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MENFAAT Skip to content Bir aynın kullanılmasıyla meydana gelen fayda, iyi olana ulaştıran şey, zararın karşıtı anlamında İslâm hukuk terimi.
Sözlükte “fayda” anlamındaki nef‘ kökünden türeyen bir isim olan menfaat (çoğulu menâfi‘) “fayda, hayır, insanı iyi olana ulaştıran şey” mânasına gelir. Kelime dinî literatürde bu sözlük anlamı düzeyinde maslahat ile eş anlamlı olarak yaygın bir kullanım kazandığı gibi ayrıca bir hukuk terimini de ifade etmektedir. Menfaatin Kur’an’da, hadislerde ve genel dinî literatürdeki kullanımı sözlük mânası çerçevesindedir. Kelimenin temel anlamı olan fayda, en soyut şekliyle “bir hazzın elde edilmesi veya bir zarar ve elemin uzaklaştırılması” anlamlarını içerir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, VI, 146; İzzeddin İbn Abdüsselâm, I, 12; M. Saîd Ramazan el-Bûtî, s. 26). Maslahatın karşıtı mefsedet, menfaatin karşıtı da mazarrat olup bu iki kelime birbirinin yerine kullanılır (bk. MEFSEDET). Bu kelimeler arasındaki anlam düzeyinde dikkate alınabilecek tek fark, objektif ve teorik fayda ve zararları belirtme noktasında maslahat ve mefsedetin, sübjektif ve pratik fayda ve zararları belirtme hususunda da menfaat ve mazarratın daha öncelikli olarak kullanılmasıdır. “Def‘-i mefsedet celb-i menâfi‘den evlâdır” genel fıkıh prensibinde (Mecelle, md. 30) menfaat kelimesi en genel anlamda faydayı ifade etmektedir. Bu kural klasik kaynaklarda, “Def‘-i mefsedet celb-i mesâlihten evlâdır” formunda geçerken Mecelle’de maslahat kelimesinin yerine menfaat kelimesi tercih edilmiştir.
İslâm hukukunda hakların özü genel kabul gören bir teoriye göre maslahat ve menfaattir. İslâm hukukçuları, maslahat ve menfaati hukukun temeline yerleştirip bütün şer‘î hükümlerin kulların maslahat ve menfaatini gerçekleştirme amacına yönelik olduğunu savunurlar. İslâm hukukunun özü ve gayeleri gibi tartışma konuları, menfaat kelimesinden çok artık teknik terim haline gelen maslahat kavramı altında ele alınan geniş bir muhtevaya sahip olmuştur (bk. MASLAHAT). Maslahatın bu alanlarda kazandığı teknik anlamı ortaya koymak üzere yapılan tanımlarda dahi sürekli biçimde menfaat kelimesinden yararlanılmakla birlikte (Gazzâlî, s. 174; Fahreddin er-Râzî, VI, 146; İbn Emîru Hâc, III, 142) menfaat kelimesi sözlük anlamı düzeyinde kalmıştır. Menfaatin teknik bir terim olarak özellikle mal varlığı hukuku alanında kullanıldığı görülür.
Hukuk terimi olarak menfaat, bir evde oturmak veya ata binmekte olduğu gibi bir malın (ayn) kullanılmasıyla meydana gelen faydayı belirtir (Ali Haydar, I, 227-228; Elmalılı, III, 413). Mâlikî âlimi İbn Arafe’nin, “elde edildiği şeye (ayn) izâfe edilmedikçe başka bir yolla kendisine işaret edilmesi -aklen- mümkün olmayan ve izâfe edildiği bu şeyin de bir parçası olmayan şey” diye yaptığı tanım da bu doğrultudadır. Rassâ‘ bu tarifi açıklarken elbiseyi giymek ve hayvana binmek örneklerini verir (Şerḥu Ḥudûdi İbn ʿArafe, s. 396). Şâfiî müellifi Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî’ye göre menfaat, aynların hey’et ve şekil olarak onlardan istenilen faydanın elde edilmesine müsait ve hazır durumda bulunmasıdır (Taḫrîcü’l-fürûʿ, s. 225). Meselâ ev, çatısı sayesinde soğuk ve sıcaktan korumaya müsait ve hazırdır. Duvarlarıyla da içindekileri hırsız ve gaspçılardan korur. Bu şekilde kendisini diğerlerinden ayıran ve elde edilmek istenen amaca ulaşılması için hazır olan hey’etleri (arazları) bir aynın menfaatidir.
