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MANSÛR-BİLLÂH, Kāsım b. Muhammed Skip to content el-Mansûr-Billâh İbnü’r-Reşîd el-Kāsım b. Muhammed b. Alî ez-Zeydî (ö. 1029/1620)
Zeydî imamı, Yemen’de Kāsımiyye Devleti’nin kurucusu.
12 Safer 967’de (13 Kasım 1559) muhtemelen Şeref’in kuzeybatısındaki Zeydî bölgesinde doğdu. Soyu, Yemen’de ilk Zeydî hâkimiyetini kuran Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin’e (ö. 298/911) ulaşmaktadır. Babası Muhammed b. Ali, Zeydî İmamı Mütevekil-Alellah Yahyâ’dan sonra yönetimi eline geçiren oğlu Mutahhar’ın askeri olup Vezir Koca Sinan Paşa ile Kā‘ Hucân’da yapılan savaşa katılmıştı. Kāsım b. Muhammed öğrenim yaşına geldiğinde bölgedeki Zeydî âlimlerinden ilim tahsil etti. Özellikle Ehnûm’da İmam Hasan b. Ali ile irtibat kurduğu, bu zatın Yemen Valisi Hasan Paşa ile ihtilâfa düşüp İstanbul’a sürgün edilmesine kadar ondan ilim öğrendiği bilinmektedir. Ardından Yemen’de çeşitli yerlere giderek ilmini geliştiren Kāsım, olgunluk yaşına ulaştığında imâmetini ilân edip memleketini içine düştüğü zor şartlardan kurtarmaya karar verdi. Ona göre 1569 yılında Yemen’i ele geçiren Osmanlılar’ın uyguladığı baskı, halka yüklenen ağır vergi ve malî külfetler, bir kısım vali, asker, kumandan ve memurların kötü idaresi, gayri ahlâkî tavırları, kendilerine yardımcı olan ailelerle iyi münasebetler kurup diğerlerinin nefretini celbetmeleri isyan etmek için yeterli sebeplerdi. Osmanlı görevlileri arasındaki bazı meseleler ve huzursuzluklar da ona uygun bir ortam oluşturuyordu.
Yemen Valisi Hasan Paşa’nın son zamanlarında 27 Muharrem 1006’da (9 Eylül 1597) Hucûr’un kuzeyinde bulunan Hadîdülkâre (Cedîdülkâre) adlı bir köyde imamlığını ilân eden Kāsım b. Muhammed, 1006 yılı Safer ayının ilk günlerinde (Eylül 1597 ortaları) faaliyetlerini fiilen yürütmeye başladı. Çevredeki bütün kabilelere mektuplar, kitaplar ve siyasî mahiyette risâleler göndererek onları idareye karşı kendisini desteklemeye çağırdı (örnek mektup ve ifadeler için bk. Mustafa Sâlim, s. 343). Özellikle Yemen’in kuzeyinde bulunan kabilelerden büyük destek gören Kāsım b. Muhammed kısa zamanda cemaatini oluşturmayı başardı. San‘a’nın kuzeybatısındaki Zeydî merkezlerinden Hucûr, Ehnûm ve Hacce beldelerinde başlayan isyan süratle güneydeki Hayme, Senhân ve Ânis’e sıçradı. Bir kısım mahallî yöneticiler de isyana katıldılar. Kethüdâ Sinan’ın ordu kumandanlığına tayiniyle durum Osmanlılar’ın lehine döndü. İmam Kāsım, Ehnûm bölgesindeki Şehâre Kalesi’nde kuşatıldı. Kalede on beş ay kadar direndikten sonra yerine oğlu Müeyyed-Billâh Muhammed’i bırakarak kuzeydeki Berat dağlarına çekildi (Muharrem 1011 / Temmuz 1602). Muhammed, kaleden çıkacak adamlarına dokunulmayıp istedikleri yere gitmelerine izin verilmesi ve kendisinin Kevkebân hâkimi Ahmed b. Muhammed Şemseddin’in gözetimine girmesi şartıyla Osmanlı kuvvetleriyle anlaştı (Muharrem 1011 / Temmuz 1602).
