önizleme
Madde Planı
1/2 Müellif: METİN TUNCEL Bölüme Git
Sicilya kıyılarına 100, Tunus kıyılarına 300 km. uzaklıkta bir büyük (Malta adası: 246 km2), dört küçük (Gozo, Comino, Cominotto ve Filfola adaları) a…
2/2 Müellif: İDRİS BOSTAN Bölüme Git
II. TARİH Malta’da ilk iskânın milâttan önce 4000 yıllarında Sicilya’dan gelen bir grup çiftçi ailesiyle başladığı ileri sürülür. Ada, Fenikeliler’in …
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA
II. TARİH
Sicilya kıyılarına 100, Tunus kıyılarına 300 km. uzaklıkta bir büyük (Malta adası: 246 km2 ), dört küçük (Gozo, Comino, Cominotto ve Filfola adaları) adaya sahip bulunan Malta Cumhuriyeti (Malta dilindeki resmî adı: Repubblika ta Malta, İngilizce: Republic of Malta) tek meclisli (altmış beş üyeli Temsilciler Meclisi) ve çok partili parlamenter rejimle yönetilir. Yüzölçümü 316 km2 , nüfusu 383.000’dir (2003 tah.). Başşehri Valletta (7000 nüfuslu), diğer önemli şehirleri Birkirkara (21.600), Qormi (18.100), Mosta (17.500), Zabbar (15.000) ve Rabat’tır (13.000).
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA Kalker yapılı olan takımadaların yüzeyi genellikle engebeli, vadilerle yarılmış, fakat yüksekliği fazla olmayan bir plato görünümündedir. Adaların hiçbirinde yüksekliği 300 metreye erişen yer yoktur. En yüksek nokta Malta adasının güneybatı kıyısına yakın Bingemma Heihts doruğudur (253 m.). Ülkeye ve takımadalara adını veren asıl Malta adasının batı ve kuzeybatı kıyıları yüksek ve kayalık, doğu ve kuzeydoğu kıyıları ise alçak ve kara içine derin bir biçimde sokulan koylarla parçalanmış durumdadır.
Tipik Akdeniz iklimi özellikleri gösteren Malta’da kış mevsimi ılık geçer, kar yağışı görülmez. Yağmurlu mevsim kıştır. Yazlar kurak ve sıcak geçer. Özellikle Kuzey Afrika’dan Sicilya kıyılarına doğru esen “sirokko” rüzgârı Malta’yı da etkiler (ağustos ve eylülde, bazan da ilkbaharda). Çok sıcak ve kuru olan bu rüzgâr insan ve hayvanlar üzerinde bunaltıcı bir etki yapar.
Göl bulunmayan Malta’da devamlı akarsu da yoktur. Derin yarılmış fakat kısa boylu vadiler tabanında aylarca su bulunmayan kuru vadiler halindedir. Doğal bitki örtüsü olarak maki toplulukları görülür. Malta yer yer palmiye ve kaktüs gibi bitkilerin varlığı ile Afrika özelliklerini yansıtır.
Nüfus sayısı az bir ülke olmasına rağmen Malta’da nüfus yoğunluğu çok yüksektir (km2 ’ye 1149 kişi); bu yoğunluk oranıyla dünyanın en kalabalık bölgelerine örnek gösterilir. Ülkede resmî dil Malta dili ve İngilizce’dir. Eski Fenike diliyle Arapça’nın karışımından oluşan Malta dili, çok sayıda İtalyanca kelimeye sahip olduğu gibi yeryüzünde Latin alfabesiyle yazılan tek Sâmî dildir. Nüfusun % 98’i Katolik’tir. Ülkede çok az sayıda Protestan bulunur. Müslümanların sayısı 1500 civarındadır ve bunun ancak 1000 kadarı Malta uyrukludur.
Toprağının kireçli olmasına ve verimsizliğine rağmen ikliminin ılıman oluşu çeşitli Akdeniz ürünlerinin yetişmesine imkân verir. Buğday, muhtelif sebzeler, meyve ve pamuk üretilir. Bunlardan buğday dışındakiler sulamalı tarımı gerektirdiğinden ve adaların su kaynakları yeterli olmadığından deniz suyu arıtılarak sulamada geniş ölçüde kullanılır. Takımada, Sicilya kanalının ve Afrika kıyılarının sığ sularına yakın olduğu için çevresindeki sular önemli ölçüde balık akınlarına uğrar. Bu sebeple balıkçılık da adanın gelir kaynakları arasında mühim bir yer tutar.
