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MA‘RİFİYYE Skip to content Rifâiyye-Sayyâdiyye tarikatının Seyyid Muhammed Fethu’l-Maârif’e (ö. 1240/1824) nisbet edilen kolu.
Kaynaklarda Ma‘rifiyye, Ma‘rûfiyye, Maârifiyye gibi farklı isimlerle kaydedilir. Tarikatın adı “ledünnî ve vehbî bilgi” anlamına gelen ma‘rifet e nisbetle “ma‘rifî ” (çoğulu maârifî ) kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Tarikatın pîri Seyyid Muhammed Fethu’l-Maârif’in Vahdetnâme-i Fethu’l-Maârif adlı eserinde yolunun mârifet yolu olduğunu, yola tâlip olana “ma‘rifî” denileceğini, yolda sülûk eden dervişe zâhirî ve bâtınî mârifetler (maârif) bahşedileceğini söylemesi (Dem-i Vahdet , s. 168-169), oğlu Seyyid Ali Sâbit Efendi başta olmak üzere bu yola mensup meşâyihin “Ma‘rifî” nisbesiyle anılması, tarikatın adının Ma‘rifiyye şeklinde zikredilmesinin daha doğru olacağını göstermektedir.
Seyyid Muhammed Fethu’l-Maârif 1132’de (1719) Mısır’da doğdu. Rifâî-Sayyâdî şeyhi Seyyid Ali Sâbit er-Rifâî’nin oğludur. Soyu ve tarikat silsilesi Ahmed er-Rifâî’ye uzanır. Oğlu Ali Sâbit 1210 (1796) yılında Kahire’de doğduğuna ve bilinen en eski Ma‘rifî tekkesi, halifelerinden Şeyh Ali Kûzî tarafından Kasımpaşa Çürüklük semtinde 1805’te inşa edildiğine göre Fethu’l-Maârif 1800’lü yılların başında İstanbul’a gelmiş olmalıdır. Ahmed Muhyiddin Efendi’nin Tomar-ı Tekâyâ ’sında Fethu’l-Maârif’in aslen Tekirdağlı olduğu, Edirneli Rifâî şeyhi İbiş Efendi’den ve Şerbettar Tekkesi şeyhi Abdullah Efendi’den hilâfet aldığı, daha sonra Kartal’da bir dergâh inşa ettirdiği kayıtlı ise de günümüze intikal eden Ma‘rifî hilâfetnâmelerine göre ilk mürşidi babasıdır. Bununla birlikte söz konusu şeyhlerden de hilâfet almış olması mümkündür (a.g.e. , s. i-ii). Fethu’l-Maârif, Kartal’da Çavuşoğlu mahallesinde, günümüzde Ankara caddesi üzerinde yer alan Ma‘rifî Âsitânesi’nde vefatına kadar irşad faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. 1817’de âsitânenin tanziminde II. Mahmud’un yakın desteğini aldı, diğer Ma‘rifî tekkelerinin açılmasına öncülük etti. Eşi Hâdiye Sultan’dan dokuz oğlu ve iki kızı dünyaya geldi. Türbesi Kartal’daki âsitânenin hazîresindedir.
Fethu’l-Maârif’in şeriat, tarikat, mârifet ve hakikat konularının ele alındığı, Ehl-i beyt muhabbetinin ve insân-ı kâmil anlayışının dile getirildiği Vahdetnâme-i Fethu’l-Maârif ’i Dem-i Vahdet adıyla neşredildi (İstanbul 2014). Müellif eserinde Allah lafzının beş harf olduğunu, her harfin derin bir anlam içerdiğini, Muhammed Maârif isminin bu beş derin anlamın bâtınını teşkil ettiğini, Fethu’l-Maârif’in zuhur etmesinin mârifetin kemalinin zuhur etmesi anlamına geldiğini ileri sürer. Fethu’l-Maârif’in bu temel eseri dışında Siyâdetnâme ’si ve nutukları vardır. “Benim bir dânesi Hakk’ın benim kesretteki vahdet / Benim her vech-i eşyâda görünen mazhar-ı hazret” beytiyle başlayan fahriyyesi Dem-i Vahdet ’in içindedir (s. 163). Kırk dört adet nutku ise Maârifî Nefesler adlı kitapta bir araya getirildi (İstanbul 2015).