İslâm hukukçuları bir ayndan faydalanılması, bir eşyanın kullanılması gibi yollarla elde edildiğini düşündükleri istifadeye menfaat diyerek ona bir varlık atfederler. Bu tasarımda eşya iki ayrı varlıktan oluşur. Bunlar eşyanın kendisini, başka bir deyişle arazlardan ayrı olarak cevherini ifade eden ayn ve bu aynın kullanımıyla sağlanan ya da eşyanın istifadeye hazır sûreti (hey’et) olarak görülen menfaatlerdir. Menfaatin bu şekilde algılanması noktasında fıkıhtaki dört ana mezhep ortak yaklaşıma sahiptir. Bu düşünüş modeli atomcu evren anlayışı ile şekillenmiş bir eşya tasarımı olup kelâmdaki cevher-i fert teorisiyle de uyum içindedir (bk. MAL).
İslâm hukukçularının esas aldığı atomcu anlayışa göre eşya cevher ve arazlardan oluşur. Ayn eşyanın cevheri, menfaat ise arazlarıdır (Debûsî, II, 779, 1071; Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ, XI, 80; İbnü’l-Hümâm, IX, 356). Genel anlamda arazlar eşyanın rengi, biçimi, hareketi, bulunduğu durum, şekli vb. sıfatları olduğundan bir aynın kullanılması ve ondan istifade edilmesi de kategori olarak fiil ve hareketten ibarettir. Fiil ve hareket ise bir arazdır. Dolayısıyla menfaat denilen şey arazdır (Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, s. 226). Ata binmek, evde oturmak, bir kimse için iş yapmak gibi hareket ve fiiller arazdır. Ayn üzerinde gerçekleşen bu hareket ve fiil, arazlara ait genel özellikler doğrultusunda peş peşe iki anda varlığını sürdüremeyip varlığa geldiklerinin hemen arkasından yok olur (Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ, XI, 78, 80; XV, 74; el-Uṣûl, I, 56) ve tekrar yaratılır (Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, s. 225). Dolayısıyla menfaatlerin varlıklarının devamı olmadığı için bunlar ma‘dûm kategorisindedir (Şâtıbî, III, 164; İbnü’l-Hümâm, IX, 60; Leknevî, I, 63; Ali Haydar, I, 228).
Menfaatin Kapsamı. Menfaat terimi sadece eşyanın aynına bağlı menfaatleri içermeyip daha geniş kapsama sahiptir ve başlıca üç ayrı türü içine alır. 1. Malların menfaatleri. Elbiseyi giymek, evde oturmak, kölenin hizmeti gibi bir malın kullanılması ve kendisinden istifade edilmesi gibi. 2. Bud‘ menfaati. Bu, nikâh akdiyle erkeğin kadından cinsel yönden yararlanması anlamınadır. 3. Hür kişinin bedeninin menfaati (Nevevî, V, 13-14). Menfaat terimi genellikle ayn-menfaat ayırımı bağlamında gündeme getirildiği için eşyanın aynının menfaati bunun en çok bilinen türüdür. İkinci olarak evlilik içinde erkeğin kadından cinsel yönden istifade etmesi de bir tür menfaat şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir (Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, s. 192-196; Şirbînî, III, 183). Bu düşünceden hareketle özellikle Şâfiî, Hanbelî ve Mâlikî doktrinlerinde nikâh akdinin konusunun menfaat yani cinsel faydalanma olduğu düşünülür ve nikâh akdi, konusu menfaat sayılan akidlerin prototipi kabul edilen kira akdine benzetilir (Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, s. 192-196; Hattâb, IV, 224). Bir eşyadan faydalanılması bir fiil ve hareketle olduğu gibi eşler arasındaki istifade de en genel kategori olarak fiildir. Hanefîler ise nikâh akdinin konusunun menfaat terimi kapsamında olduğunu kabul etmekle birlikte bunu eşyaya bağlı menfaatlerden ayırmak için “müt‘a” terimini tercih eder. Buna göre nikâh akdi “milkü’l-müt‘a” doğurur (İbn Nüceym, III, 85; İbn Âbidîn, III, 3; ayrıca bk. MİLK).