Malta son yıllarda Libya ile yakınlaşarak ekonomik iş birliği içerisine girmiştir. Bu sayede, aslında çok sınırlı olan doğal kaynaklarına ivme kazandırma imkânını bulmuş ve endüstrisini geliştirmiştir. Önceden beri mevcut olan gıda, içki, eldivencilik ve dokuma gibi sanayi faaliyetleri yanında metal işleme, otomobil montajı, konfeksiyon, plastik ve kauçuk ürünleri gibi sanayi kollarında atılım yapmıştır. Eskiden askerî gemi tezgâhları olarak çalışan Malta Tersanesi, günümüzde daha da genişletilen dokları ve tamir bakım üniteleriyle Akdeniz’in sivil gemilerinin tamirinde önemli bir rol oynar. Turizmin de Malta ekonomisinde özel bir yeri vardır. Başta İngilizler olmak üzere çeşitli ülkelerden bir yıl zarfında gelen turist sayısı ülke nüfusunun birkaç katına ulaşabilmektedir. Deniz ve yat turizmiyle birlikte kültürel zenginliklerin varlığı da bunda etkili olmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmet Ardel, Klimatoloji , İstanbul 1973, s. 224-225.
N. Slousch, “Malte, ses habitants et leur langue”, RMM , V/8 (1908), s. 631-646.
C. Villain-Gandossi, “Médianité de l’archipel maltais passé et présent”, a.e. , sy. 71 (1994), s. 5-15.
P. Graff, “La Valette: Une ville nouvelle du XVIe siècle et son évulution jusqu’à nos jours”, a.e. , sy. 71 (1994), s. 151-165.
Jean-Marie Miossec, “Malte en transition: Démographie, économie et gestion de léspacé”, a.e. , sy. 71 (1994), s. 199-216.
Şehâbeddin Tekindağ, “Malta”, İA , VII, 260.
E. Rossi, “Malta”, EI2 (Fr.) , VI, 280-281.
“Malta”, Gelişim Büyük Coğrafya Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1981, I, 215-218.
“Malta”, Atlas Ansiklopedisi: Bugünkü Dünyamız , Gütersloh 1993, I, 50-51.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 538-539 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
II. TARİH Malta’da ilk iskânın milâttan önce 4000 yıllarında Sicilya’dan gelen bir grup çiftçi ailesiyle başladığı ileri sürülür. Ada, Fenikeliler’in burayı bir ticarî üs haline getirdikleri milâttan önce X. yüzyıldan itibaren önem kazanmaya başladı. Milâttan önce VII ve VI. yüzyıllarda Kartacalılar’ın yönetimine girdi. Milâttan önce 218’de Romalılar tarafından ele geçirildi ve yaklaşık bin yıl Romalı ve Yunanlılar’ın yönetiminde kaldı. Bu dönemde Gozo’da sadece Yunan, Malta’da ise Roma ve Yunan paraları basıldı ve kullanıldı. İlk hıristiyan azizlerinden Saint Paul’ün adaya gelmesiyle halk Hıristiyanlığı kabul etti. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılmasından sonra 533’te Bizans hâkimiyetine geçti ve Bizans savaş gemilerinin güçlü bir üssü haline geldi.
Müslüman Araplar’ın Malta’ya ilk gelişlerinin Ağlebî Hükümdarı I. Ziyâdetullah dönemine rastladığı ve onun 221’de (836) adaya bir donanma gönderdiği öne sürülür. Bununla beraber adanın kesin bir şekilde ele geçirilişi, Sicilya’daki Ağlebî kumandanlarından Ahmed b. Ömer yönetiminde yola çıkan bir filo tarafından gerçekleştirildi (28 Ramazan 256 / 29 Ağustos 870). Ağlebîler gemi yapmak maksadıyla burada bir tersane inşa ettiler. Malta’daki müslüman hâkimiyeti kalıcı oldu, ada halkının dili ve yer adları üzerinde Arapça’nın etkisi görüldü. Malta’da İslâmî dönemden kalma para, mezar taşları ve bir cami kalıntısı bulunmuştur. Müslümanların adadaki hâkimiyetleri sırasında Melita şehrinin adı Medine olarak değiştirildi ve merkez yapıldı. O dönemde Rabat adıyla anılan şehrin varoşları, daha sonra ayrı bir şehre dönüştü. 381’de (991) yapılan bir nüfus tesbitine göre adadaki müslümanlar 15.000, hıristiyanlar ise 6350 hâne civarındaydı. Ada halkının dinî inançlarına karışmayan müslümanların varlığı, Normanlar’ın 483’te (1090) Sicilya’dan gelerek Malta’yı ele geçirmelerine kadar sürdü. Norman Kralı II. Roger 1127’de Malta’yı kesin olarak aldı ve müslümanlar II. Frederik’in kararı ile 647’de (1249) adadan çıkarıldı. Malta 1284’te Sicilya’yı ele geçiren Aragonlular’ın, 1410’da Kastilyalılar’ın hâkimiyetine girdi ve 250 yıl sürecek olan İspanya krallarına bağlı bulunduğu bu dönemde kendi kanunları ile yönetilen bir cumhuriyet idaresine sahip oldu. Zaman zaman Tunus’taki Hafsîler’in akınlarına uğrayan ada 831’de (1428) Kāid Rıdvân’ın düzenlediği ve 3000 kişinin esir edildiği saldırıdan etkilendi.