Berat dağlarında yerleşen, orada karargâh olarak kullandığı bir mescid inşa eden, çevresine birçok fakihi toplayan İmam Kāsım, kendisini ziyaret eden çok sayıda mensubuna tâlimatlar verirken bunların getirdiği mal ve paraları da kabul ederek iktisaden güçleniyordu. Berat’ta uzun süre Osmanlı tesirinden uzak yaşadıktan sonra Osmanlılar’a karşı ikinci defa harekete geçti. Sinan Paşa’nın halefi olan Câfer Paşa’nın 11 Zilhicce 1016’da (28 Mart 1608) Kāsım ile on yıllık bir barış antlaşması yapmasıyla durum yatışır gibi oldu. Osmanlılar onun Kuzey Yemen’deki Ehnûm, Azr, Vâdia ve Hayme gibi beldeler üzerindeki hâkimiyetini kabul ettiler, oğlu Muhammed’i de serbest bıraktılar. 1022 (1613) yılında Osmanlı idarî kademelerindeki çekişmeler İmam Kāsım’ı yeniden harekete geçirdi. Câfer Paşa’nın yerine geçen İbrâhim Paşa’nın âni ölümü üzerine kethüdâ Abdullah Çelebi’nin barışın süreceği konusundaki taahhütlerine itibar etmeyerek saldırıya geçti (Topçular Kâtibi, s. 495-497). Kısa zamanda Hacce, Afar, Zâhir ve İyâlî Yezîd dağı gibi yerlerde hâkimiyet kurmayı başardı. Bir müddet Sa‘de’yi ele geçirdiyse de tekrar vali tayin edilen Câfer Paşa Sa‘de’yi geri aldı. İki aylık bir süre içinde her iki taraf arasında çeşitli çarpışmalar meydana geldi. 1025’te (1616) Câfer Paşa, kendisinin azledilip yerine Mehmed Paşa’nın tayin edildiği haberini alınca İmam Kāsım’la iki tarafın elinde bulunan toprakların kendilerinde kalması şartıyla bir yıllık bir mütareke yaptı (1 Receb 1025 / 15 Temmuz 1616). İmam Kāsım böylece elindeki toprakları genişletmek için önemli bir fırsat elde etmiş oluyordu. Ertesi yıl düşmanlıklar artarak devam etti. Yemen’de mutlak hâkimiyeti sağlamak isteyen ve mütarekenin uzatılması teklifini reddeden Vali Mehmed Paşa savaşı tekrar başlattı. Üç yıl süren savaş sonunda Osmanlı kuvvetleri önemli bir başarı sağlayamadı. Buna karşılık İmam Kāsım’ın kuvvetleri kuzeydeki topraklarını genişleterek Sa‘de, Hamîr ve Kevkebân’a hâkim oldu. Bu sırada âsilerin ele geçirdikleri ateşli silâhlardan rahatsızlık duyan Osmanlılar, bu defa her iki tarafın haklarının saklı kalması ve imamın hapiste bulunan oğullarından Hasan dışında diğerlerinin salıverilmesi şartıyla barış yaptılar (Cemâziyelevvel 1028 / Nisan-Mayıs 1619). İmam Kāsım bu anlaşmadan kısa bir süre sonra 12 Rebîülevvel 1029 (16 Şubat 1620) tarihinde vefat etti. Beş Osmanlı valisine karşı yirmi yılı aşkın bir süre mücadele eden Kāsım b. Muhammed’in ölümü esnasında kendisine bağlı güçler Osmanlılar’ın merkezi olan San‘a dışında kontrolü ellerinde bulunduruyorlardı. Onun başarıları Mansûr-Billâh lakabıyla anılmasını sağlamıştır. Ölümünden sonra beş oğlundan Muhammed ve İsmâil kendisine halef oldular. İmam Kāsım’ın kurduğu, evlâtları vasıtasıyla devam eden Zeydî Kāsımî imâmeti 1962 yılında Yemen’de cumhuriyet ilân edilinceye kadar varlığını sürdürmüştür.
Eserleri. Zeydî-Mu‘tezilî inancını benimseyen İmam Kāsım’ın özellikle tefsir, hadis, akaid ve fıkıh sahasındaki derin bilgisi yanında dinî tatbikatı çevresinde saygı hissi uyandırmış, siyasî ve askerî başarısında ilmî yönü etkili olmuştur. Sayıları kırka ulaşan eserlerinden bazıları şunlardır:
1. Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân . et-Tefsîrü’ṣ-Ṣanʿânî diye bilinen ve Fâtiha sûresinden Mâide sûresinin sonuna kadar beş sûrenin tefsirini ihtiva eden bir çalışmadır.
2. Ecvibetü mesâʾili’ş-şâḳ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm . Kur’an’daki müşkil ve müteşâbih âyetlerin tefsirini içermektedir.