Menfaatin üçüncü türü olan hür kişinin emeği ise genellikle yapma borçları, yani bir kişinin akidle belirli bir işi yapmayı borçlanmasında görülür. Kara Avrupası hukuk sisteminde bir kişinin diğerine karşı bir şeyi yapmayı borçlandığı sözleşmeler bir borç ilişkisi, karşı taraftan bir şey yapmasını isteme hakkına sahip olan kişinin bu yetkisi de alacak olarak nitelendiği halde İslâm hukukunun bu ilişkiye bakışı farklıdır. Farklılık esas olarak fıkhın bu ilişkide yapma borcunu bir menfaat olarak nitelemesindedir. Buna göre eşyanın aynından istifade etmek menfaat olduğu gibi bir kişinin emeğinden istifade etmek de menfaattir. Zira emek de neticede bir fiil ve harekettir. Bu bakımdan bir kişinin diğerine karşı bir hizmetini konu edinen akid “hizmette bulunacak kişinin menfaatlerine mâlik olma” anlamı taşımaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu akid eşyanın menfaatlerine mâlik olma sonucunu doğuran kira akdi kategorisindedir. Nitekim kira akdi İslâm hukukunda aynî hak doğuran bir işlem olup eşyanın menfaati (menâfiu’l-a‘yân) üzerinde meydana gelen kira (icâre-i ayn) ve insan fertlerinin menfaati (menâfiu benî âdem) üzerinde meydana gelen kira (icâre-i âdemî) olmak üzere iki kısımdır (Muhammed b. Ahmed ed-Desûkī, IV, 2; Ali Haydar, I, 672, 674). Öte yandan bazı doktrinlerde kira akdi, ayndeyn kavram ikilisi şablonu doğrultusunda “icâre-i ayn” ve “icare-i zimme” şeklinde ikiye ayrılmaktadır. İcâre-i ayn belirli bir evi kiralamak gibi belirli ve somut bir aynın menfaatleriyle ilgili iken icâre-i zimme muayyen olmayıp vasfı belirlenen bir şeyin menfaatleriyle alâkalıdır. Bir kişiyi belirli nitelikteki hayvanla bir yere taşıma menfaati gibi ki Şâfiîler bu tür menfaatlerin zimmet borcu olduğunu düşünmektedir (İbn Hacer el-Heytemî, V, 55). Bu noktada hak sahibinin yetkisi milkü’l-menfaadan çok deyn üzerindeki alacak hakkı niteliğindedir.
Bu kapsama sahip menfaatler üzerindeki yetkileri ifade ederken menfaat teriminin yanında “intifâ” terimi de kullanılır. Buna göre menfaatler üzerinde kurulan bir yetki, sahibine sadece o menfaatten ferdî olarak yararlanma imkânı veriyor ve bunun dışında hukukî tasarruflarda bulunmasını mümkün kılmıyorsa burada hakkın konusunun intifâ olduğundan bahsedilir. Bu tür yetkiler de “milkü’l-intifâ” tabiriyle ifade edilerek milkü’l-menfaa teriminden ayrılır. Hanefî doktrininde ise böyle bir ayırıma gidilmediğinden milkü’l-intifâ tabiri kullanılmaz.