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Rodos’tan çıkardığı (928/1522) Saint Jean şövalyelerini İspanya Kralı V. Karlos Malta’ya yerleştirdi (1530). Malta, sahip olduğu ideal limanları ile daha çok denizlerde etkili olan şövalyeler için uygun bir üs haline geldi. Önce Birgu şehrine yerleşen şövalyeler, kısa sürede Saint Angelo Kalesi’ni tahkim ettikleri gibi Senglea şehrinin ucunda Saint Michel Kalesi’ni yaptılar ve şehirlerin etrafını surlarla çevirerek istihkâmları sağlamlaştırdılar. O sırada meskûn olmayan Valletta’nın doğu ucunda da Saint Elmo Kalesi’ni yaparak (1552) büyük liman ile Mersamuscet gibi iki önemli limanın korunmasına önem verdiler.
Osmanlı tarih ve coğrafya kaynaklarında Malta ile ilgili ilk bilgiler XVI. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine rastlar. Pîrî Reis çevresi 65 mil olan Malta’nın İspanya’ya bağlı bulunduğunu, altmış köye sahip mâmur bir ada olduğunu, karada büyük bir kalenin (Medine) yer aldığını belirtir. Moranso (Mersamuscet) Limanı ile büyük limanın girişindeki Buruka (Rikasoli) Kalesi’ni ve tabii bir liman olan Marsalşolok’u da zikreder. Ayrıca Gozo (Koza) adasına Türkler’in Küçük Malta dediğini belirten Pîrî Reis, Gozo ile Malta arasında Comino (Kamuna) adında küçük bir adanın varlığından da söz eder (Kitâb-ı Bahriye , III, vr. 253b -255a ). XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına ait bir başka Kitâb-ı Bahriyye nüshasında ise Comino’ya “Uluç Ali adası” denilmektedir (Köprülü Ktp., Hacı Ahmed, nr. 172, vr. 91a ).
Malta halkı ve şövalyelerin Osmanlılar’la ilk ciddi karşılaşmaları, Turgut Reis’in 947’de (1540) Gozo’ya, bir yıl sonra da Malta’ya yaptığı akınlarla başladı ve sonraki yıllarda da sürdü. Özellikle 958’de (1551) Trablusgarp’ın fethine giden Sinan Paşa, Turgut Reis ile birlikte Malta’ya çıkarma yaptı; surlarla çevrili şehirlerin dışında kalan yerleri yağmaladığı gibi Gozo adasını ele geçirdi. 967’de (1560) Piyâle Paşa kumandasında Cerbe seferi için Akdeniz’e çıkan Osmanlı donanması Gozo’ya uğrayarak erzak temini maksadıyla adayı yağmaladı. Ancak Malta, zamanla binlerce müslüman esirin getirilip zindana konduğu ve zaman zaman inşaatlarda çalıştırıldığı bir esir kampı haline geldi.
