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MEDRESETÜ’n-NÜVVÂB Skip to content Bağımsızlık sonrası Bulgaristan’da müslümanların dinî eğitim ve ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla kurulan müessese.
1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi’nin ardından geçen zaman içinde Bulgaristan 1908’de bağımsızlığını elde etmiş, bu tarihten itibaren Bulgaristan müslümanları, kendi dinî ve içtimaî ihtiyaçlarını artık İstanbul’a bağlı olarak sürdüremeyeceklerini anlamışlardı. Bu sırada Bulgaristan ile Osmanlı Devleti arasında 6-19 Nisan 1909’da imzalanan İstanbul Protokolü ve bu protokol esas alınarak 29 Eylül 1913’te imzalanan İstanbul Muahedenâmesi’nin ikinci ek protokolünün 7. maddesi gereğince nüvvâb (müftü veya müftü vekili) yetiştirmek üzere dinî bir okulun açılması kararlaştırıldı (Vedat S. Ahmed, s. 21-22). Ancak I. Dünya Savaşı dolayısıyla bu karar uzun süre uygulanamadı. Dönemin Bulgaristan çarı tarafından 23 Mayıs 1919’da onaylanan ve 26 Haziran 1919 tarihli Hükümet Cerîdesi ’nde yayımlanan Bulgaristan Müslümanları Müessesât-ı Dîniyye İdare ve Teşkilâtı Nizamnâmesi’nin ilgili maddelerine göre kurulması planlanan okulun malî kaynakları tesbit edilerek önemli bir adım atılmış oldu. Önce beş yıllık tâlî kısmının açılmasına karar verildikten sonra Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın Nizamnâme-i Esâsî Program ve Dâhilî Tâlimatnâmesi’nin hazırlanması için Başmüftü Süleyman Fâik Efendi’nin 12 Haziran 1920 tarihli emirnâmesi gereğince bir komisyon oluşturuldu. Bu komisyonun hazırladığı nizamnâme kabul edilerek yürürlüğe kondu (Bulgaristan Müslümanları Müessesât-ı Dîniyye İdare ve Teşkilâtı Nizamnâmesi , s. 3).
Anlaşmalarda adı geçen Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın bir benzeri Süleymaniye Medresesi’ne bağlı olarak 1854’te İstanbul’da açılan Muallimhâne-i Nüvvâb olup 1885’te ismi Mekteb-i Nüvvâb, 1908’de Mekteb-i Kudât, 1909’dan itibaren Medresetü’l-kudât olarak değiştirilmiştir. Şumnu’da Şerif Halil Paşa Camii (Tombul Camii) Külliyesi’nde ve civarında açılacak olan Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’da, komisyonda yer alanların çoğunluğunun eğitimci olması dolayısıyla din derslerinden çok fen derslerine ağırlık veren bir program izlendi. Çünkü komisyonun asıl hedefi, kurulacak müessesenin adı Medresetü’n-nüvvâb olmakla birlikte müftü veya müftü nâibi yetiştirmekten ziyade âcil ihtiyaçları karşılamaya yönelik öğretmen yetiştirmekti. Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın programıyla ilgili bu gelişmeler bölgede uzun yıllar devam eden fikrî tartışmaların temelini oluşturmuş (Hatiboğlu, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi , IV/14 [2002], s. 71), nihayet eğitim görmüş çok az sayıdaki insanın üç gruba ayrılmasına sebep olmuştur. Bunlardan ilki çağın bilgileriyle donanmış din âlimi yetiştirmeyi hedefliyordu (Kıvâmüddin, s. 2). Bu kurum on iki yıl sürecek olan rüşdî, tâlî ve âlî şeklinde üç kademeli bir medrese olacaktı. İkinci grubu teşkil eden ıslahatçı ve ittihatçılar Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın mevcut haliyle tesisi için çaba gösteriyordu. Üçüncü gruptakiler ise din eğitimine tamamen karşı olan Batılılaşma yanlısı gazetecilerden oluşmaktaydı.
Bu tartışmalar arasında 1922-1923 öğretim yılında Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın tâlî kısmı açıldı. Esasen birbirinden farklı gibi görünen bu üç eğilimden birinci ve üçüncü gruptakilerin talepleri de Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın açık kaldığı değişik dönemlerde kısmen gerçekleşti. Öte yandan okulun açılışından kısa bir süre sonra 5 Şubat 1923 tarihinde öğrenciler arasındaki iş birliğini arttırmak, kardeşlik duygularını geliştirmek, kütüphane kurmak ve konferanslar düzenlemek üzere öğrenciler tarafından Müsterşidler Cemiyeti adıyla bir dernek kuruldu ve amacına uygun olarak Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın tarihi boyunca çok aktif rol oynadı. Gerek ılımlı ıslahatçı ve ittihatçıların müfredata yön vermesi, gerekse adı geçen öğrenci derneğinin gayretleriyle okul Bulgaristan müslümanlarının dinî ıslahat çabalarının da odağı haline geldi. Bu zihnî yapılanmada Muhammed Abduh’un talebelerinden olan Yûsuf Ziyâeddin Ezherî’nin rolü büyüktür (bk. Hatiboğlu, Balkanlar’da İslâm Medeniyeti Milletlerarası Sempozyumu Tebliğleri , s. 353-354).
Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın rüşdiye mezunlarına yönelik olan müfredat programı modern eğitim kurumlarına uygun biçimde hazırlanmıştı. Kur’an, Arapça, Farsça, fıkıh, kelâm, ahlâk, İslâm tarihi gibi derslerin yanında müfredatın büyük kısmını matematik, botanik, coğrafya, Bulgarca, Bulgaristan tarihi, umumi tarih, Türk edebiyatı, hüsn-i hat, resim, tabii bilimler, kozmoloji, kimya, fenn-i tedrîs ve terbiye gibi dersler oluşturuyordu. 1933 yılında tâlî kısmına lise statüsü verilince ayrıca pedagoji, jeoloji, beden eğitimi, el işleri ve mûsiki dersleri ilâve edildi. Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın 18 Ekim 1930’da açılan üç yıllık âlî kısmında ise fıkıh, usûl-i fıkıh, Mecelle, usûl-i muhâkemât-ı şer‘iyye, medhal-i ilm-i hukūk, hukūk-ı düvel, ferâiz, ahkâm-ı evkāf, ilm-i iktisat, hukūk-ı idâre derslerinin yer aldığı bir eğitim verilmekteydi (Keskioğlu, s. 87).
Bulgar Komünist Partisi’nin 9 Eylül 1944 tarihinde gerçekleştirdiği ihtilâlden kısa bir süre sonra Bulgaristan Türk Azınlığı Konferansı’nda Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın bir Türk lisesine çevrilmesi, Bulgar liseleriyle eşit haklara sahip olması, âlî kısmının da Yüksek Pedagoji Enstitüsü’ne dönüştürülmesi teklif edilmişti (Vedat S. Ahmed, s. 37). Bu süreçle birlikte millî duyguların dinî hissiyatla çatıştığı şeklindeki bir algılama sonucu okulun dinî niteliğinin ortadan kaldırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar başlatıldı ve sadece sembolik olarak Kur’an ve Arapça dersiyle muâmelât-ı dîniyye dersi bırakıldı. 1945-1946 öğretim yılında eğitim süresi beş yıldan dört yıla indirildi. İdareciler ve bazı hocalar görevden uzaklaştırıldı. Ayrıca ilk defa Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’a kız öğrenci kaydedildi (Ertürk – Eminoğlu, s. 44). 1949 yılında din dersleri kaldırıldı ve okul Nazım Hikmet Türk Lisesi adını aldı.
Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’dan mezun olanlar müftü, müftü vekili, imam ve şer‘iyye mahkemelerinde kâtip olabiliyordu. Ayrıca öğrenciler, Bulgaristan Türkleri’nin din hizmetlerini ifa etmek üzere ramazan aylarında müslümanların bulunduğu bölgelere giderek halkı irşad ederlerdi. Bu sayede bir yandan tecrübelerini arttırırken bir yandan da kendilerinin ve okullarının ihtiyaçları için yardım toplarlardı.
Kurumun âlî kısmının ilk mezunlarını vermesiyle müftülük görevine sadece bu kısımdan tayin yapılması kararlaştırıldı. Okul ilk mezunlarını 1925-1926 öğretim döneminde vermesine rağmen mezunlara öğretmenlik haklarının tanınması çok uzun zaman aldı ve bu süreçten itibaren Batılılaşma yanlılarının yoğun ısrarları ile Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın üçüncü sınıftan itibaren pedagoji ve ilâhiyat şeklinde iki bölüme ayrılması gündeme getirildi. Neticede 28 Haziran 1933 tarihinde Medresetü’n-nüvvâb mezunlarına öğretmenlik hakkı verildi. Bu hakkı elde etmek için 1927’de başlayan talebe boykotları bir gelenek halini aldı ve daha sonra da okulun kapandığı 1950 yılına kadar değişik vesilelerle devam etti (Keskioğlu, s. 88-91). Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın tâlî kısmından 1947’de kapatılıncaya kadar 676, âlî kısmından 1945 yılındaki son dönem dahil toplam on dönemde altmış yedi kişi mezun oldu.
Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’da okutulacak ders kitaplarının bulunmayışı sürekli problem olmuş, özellikle ilk yıllardaki imkânsızlıklar dolayısıyla klasik kaynaklardan takrir edilen dersler zamanla kitap haline getirilmiştir. Yûsuf Ziyâeddin Ezherî’nin yazdığı tefsir, hadis, hadis usulü, fıkıh, kelâm, İslâm tarihi ve âdâba dair eserler ihtiyacı büyük ölçüde karşılamıştır. Ayrıca Şerif Halil Paşa Kütüphanesi’ndeki Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe eserler de kitap ihtiyacını karşılamada yardımcı olmuştur. Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’da son zamanlar hariç ezber yerine tahlile ve müzakereye dayalı bir eğitim sistemi benimsenmiştir.
Açık kaldığı yirmi yedi yıllık süre boyunca Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’da sırasıyla Emrullah Efendi, Yûsuf Ziyâeddin Ezherî, Ahmed Hasan (Davudoğlu), liseye dönüştürüldükten sonra da Beytullah Şişman müdürlük yaptı. Kapatıldığı döneme kadar aralıksız hocalık yapan Yûsuf Ziyâeddin Ezherî ve Süleyman Sırrı’nın da aralarında bulunduğu otuz altı hocadan üçü Bulgar, altısı Türkiyeli, diğerleri de Bulgaristan Türkü idi. Hocalardan onu Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın âlî kısmından mezun olmuştu. Yine bunların önemli bir kısmı Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’dan mezun olmuş kişilerdi. 1950 yıllarında yaşanan tehcir olayları dolayısıyla Ahmet Davudoğlu, Osman Keskioğlu, Hâfız Nazif Konuk, İsmail Ezherli, Osman Kılıç, Halil Ali Osman Aydoğdu’nun da içlerinde yer aldığı hocaların önemli bir kısmı Türkiye’ye göç ederek çeşitli kurumlarda hizmet etti (Ertürk – Eminoğlu, s. 47).
Medresetü’n-nüvvâb 1950 yılından itibaren fiilen kapalı olmasına rağmen orada hocalık yapanlar veya mezun olanların hizmetleri gerek Türkiye’de gerekse Bulgaristan’da 1990’lı yıllara kadar devam etmiştir. Bu dönemde biri Şumnu’daki Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın binasında olmak üzere açılan üç İmam-Hatip Lisesi ve Sofya’da kurulan Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü, Medresetü’n-nüvvâb’ın tâlî ve âlî kısımları gibi Bulgaristan müslümanlarının din görevlisi ve din âlimi ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere faaliyet göstermektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kıvâmüddin [Burslan], Ta‘dîl , Şumnu 1339/1923, s. 2-6.
Bulgaristan Müslümanları Müessesât-ı Dîniyye İdare ve Teşkilâtı Nizamnâmesi , Sofya 1924, s. 3.
Osman Keskioğlu, Bulgaristan’da Türkler , Ankara 1985, s. 83-95.
Bilal N. Şimşir, Bulgaristan Türkleri: 1878-1985 , Ankara 1986, s. 63-65.
Osman Kılıç, Kader Kurbanı , Ankara 1989, s. 80-81, 89-90.
Haşim Ertürk – Rasim Eminoğlu, Bulgaristan’da Türk-İslâm Eğitim ve Kültür Müesseseleri ve Medresetü’n-Nüvvâb , İstanbul 1993, s. 32, 42-44, 47-48.
Vedat S. Ahmed, Medresetü’n-Nüvvâb ve Eğitim Sistemi (lisans tezi, 2000), Bulgaristan Başmüftülüğü Sofya Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü, s. 21-24, 32-44, 46-63.
İbrahim Hatiboğlu, “XX. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Bulgaristan Müslümanları Arasında Dinî Islâhat Çabaları”, Balkanlar’da İslâm Medeniyeti Milletlerarası Sempozyumu Tebliğleri , İstanbul 2002, s. 350, 353-355, 361-362.
a.mlf., “Bulgaristan Türkleri Arasında İstikrar Arayışları: XX. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısına Eleştirel Bir Bakış”, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi , IV/14, İstanbul 2002, s. 71.
Medeniyet , sy. 1-375, Filibe 1933 – Sofya 1943, tür.yer.
Ahmed Hikmet, “Açık Söz”, a.e. , sy. 14, Sofya 1934, s. 3.
a.mlf., “Bulgaristan Müslümanlarının Vaziyeti”, a.e. , sy. 59 (1935), s. 3.
Sadi Bayram – Hayreddin Ersal, “Bulgaristan’da Müftü Yardımcısı Yetiştiren Bir Vakıf Kuruluşu: Nüvvap”, VD , XX (1988), s. 415-419.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 344-346 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.