İslâm hukukçuları, menfaatin kapsamını bu şekilde belirlemekle birlikte bazı eşyanın gelir ve semerelerinin de menfaatin kapsamına girip girmediğini tartışmışlardır. Menfaat araz cinsinden olduğu için “menfaatlerden elde edilen kira geliri gibi hukukî ve tabii semereler” mânasında kullanılan galle teknik anlamda menfaatin dışında kalmaktadır. Zira bunlar ayn niteliğindedir. Ancak bir kişinin mâlik olduğu menfaatten gelir elde etmesi mümkün olduğu için bu durumda menfaat teriminin kapsamı genişleyerek zaman zaman menfaatten elde edilen ayn niteliğindeki gelirleri de kapsamı içine almıştır.
Menfaat teriminin kapsamı, olumsuz muhtevalı menfaatler denilebilecek bir eşyanın belirli bir şekilde kullanılmaması yükümlülüğünü de içerir. Özellikle irtifak haklarında bir akar mâliki diğer akar mâliki ile arazisindeki binayı kaldırıp orada artık inşaat yapmama hususunda akid icra etse bu sözleşmeyle hak sahibi diğer arazinin belirli menfaatlerine mâlik olur (İbn Kudâme, IV, 326; Buhûtî, Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ, III, 413; Hacak, İslâm Hukukunda İrtifak Hakları, s. 74). Buradan hareketle İslâm hukukunda yapma borçları gibi yapmama borçlarının da genel tür olarak aynî hak bağlamında ele alındığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Menfaatin Hukukî Niteliği ve Hükümleri. Eşyanın atomcu anlayış doğrultusunda tasvirinde menfaatlerin ma‘dûm olduğu noktasına kadar İslâm hukukçuları ana hatlarıyla aynı düşünse de bu noktadan sonra Hanefîler’in ve diğer üç doktrinin menfaatin niteliği konusundaki görüşleri birbirinden farklıdır. Hanefîler’in tasarımı, temelde araz sayılan menfaatlerin cevher olan ayndan farklı olduğu ilkesi üzerine kuruludur. Hanefîler, bu anlamda bir eşyanın malî değerinin yalnızca aynda bulunduğunu belirterek menfaatlerin kendi başlarına var olan aynlar gibi hukukî değer taşımadığını düşünür. Zira menfaatler ma‘dûmdur. Var olmadan önce bir şeyin malî değerinden ve mal olmasından bahsedilemez (Serahsî, el-Uṣûl, I, 56). Ayrıca menfaatlerin ma‘dûm olması ve ardışık iki anda varlığını koruyamaması (bekā vasfını taşımaması) dolayısıyla ihraz edilmeleri de mümkün görülmemiştir. İhrazı imkânsız bir şeyin hukukî değer taşıması ise düşünülemez (Ali Haydar, I, 795). Bununla birlikte menfaatin, kira gibi bazı akidlere konu olması durumunda toplumun ihtiyacı ve zaruret dolayısıyla mal kabul edilerek aynî hakların konusu olması mümkün görülür (a.g.e., I, 781, 795). Akid söz konusu olduğunda menfaate mevcut hükmü verilir ya da kendinden faydalanılan ayn genel ihtiyaç ve zaruret sebebiyle menfaat yerine konulur (Serahsî, el-Uṣûl, I, 56). Bu genel çerçeveden hareketle Hanefîler’in temel ilkesi, cevherin arazdan üstün oluşuna paralel biçimde aynın menfaatten üstün olduğu ve arada mutlak bir eşitsizliğin bulunduğudur (Debûsî, II, 1071; Ali Haydar, I, 671).