Osmanlılar Malta şövalyelerinin Akdeniz’de müslüman hacılara, tüccar ve yolculara verdikleri zararlar sebebiyle adanın alınmasını kararlaştırdılar. Bu sebepler, serdar tayin edilen beşinci vezir Mustafa Paşa’ya verilen 20 Şâban 972 (23 Mart 1565) tarihli serdarlık beratında ve Cezayir Beylerbeyi Hasan Paşa ile Trablusgarp Beylerbeyi Turgut Paşa‘ya gönderilen fermanlarda da belirtilir (BA, MD , VI, hk. 429, 561, 902). Kumandanlığına Piyâle Paşa’nın getirildiği donanmada, yaklaşık 240 gemi bulunuyordu ve Akdeniz’deki bütün gönüllü reislerin bu sefere katılmaları emredilmişti. Ayrıca Anadolu ve Rumeli’deki yirmi beş sancağın askeri yanında gönüllü cenkçilerin de sefere katılması sağlandı (BA, MD , VI, hk. 444, 453, 521, 562, 565, 566, 702, 705, 714). Böylece Osmanlı ordusunda yeniçeriler dahil 35.000 civarında kara askeri yer alıyordu. Donanma için sadece Mısır’dan 3500 kantar barut hazırlanması istendiği gibi (BA, MD , VI, hk. 433) yine Modon ve Trablusgarp’tan barut, diğer yerlerden top yuvalağı ve peksimet hazırlığına girişildi (Cassola v.dğr., s. 357-358).
Malta seferine ait bir rûznâmçe defterinde yer alan bilgilere göre (BA, KK , nr. 7502, s. 1-115) 26 Şâban 972’de (29 Mart 1565) Mustafa Paşa’nın kumandasında İstanbul’dan yola çıkan donanma 27 Şâban’da (30 Mart) Gelibolu’ya ulaştı ve fırtına sebebiyle yaklaşık bir hafta burada beklemek zorunda kaldı. 5 Ramazan’da (6 Nisan) Boğazhisarları’nda demirleyen donanmaya bu sırada Tersane emini iştirak etti. Burada, Kavala kapudanı dört kadırga ve kalyatadan oluşan filosuyla Ege denizinin savunması ile görevlendirildi. Donanma 11 Ramazan’da (12 Nisan) Bozcaada’ya, 13 Ramazan’da (14 Nisan) Sakız’a, 15 Ramazan’da (16 Nisan) Koyunadası’na geldi ve kadırgalar burada yağlandı. 20 Ramazan’da (21 Nisan) Andre adası yoluyla Kızılhisar’a, 23 Ramazan’da (24 Nisan) Atina’ya, 26 Ramazan’da (27 Nisan) Temaşalık ve Çamlıca adalarını geçerek Termih’te demirledi. 29 Ramazan’da (30 Nisan) buradan hareket eden donanmadaki Habeş Ahmed Reis barçası bir kayaya çarparak battı (BA, MAD , nr. 7738). Donanma 30 Ramazan’da (1 Mayıs) Benefşe Burnu’na geldi. Burada ramazan bayramını geçirdikten sonra 2 Şevval’de (3 Mayıs) Manya Burnu’na, 3 Şevval’de (4 Mayıs) Koron’a, 5 Şevval’de (6 Mayıs) Modon’a, 6 Şevval’de (7 Mayıs) Anavarin’e ulaştı ve Serdârıekrem Mustafa Paşa karaya çıkarak çadır kurdu. 9 Şevval’de (10 Mayıs) Rodos beyi dokuz kadırgası ile, Selânik beyi de askerleriyle donanmaya katıldı. 14 Şevval (15 Mayıs) gecesi Malta’ya doğru denize açılan donanma dört gün denizde dolaşarak 18 Şevval (19 Mayıs) Cuma günü kuşluk vakti Malta adası önüne geldi. Bu konumda iki gün bekledikten sonra Mustafa Paşa 20 Şevval’de (21 Mayıs) Mersaşolok’ta karaya çıktı ve burada çadır kuruldu. Ordu birkaç gün içinde toplar dahil bütün ağırlıklarını adaya çıkardı. Malta şövalyeleri büyük üstadı La Valetta’nın savaşsız teslim teklifini kabul etmemesi üzerine 25 Şevval’de (26 Mayıs), Mersamuscet ile büyük liman arasındaki burnun ucunda bulunan Santarma (Saint Elmo) Kalesi yakınında yerleşen Osmanlı ordusu siperler kazarak savaşa hazırlandı ve birkaç gün içinde çatışmalar başladı. 3 Zilkade’de (2 Haziran) Malta’ya gelen Turgut Paşa kuşatmaya buradan başlanmasını doğru bulmamakla beraber harekâta bizzat katıldı. 24 Zilkade 972’de (23 Haziran 1565) Santarma Kalesi’nin alındığı gün Turgut Paşa daha önce başından aldığı bir yara sebebiyle hayatını kaybetti. Saint Elmo’nun zaptı sayesinde Osmanlı donanması adanın en korunmuş limanı olan Mersamuscet’e girdi. Kuşatmanın Malta Kalesi’ne çevrilmesiyle mücadele Birgu ve Senglea şehirlerine yöneldi. 10 Zilhicce (9 Temmuz) Pazar günü kurban bayramı olduğundan bayramlaşma yapıldı. 13 Zilhicce’de (12 Temmuz) Cezayir Beylerbeyi Hasan Paşa yirmi beş kadırga ile kuşatmaya katıldı.