Ma‘rifiyye, Fethu’l-Maârif’in vefatından sonra oğlu Seyyid Ali Sâbit el-Ma‘rifî tarafından devam ettirildi. 1814 yılında babasından hilâfet alan Seyyid Ali Sâbit Efendi, Kartal Âsitânesi’ndeki yaklaşık kırk altı yıllık irşad faaliyetinin yanı sıra Kasımpaşa Seyyid Ali Çelebi mahallesindeki Ma‘rifî Tekkesi’nin şeyhliğini de üstlendi. Üsküdar Tekkekapı’da, İzmir Kuşadası’nda ve Manisa Demirci’de yeni dergâhların açılmasını sağladı. Ma‘rifiyye âdâb ve erkânının, yola mahsus alâmet, nişan ve damgalarını tanıtmak için Kisve-i Ma‘rifî adlı bir risâle ile Nutuk Mecmuası adıyla manzum bir eser kaleme aldı. Birçok nüshası bulunan Kisve-i Ma‘rifî yedi bölümden (taç, mihr-i gül, baş saçı, hırka, destegül, tennûre, şeddü’l-kemer) oluşur. Seyyid Ali Efendi’nin yirmi beş adet nutku Maârifî Nefesler derlemesinde yayımlandı. 6 Mart 1863’te vefat eden Seyyid Ali Sâbit’in kabri eşi Enîse Hanım, kızı Şerîfe Hâdiye Hanım ve oğlu Seyyid Ahmed Sayyâd ile birlikte Kartal Âsitânesi’ndeki türbededir.
Ma‘rifî-i Sânî lakabıyla tanınan Seyyid Mehmed Efendi (ö. 1892), Kasımpaşa Kulaksız mahallesindeki Ma‘rifî Tekkesi’nde şeyhlik vazifesini sürdürürken babasının vefatı üzerine âsitâne postnişini oldu ve otuz yıla yakın irşad hizmetinde bulundu, Kasımpaşa’daki tekkenin meşihatını oğlu Hüseyin Tâhâ Efendi’ye bıraktı. Hüseyin Vassâf 1924-1925’te Kulaksız’daki Ma‘rifî Tekkesi’nde Hüseyin Tâhâ Efendi’nin şeyhlik yaptığını, âyin gününün pazartesi gecesi olduğunu, Kartal Âsitânesi’nde ise cuma gecesi zikrullah icrâ edildiğini söyler (Sefîne-i Evliyâ , V, 305-306). Kartal Âsitânesi’nin son postnişini olan Hüseyin Tâhâ Efendi’nin kardeşi Hasan Tâsin Efendi’dir (ö. 1927). Babasının vefatından sonra otuz beş yıla yakın bir süre irşad faaliyetinde bulunan Hasan Tâsin Efendi de âsitânedeki türbede medfundur. Ma‘rifî-i Sânî Mehmed Efendi ile Hasan Tâsin Efendi’nin nutukları Maârifî Nefesler adlı kitapta neşredildi. Ma‘rifiyye, Kartal ve Kasımpaşa tekkelerinin dışında Üsküdar Toygartepe’deki Rifâî Dergâhı’nda da temsil edildi. Seyyid Ali Sâbit Efendi’nin halifelerinden Saçlı Şeyh Hüseyin (ö. 1851) tarafından dergâha meşihat konuldu, Saçlı Şeyh’in ardından halifesi Ahmed Cezbî Efendi (ö. 1874), onun da halifesi Hüseyin Hâzim Efendi (ö. 1911) Toygartepe Dergâhı’nda görev yaptı.