3. el-İʿtiṣâm bi-ḥablillâhi’l-metîn . Müellif, Zeydî mezhebine dair bir fıkıh külliyatı özelliği taşıyan rivayet ağırlıklı bu eserinde tahâret, namaz, zekât ve oruç bölümlerini tamamlayabilmiş, geri kalan fıkıh bablarını Ahmed b. Yûsuf Zebâre Envârü’t-tamâm el-müşriḳa biḍavʾi (fî tetimmeti)’l-İʿtiṣâm adıyla ikmal etmiştir (Amman 1983; nşr. Yahyâ Abdülkerîm el-Fudayl, I-V, San‘a 1408/1987, Ahmed b. Yûsuf Zebâre’nin tetimmesiyle birlikte). İmam Kāsım eserine uzunca bir mukaddime yazarak (I, 5-169) dinde tefrikaya düşmenin haram olduğunu ve Ehl-i beyt’e uymanın gerekliliğini anlatmış, bazı hadis ve fıkıh usulü konularını ele almıştır. Gerek eserin aslında gerekse tetimmesinde başta Zeyd b. Ali’nin el-Mecmûʿ u olmak üzere birçok Zeydî ve Sünnî fıkıh eserinden iktibaslarda bulunulmuş, Kütüb-i Sitte ’den ve Sünnîler’e ait diğer hadis kaynaklarından geniş biçimde istifade edilmiş, zaman zaman bu eserlerde yer alan hadisler tenkide tâbi tutulmuştur.
4. Kitâbü’l-Esâs li-ʿaḳāʾidi’l-eḳyâs (nşr. Albert Nasrî Nâdir, Beyrut 1980; nşr. Muhammed Kāsım Abdullah el-Hâşimî, Sa‘da 1994). Usulü’d-dînle ilgili olan eser Dâvûd b. Hâdî es-Sa‘dî, Ahmed b. Muhammed Lokmân, Ahmed b. Muhammed eş-Şerefî (Şerḥu’l-Esâsi’l-kebîr: Şifâʾü ṣudûri’n-nâs bi-şerḥi’l-Esâs , nşr. Ahmed Atâullah Ârif, San‘a 1991; ʿUddetü’l-eḳyâs fî şerḥi meʿâni’l-Esâs ; Şerḥu’l-Esâsi’ṣ-ṣaġīr , San‘a 1995) tarafından şerhedilmiştir.
5. el-İrşâd fî tefsîri’l-ictihâd .
6. Mirḳātü’l-vuṣûl . Usûl-i fıkıhla ilgili olan bu eser müellifin torunu Emîr Muhammed b. Hasan tarafından şerhedilmiştir.
7. Mesâʾil ve Cevâbâtühâ . İzzeddin Muhammed b. Ali’nin sorduğu sorulara verilen cevapları ihtiva eder.
8. et-Taḥẕîr li’l-ʿibâd . Fesatçı kimselere yardımcı olunmaması gerektiği hususunda yazılmış bir eserdir.
9. Mirḳātü’ṭ-ṭullâb ilâ ʿilmi’l-iʿrâb .
10. el-Vaṣiyyetü’s-seniyye . Oğlu Müeyyed-Billâh Muhammed’e vasiyetidir (müellifin eserleri ve yazma nüshaları hakkında geniş bilgi için bk. Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, Meṣâdir , s. 663-669).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir Efendi, Târih (haz. Ziya Yılmazer, doktora tezi, 1990), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 495-497.
Muhibbî, Ḫulâṣatü’l-es̱er , I, 845-847; II, 73-76, 217; III, 293-297; IV, 296-299.
Şevkânî, el-Bedrü’ṭ-ṭâliʿ , II, 47-50.
Ahmed Râşid, Târîh-i Yemen ve San‘a , İstanbul 1291, I, 170-223.
Âtıf Paşa, Yemen Tarihi , İstanbul 1326, s. 86-96.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 405; Suppl. , II, 559.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 469.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 833.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , III/1, s. 28.
Abdullah b. Abdülkerîm el-Cürâfî, el-Muḳteṭaf min târîḫi’l-Yemen , Kahire 1951, s. 141-144.
Muhammed es-Sevr, Hâẕihî hiye’l-Yemen , Kahire 1969, s. 324-325.
Mustafa Sâlim, el-Fetḥu’l-ʿOs̱mâniyyü’l-evvel li’l-Yemen , Kahire 1969, s. 338-369.
Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, Müʾellefâtü ḥükkâmi’l-Yemen , Wiesbaden 1979, s. 128-136.
a.mlf., Meṣâdirü’l-fikri’l-İslâmî fi’l-Yemen , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 661-669.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 3.
Ahmed Mahmûd Subhî, ez-Zeydiyye , Kahire 1404/1984, s. 596.
DMİ , V, 505.
J. R. Blackburn, “al-Manṣūr Billah”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 436-437.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 14-15 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.