Donanmanın İstanbul’dan ayrılışından yaklaşık iki ay sonra 17 Zilhicce 972’de (16 Temmuz 1565) Mustafa Paşa’ya gönderilen emirde kendisinden hiçbir haber alınamadığı belirtilerek Malta’da fethedilen yer olup olmadığının ve Turgut Paşa’nın kuşatmaya iştirak edip etmediğinin bildirilmesi istendi (BA, MD , VI, h. 1423). Halbuki Mustafa Paşa, 7 Zilhicce’de (6 Temmuz) kuşatma hakkında bilgi vermek üzere Abdi Çavuş’u kuşatmayı gösteren bir planla İstanbul’a göndermişti (BA, KK , nr. 7502, s. 105; TSMK, Yeni Yazmalar, nr. 1118). Mektup İstanbul’a ulaştıktan sonra, 29 Zilhicce’de (28 Temmuz) Abdi Çavuş, Mustafa Paşa’ya gönderilen fermanı alarak Malta’ya doğru yola çıktı (BA, MD , VI, hk. 1479). 10 ve 23 Muharrem 973’te (7 ve 20 Ağustos 1565) Malta Kalesi üzerine şiddetli iki hücum daha yapıldıysa da sonuç alınamadı. Kuşatma sırasında Malta şövalyelerinin yardım istekleri sonucunda Sicilya’dan takviye güçler geldiği gibi 6 Eylül’de İspanya’nın desteklediği Sicilya Valisi Don Garcia yönetiminde 8000 asker Malta’nın batısında adaya çıktı. Mustafa Paşa, biraz da mevsimin değişmesi ve ünlü şolok rüzgârlarının esmeye başlaması sebebiyle 12 Safer’de (8 Eylül) kuşatmayı kaldırmak zorunda kaldı. Adaya çıkan yardımcı kuvvetlerle Saint Paul Kalesi civarında son bir defa çatışmaya giren ve başarı elde edemeyen Osmanlı ordusu 16 Safer 973’te (12 Eylül 1565) Malta’yı terketti. Malta kuşatmasının sonucu İstanbul’da üzüntü ile karşılanırken Avrupa merkezlerinde sevinç uyandırdı ve başarısızlıktan sorumlu tutulan Mustafa Paşa vezâretten azledildi (Âlî Mustafa Efendi, vr. 346b ). Malta seferi sırasında yaklaşık 20.000 asker hayatını kaybetti. Resmî kayıtlara göre denizde boğulan ve kuşatma sırasında ölen timar sahibi 540 idi (Cassola v.dğr., s. 359-382).
Kuşatma sırasında Birgu âdeta yerle bir olduğu için 1566’da şövalyelerin yeni merkezi olarak bugünkü Valletta şehrinin inşasına başlandı. Papa IV. Piu’nun gönderdiği askerî mühendis, Laparelli’nin planına göre her tarafı surlarla ve burçlarla kuşatılan ve yeni Türk saldırılarına karşı yeterince korunabilmek amacıyla müstahkem bir şekilde düşünülen şehrin yapımı beş yılda tamamlandı ve Malta’nın merkezi Birgu’dan Valletta’ya taşındı (1571).
Malta hakkında bilgi veren Âşık Mehmed uzunluğu 70, eni 30 mil olan adada surlarla çevrili bir şehir, müstahkem bir kale bulunduğunu, halkının Rum ve Frenk olduğunu yazarak Malta kuşatmasına katılan korsanlardan dinlediğine göre Malta Kalesi’nin yerden itibaren kaya olduğunu, sur temellerinin bunun içine kazıldığını, surların derin hendeklerle çevrildiğini kaydeder (Menâzırü’l-avâlim , s. 112).