Ma‘rifiyye tarikatı İstanbul dışında Manisa’da açılan üç, İzmir Kuşadası ve Bursa’da birer tekke ile temsil edildi. Manisa’da bulunan ilk dergâh İbrâhim Çelebi mahallesindeki Entekkeliler Dergâhı’dır. Bânisi ve ilk şeyhi Antakyalı Ahmed Vehbi Efendi’dir (ö. 1851). Antakya doğumlu olması sebebiyle tekkesi halk arasında Entekkeli diye şöhret buldu. Ahmed Vehbi Efendi, Mısır ve İstanbul’da ilim tahsil ettikten sonra Kartal’da Muhammed Fethu’l-Maârif’e intisap etti, hilâfet alınca irşad vazifesiyle Manisa’ya gönderildi, 1833 yılı civarında önce Manisa Hatuniye ve İbrâhim Çelebi medreselerinde müderrislik yaptı, arkasından Manisa eşrafından Rüstem Ağa’nın desteğiyle İbrâhim Çelebi Camii’nin kuzey tarafında açtığı tekkede on sekiz yıl irşad faaliyetinde bulundu. Tekke yanında bir de fırın işleten Ahmed Vehbi Efendi’nin yüksek bir vecd haline sahip olduğu, zaman zaman kızgın fırının içine girerek kerametler gösterdiği rivayet edilmektedir. “Vehbî” mahlasıyla şiirleri de vardır. Entekkeliler Dergâhı’nda kendisinden sonra posta geçen Hasan Rüşdi Efendi’nin (ö. 1919) meşhur halifeleri arasında Turgutlu Rifâî Dergâhı şeyhi Seyyid Hüseyin Şevkī el-Kasabavî ile Said Paşa İmamı lakabıyla tanınan Seyyid Hasan Rızâ Efendi (ö. 1890) yer alır. Ahmed Vehbi Efendi, 1834’te Manisa’da dünyaya gelen Hasan Rüşdi Efendi’yi yirmi üç yaşında iken kızı ile evlendirdi, hilâfet vererek posta oturttu. Altmış iki yıl Entekkeliler Dergâhı’nda irşad hizmetinde bulunan Hasan Rüşdi Efendi vefatında Çaşnigîr Camii’nde kılınan cenaze namazından sonra dergâh hazîresinde mürşidinin yanına defnedildi. Şiirleri bir divanda toplanıp yayımlandı (Manisa 2003). Aynı zamanda mûsikişinas, güzel sese sahip ve neyzen olduğu, mûsikişinas ve neyzen Müftü Ahmed Âlim Efendi’nin mûsiki hocaları içinde yer aldığı bilinmektedir. On yedi halifesinden tekke şeyhliği yapanlar şunlardır: Manisa Küçükşeyh Tekkesi postnişini Seyyid el-Hac Mehmed Şükrü, Turgutlu Buçukzâde Dergâhı şeyhi Seyyid Şevki, İzmir Emîr Sultan Tekkesi postnişini Seyyid Hüseyin Cemal, Manisa Entekkeliler Dergâhı son postnişini Seyyid Hüseyin Kemâleddin Efendi (Bayoğlu, ö. 1951). Hasan Rüşdü Efendi döneminde Entekkeli Rifâî Dergâhı mensuplarının 10.000 kişiye ulaştığı söylenmektedir. Dergâhın son şeyhi Hüseyin Kemâleddin Efendi 1879’da Manisa’da doğdu, küçük yaştan itibaren Entekkeliler Dergâhı’nda yetişti, 1918’de mürşidi ve anne tarafından dedesi olan Hasan Rüşdi Efendi’den hilâfet aldı. Ertesi yıl dedesi vefat edince posta geçti. Manisa’nın Yunanlılar tarafından işgali sırasında Yunan çetelerine karşı oturduğu mahalleyi evinin balkonundan mavzeriyle ateş ederek savundu. 1925’te tekkelerin kapatılmasının ardından bedestende bir elbise dükkânı açtı, esnafın ricası üzerine cuma günleri toplu bereket duası yapardı. Kendisini “Ehl-i beyt bendesi” diye tanıtan Hüseyin Kemâleddin Efendi, İbrâhim Çelebi Camii’nin yıllarca hiçbir ücret almadan cuma hatipliğiyle vâizliğinde bulundu. 8 Temmuz 1951’de vefat edince Karaköy Mezarlığı’na defnedildi, 1968’de mezarlığın kaldırılmasından sonra kabri Entekkeliler Dergâhı’ndaki türbeye nakledildi. Oğulları Ali Fevzi Bayoğlu, Mehmet Ali Bütüner (Sapçı Mehmet Ali Efendi), Burhanettin Aktihanoğlu (Burhan Baba) halifeleridir. Burhan Baba’nın halifesi Celal Şen, Ma‘rifiyye yolunu Bursa’da devam ettirdi. Manisa Entekkeliler Dergâhı’na özgü, mi‘rac kandillerinde süt mevlidi yapılması geleneği halen İbrahim Çelebi Camii’nde sürdürülmektedir.
Entekkeliler Dergâhı’nın dışında Demirci ve Akhisar ilçelerinde Ma‘rifiyye koluna ait iki tekkenin var olduğu bilinmektedir. Teymurcu (Demirci) Dergâhı’nı Mustafa Lutfi Efendi inşa ettirdi, Seyyid Ali Sâbit Efendi’nin halifesi Seyyid Ahmed Aşkî Efendi de ikinci imarını yaptı. Her iki şeyhin şiirleri Maârifî Nefesler adlı derlemede yayımlandı. Manisa’nın Akhisar ilçesinde Rifâî-Ma‘rifî âyinleri icra eden bir diğer şeyh Hacı Mustafa Efendi’dir (ö. 1895). Manisa Ulucamii civarındaki mahallede bir binayı mescid-tekkeye dönüştürdü ve tekke için dört dükkân vakfetti. Kartal Âsitânesi ikinci postnişini Seyyid Ali Sâbit Efendi’nin halifesi Abdullah Ferdi Baba, Kuşadası’nda açtığı tekkede uzun yıllar şeyhlik yaptı. Yirmi adet nutku Maârifî Nefesler adlı kitapta yayımlandı.