Hanefîler dışındaki mezhep ulemâsının da atomcu düşünce doğrultusunda şekillenmiş olan menfaat algılayışında da menfaatler arazdır ve her an yenilenir. Ancak bu mantıkî izah örf ve hukuk alanında terkedilip arazların mevcut olmadığı yargısı işletilmez. Zira bunlar hukukî ve iktisadî planda malî değere sahiptir. Dolayısıyla menfaatler gerçek anlamda değilse bile hükmen mal niteliğindedir (Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, s. 225; Zerkeşî, II, 402). Hanefî mezhebi dışındaki üç doktrin bir eşyanın menfaatine kural olarak ayn hükmünü vermiş ve ayn ile menfaat arasında bir eşitsizlik ve fark düşünmemiştir. Bu sadece akidlerle sınırlı tutulmayıp menfaat her bakımdan ayna denk kabul edilmiştir. Kural olarak ayn üzerinde gerçekleşen hukukî işlemlerin tamamı menfaatler üzerinde de gerçekleşebilir. Ayrıca menfaat üzerinde kurulu olan aynî haklar da aynî hakların iç ve dış muhtevasına sahip, mutlak ve inhisar ifade eden bir hak olarak düşünülür (Karâfî, I, 331-332).
Hanefîler ve cumhur arasında ayn-menfaat ayırımı ve menfaatin hukukî niteliği konusundaki bu görüş ayrılığı hukukun pek çok alanında önemli sonuçlar doğurmuştur. Bunların başlıcaları şöyle sıralanabilir: 1. Menfaatler tek başına ayndan bağımsız olarak hukukî işlemlere konu edildiğinde üzerinde milkü’l-menfaa ve milkü’l-intifâ niteliğindeki sınırlı aynî haklar kurulabilir. Bu işlemler temelde kira, vasiyet, vakıf ve iâredir. Ancak Hanefîler, menfaatin malî değerden yoksun ve ayndan daha düşük seviyede bulunduğunu tasarladığından menfaatlerin hukukî işlemlere konu olmasını sınırlı şartlarda kabul etmişlerdir. Buna göre Hanefîler’de menfaat üzerindeki işlemler ve bu işlemlerin prototipi olan kira, akid yapıldığı anda akdin konusu olan menfaat ma‘dûm olacağından kıyasa, yani mezhebin genel hükümleri ve akıl yürütme biçimine aykırı görülmüştür (Kâsânî, IV, 173; Ali Haydar, I, 672, 689). Bu yüzden genelde kira istihsânen câiz sayılmıştır. Akid yapıldığı anda ma‘dûm olan menfaat kiralayanın istifade fiiliyle elde edilmekte ve anbean meydana gelmektedir. Dolayısıyla kiralayan menfaate, kiraya veren de ücrete anbean mâlik olur (Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ, III, 52; Kâsânî, IV, 201). Menfaatlerin bir an elde edildikten sonra yok olması ve tekrar yaratılması sebebiyle kira akdi de araz konumundaki menfaatlerin var olduğu anlarda söz konusu olmakta, arazlar bir sonraki anda yok olduklarında kira akdi de ortadan kalkmaktadır. Bundan dolayı kira akdi menfaatlerin her varlığa gelişinde yeniden in‘ikad eden, sürekli yenilenen bir akid zinciri şeklinde tasavvur edilmiştir (Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ, X, 205; XV, 75, 96, 136; İbnü’l-Hümâm, IX, 61, 70-71). Diğer doktrinlerde ise menfaat kural olarak ayn seviyesinde ve ona eşit görüldüğünden menfaat üzerindeki işlemlerde ve kurulan haklarda Hanefîler’de rastlanan sınırlamaya gidilmemiştir. Bu özelliğinden dolayı menfaatler üzerindeki akidlerde menfaatler ayn gibi akidle birlikte el değiştirir ve kiralayan kimse menfaatlere tıpkı aynın satımı gibi