Maltalılar XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllar boyunca Akdeniz’de korsanlık hareketlerini sürdürdüklerinden ada zaman zaman yine Osmanlı saldırılarına uğradı. 1023’te (1614) Kaptanıderyâ Kayserili Halil Paşa, altmış beş kadırgadan oluşan donanma ile kısmî bir çıkarma yaptıysa da Maltalılar’ın adayı daha iyi tahkim etmeleri ve savunma amaçlı tedbirleri arttırmaları yüzünden sonuç alınamadı (Kâtib Çelebi, s. 153-154). IV. Murad’ın bizzat katılmak üzere hazırlıklarını yürüttüğü Malta kuşatması teşebbüsü de onun ölümüyle (1049/1640) gerçekleşmedi (Evliya Çelebi, I, 263-266). 1162’de (1749) ve 1173’te (1760) Malta’ya düşünülen kuşatmalar da sonuçsuz kaldı, fakat ada üzerindeki Osmanlı siyasî ilgisi sürdü. Nitekim XVIII. yüzyıl başlarına ait bir coğrafya eserinde Malta çevresi 64 mil uzunluğunda, üç limanı, on dört kalesi olan, bütün varoşları istihkâmlarla çevrili bir ada olarak tarif edilir. Gozo Malta’ya göre daha mâmurdur, adada bir baruthâne ve Sita denilen Birgu’da darphâne ve cebehâne vardır. Ayrıca burada yirmi sekiz büyük köy, on sekiz manastır, 2000 rahip ve 1200 şövalye bulunmaktadır. Malta ve Gozo’nun erkek nüfusu 110.000’dir ve dört kalyon, dört çekdiri ve bir küçük karaveleden oluşan donanmaya sahiptir. Bu dönemde Malta’da 2500 müslüman esir bulunmaktadır (İcmâl-i Evsâf , vr. 38a-b ).
Malta halkının 1775’te rahiplerin önderliğinde şövalyelere karşı başlattığı isyan kısa sürede bastırıldı. 1798’de Napolyon, Osmanlılar’ın çıkarma yaptığı yerden gelerek adayı ele geçirdi. Malta’nın Fransa hâkimiyetinde kaldığı sırada şövalye teşkilâtı dağıtıldı ve adada yeni bir düzen kuruldu. Malta 1800’de İngiltere tarafından işgal edildi. Adanın İngiltere’ye bağlılığı 1921 ve 1928’de gittikçe genişleyen bir koloni şekline dönüştü. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Alman-İtalyan müttefik hava kuvvetlerinin saldırılarından ciddi olarak etkilendi. 1964’te referandumla İngiltere’den Commonwelth üyesi olarak bağımsızlığını aldı ve 1979’da İngiltere’nin adayı tamamen terketmesi üzerine Malta Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.
Sultan Abdülaziz, 1873’te Malta’da bir müslüman mezarlığı yaptırdığı gibi (BA, A.AMD .MV, dosya, 9/37) İstanbul’da Yıldız Parkı’nda Malta Köşkü adıyla bilinen bir köşk inşa ettirdi. II. Abdülhamid, 1883 yılında Malta’daki mezarlığa bir mescid ve çeşme ilâve ettirdi (BA , Plan-Proje, nr. 818). 1895’te Malta Saint Paul Kilisesi’nin düzenlemek istediği, Valletta heykelinin bazı işaretlerle teşhirini öngören âyin, müslüman halkı rencide edeceği endişesiyle İngiltere nezdinde yapılan girişimler sonucu engellendi (BA, Y.A.HUS , nr. 321/84). Malta, Millî Mücadele döneminde İstanbul’u işgal altında tutan İngilizler’in siyasetine ters düşen 140 Osmanlı devlet adamı, siyasetçi ve düşünür için 1919-1921 yılları arasında sürgün yeri oldu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , VI, hk. 429, 433, 444, 453, 521, 561, 562, 565, 566, 702, 705, 714, 902, 977, 1423, 1479.
BA, KK , nr. 7502, s. 1-115.
BA, MAD , nr. 7738, s. 2-6.
BA, A.AMD .MV, dosya, 9/37.
BA , Plan-Proje, nr. 818.
BA, Y.A.HUS , nr. 321/84.
TSMA, nr. E. 10104.
TSMK, Yeni Yazmalar, nr. 1118.
Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye (nşr. Ertuğrul Zekâi Ökte v.dğr.), İstanbul 1988, III, vr. 253b -255a ; a.e. , Köprülü Ktp., Hacı Ahmed, nr. 172, vr. 90b -91a .
İcmâl-i Evsâf-i Cezîre-i Malta , TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1648, vr. 38a-b .
Mâcuncuzâde Mustafa Efendi, Malta Esirleri (haz. Cemil Çiftçi), İstanbul 1996.
Âşık Mehmed, Menâzırü’l-avâlim (haz. Mahmut Ak, doktora tezi, 1997), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 112.
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 539-542 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.