Ma‘rifiyye, Bursa’da Seyyid Muhammed Fethu’l-Maârif’in halifesi Mahmud Bahirî Efendi (ö. 1818) tarafından temsil edildi. 1734’te Bayburt’ta doğan Mahmud Bahirî, Fâtih medreselerinde müderrislik, Sultan Ahmed Camii’nde vâizlik yaptı. Üç yıllık bir riyâzet ve mücâhedenin ardından mürşidi tarafından Mekke, Medine, Yemen, Basra ve Bağdat seyahatine gönderildi, 1786’da İstanbul’a döndü, iki yıl daha şeyhinin hizmetinde bulunduktan sonra hilâfete nâil oldu. 1788’de Bursa’ya irşad için gönderilen Mahmud Bahirî Efendi, Hz. Üftâde’nin türbe odasında bir süre ikamet etti, ardından Üftâdezâde Sadreddin Efendi’nin delâletiyle Maksem’deki Abdülmü’min Zâviyesi’nin postnişinliğini yaptı, böylece zâviye onunla birlikte Ma‘rifiyye koluna intikal etmiş oldu. Kabri bu dergâhın yakınlarındadır.
Tarikatın pîri Fethu’l-Maârif’in 1778’de telif ettiği Vahdetnâme-i Fethu’l-Maârif adlı eser onun tasavvuf ve tarikat hakkındaki görüşlerini içermektedir. Ona göre şeriatın tatbiki Hz. Peygamber’in sözlerini bilmek ve amel etmekle olur. Şeriattaki vâcip ve sünnetler kişinin itikadını sağlamlaştırmak içindir. Tarikat da Hz. Peygamber’in fiili ve sünnetidir. Her meselede farz üzerine farz, sünnet üzerine sünnet, hizmet üzerine hizmet eda edip zikrini ve fikrini daima Allah’a yönelterek hizmete bağlanan kişiye tarikat ehli denir. Eğer kişi şeriat ve tarikatta hükümlerini hakikati bilerek yerine getirirse mârifet ehlinden olur. Bu hükümleri eda ettikten sonra her işte Allah’ın ve Resûlullah’ın emrine uyarak Allah muhabbetiyle ilâhî sırlara gönül verirse hakikat ehlinden sayılır. Hakikat kapısında dünyevî ve uhrevî muhabbete yer yoktur. Hz. Peygamber’i ve Hz. Ali’yi sevmek, onların bir hakikat olduğunu bilmek, sözlerini anlayıp onlar gibi amel etmektir. Maârif ehlinden olmak ancak bu amelle gerçekleşir (Dem-i Vahdet , s. 59-61).
Ehl-i beyt vurgusunun öne çıktığı Ma‘rifiyye’de seyrüsülûk yedisi usul, beşi fürûat olmak üzere on iki esmâ iledir. Bu on iki esmâ on iki imam sırrına bağlıdır. Her bir isim on iki imamın birinin sırrından zuhur eder. Usul esmâsı işaret ettiği tarikat rükünleri itibariyle şöyledir: Lâ ilâhe illallah (rıza), yâ Allah (teslimiyet), yâ hû (sabır), yâ Hak (itikad), yâ hay (az yemek), yâ kayyûm (az konuşmak), yâ kahhâr (az uyumak). Fürûat esmâsı şunlardır: Yâ kādir (uzlet), yâ cebbâr (terk-i dünya, fenâ fi’ş-şeyh), yâ kavî (terk-i ukbâ, fenâ fi’r-resûl), yâ mâlik (terk-i vücûd, fenâfillâh), yâ vedûd (terk-i terk, fenâ fi’l-fenâ). Muhammed Fethu’l-Maârif, sülûkünü tamamlayan dervişin hilâfet-i şecere-i kelime-i tayyibeye nâil olacağını, Hz. Peygamber’in ve Hz. Ali’nin vârisi (vâris-i hatm-i nübüvvet, vâris-i hatm-i velâyet) olarak “maârif billâh” ve “mehdî-i devr” makamına ereceğini, bu makamın sırrının ise ancak mürşide tam teslimiyetle bilinebileceğini söyler (a.g.e. , s. 29-30).
Seyyid Ali Sâbit el-Ma‘rifî’nin Kisve-i Ma‘rifî adlı risâlesine göre Ma‘rifîler’in tarikat kisvesi taç, mihr-i gül, saç, hırka, destegül, tennûre ve şeddü’l-kemer olmak üzere yedi unsurdan oluşur. On sekiz terkli Ma‘rifî tacı beyaz arakiyeden veya çuhadan yapılır. Merkez kutbunda beyaz düğme yer alır. Üç dolama yeşil veya siyah fenâî sarılır. On sekiz dilim on sekiz âleme, “hay” ism-i şerifinin ebced değerine, Hz. Hatice ile Hz. Fâtıma dört mâsûm-i pâk ve on iki imama işaret eder. Tacın üstündeki beyaz düğme on sekiz bin âlemin efendisi Hz. Muhammed’i simgeler. Sâlikin başına taktığı bir çeşit tarikat nişanı olan Ma‘rifî mihr-i gülünün ortasındaki dairede yer alan on iki tîğ on iki imamı sembolize etmektedir. Etrafındaki yedi harfin kendine has esmâsı vardır ve yedi gezegene (Ay, Utârid, Zühre, Güneş, Merih, Müşteri, Zühal) işaret eder.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA M. Fethu’l-Maârif er-Rifâî, Dem-i Vahdet (haz. Kahraman Özkök), İstanbul 2014; Maârifî Nefesler (haz. Kahraman Özkök), İstanbul 2015; Bandırmalızâde, Mir’âtü’t-turuk , İstanbul 1306, s. 8; Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne-i Evliyâ (haz. Mehmet Akkuş – Ali Yılmaz), İstanbul 2006, I, 246; V, 305-306; Mehmed Şemseddin [Ulusoy], Bursa Dergâhları: Yâdigâr-ı Şemsî (haz. Mustafa Kara – Kadir Atlansoy), Bursa 1997, s. 442-444; Necmi Tarkan, Kartal’da Kurulmuş Bir Tarikat: Ma’rifiye , İstanbul 1964, s. 7-13; Necdet Okumuş, Manisa Rifâî Dergâhı Entekkeliler: Bir Tekkenin Tasavvufî ve Sosyal Tarihi , Manisa 2003; Ramazan Muslu, Osmanlı Toplumunda Tasavvuf (18. Yüzyıl) , İstanbul 2003, s. 549, 551-552; Hür Mahmut Yücer, Osmanlı Toplumunda Tasavvuf (19. Yüzyıl) , İstanbul 2003, s. 413-416; Abdülkadir Dağlar, “İcâzetnâme Metnine Göre Ma’rifîlik Şeceresi”, 19. Yüzyıl Manisasında Bir Kültür Ocağı: Entekkeliler Sempozyumu (15/11/2008) (haz. Mehmed Veysi Dörtbudak – Gürol Pehlivan), Manisa 2011, s. 23-41; Zehra Gümüş, “Kartal Âsitanesi Şeyhi Sâbit’in Şiirleri”, a.e. , s. 146; Mustafa Kara, Bursa’da Tarikatlar ve Tekkeler , Bursa 2012, s. 236-242; Türkân Alvan, Said Paşa İmamı Hasan Rıza Efendi , İstanbul 2013, s. 36-47; Semih Ceyhan, “Ek: Anadolu’da Rifâiyye”, Türkiye’de Tarikatlar: Tarih ve Kültür (ed. Semih Ceyhan), İstanbul 2015, s. 325-326; Atabey Kılıç, “Ma’rifî Tarikatı Şeyhi Ferdî Baba ve Aruzla Yazılmış Şiirleri”, İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 12, İstanbul 2001, s. 121-134; a.mlf., “Ege Bölgesine Âit Alevî-Bektaşî-Rifâî Esaslı Bilinmeyen Bir Mahallî Tarikat: Ma’rifîlik”, Bilimnâme , sy. 1 (2003), s. 197-205; a.mlf., “Manisa Demirci’de Görülen Alevî-Bektâşî-Rifâî Meşrepli Bir Tarikat: Ma’rifîlik”, Turkish Studies , II/4 (2007), s. 2-36; Yaşar Caferov – Semih Ceyhan, “Seyyid Ali es-Sâbit er-Rifâî ve Kisve-i Ma’rifî Adlı Risalesi”, Tasavvuf , sy. 25, İstanbul 2010, s. 145-195; M. Baha Tanman, “Maarifî Tekkesi”, DBİst.A , V, 232-233; a.mlf., “Mârifî Tekkesi”, DİA , XXVIII, 62.
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