bir defada mâlik olur. Hukukî işlemlerle menfaat üzerinde kurulan aynî hakların devamlılığı bakımından da iki anlayış arasında ciddi farklar vardır. Çoğunluğa göre belirli bir süreyle sınırlı milkü’l-menfaa tipi yetkilerde hak sahibinin ölümüyle aynî hak kural olarak sona ermeyip vereseye intikal eder. Süre ile sınırlı olarak kurulmuş vasiyette mûsâ leh süre bitmeden öldüğünde milkü’l-menfaa vereseye geçer (Süyûtî, s. 327). Kira akdinde de durum böyledir. Zira kira menfaat üzerinde doğrudan ve bir defada lâzım bir aynî hak doğurur ve bu ayn üzerindeki milk gibi mirasla intikal eder (Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, s. 231-234). Hanefîler’de ise menfaatler akidleri sahih hale getirmek için zarureten mevcut hükmünde sayıldığından akid dışındaki hallerde menfaatin ma‘dûm olduğu ilkesi geçerliliğini sürdürür. Dolayısıyla ayndan ayrı olarak menfaatler mirasla intikal etmez. Menfaat kendisine vasiyette bulunulmuş kişi öldüğünde vasiyetin süresi dolmamış olsa dahi menfaatler onun veresesine geçmez. Bunun gibi kirada taraflardan birinin ölümüyle de akid infisah eder. Kirayı sürekli yenilenen bir akid sayan Hanefîler’in tasarımında ayn mâliki malı üzerinde ortaya çıkmakta olan menfaatleri her an kiraya vermekte, taraflardan birinin ölümüyle bu zincir kopmaktadır (a.g.e., s. 234).
2. Menfaatin niteliği konusunda Hanefîler ve çoğunluk arasındaki anlayış farkı, gasbedilen bir malın menfaatlerinin tazmini hususundaki görüş ayrılığının da temelini oluşturur. Hanefîler’e göre menfaatler ardışık iki anda varlığını koruyamadığı için ma‘dûm olduğundan aslen gasp ve itlâfı mümkün değildir (İbnü’l-Hümâm, IX, 355). Tazmin gerektirecek zararlarda misliyle mukabele nas ve icmâ dolayısıyla gerekli görüldüğü halde ayn menfaate denk kabul edilmemiştir (Serahsî, el-Uṣûl, I, 56; İbnü’l-Hümâm, IX, 356). Şâfiî ve Hanbelî doktrinleri menfaatle ayn arasında hukukî değer noktasında bir ayırım yapmadığı için menfaatlerin tazmin edileceğini savunur (bk. GASP).
3. Hanefî mezhebinde aynın her bakımdan menfaatten daha üstün sayılması ve buna bağlı olarak menfaatlerin hukukî değerinin bulunmadığının kabul edilmesi, menfaatler üzerinde gerçekleşen hukukî işlemlerde ve gaspta gözlemlenen bazı zorlama hükümlerin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olduğu gibi diğer doktrinlerde ayn ve menfaatin birbirinden tamamıyla bağımsız ve birbirine eşit varlıklar olarak ele alınması da aynı şekilde birtakım aşırı hükümlerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu doktrinlerde menfaat bağlı olduğu eşyanın aynından bütünüyle bağımsız bir şekilde tasarlandığı için menfaatler üzerindeki aynî haklar da eşyanın mülkiyetinden tamamen bağımsızlaştırılmıştır. Buna göre meselâ bir evi kiralayan kişi evin menfaatine mâlik olduğundan bu menfaat üzerinde dilediği gibi tasarrufta bulunabilir. Bir aynı satın alan kişi aldığı malı satabileceği gibi bir şeyi kiralayan kimse mâlik olduğu menfaati kiraya verebilir. Öyle ki bir malı kiralayanın onu malın sahibine kiraya vermesi dahi mümkün görülmüştür (Ali b. Süleyman el-Merdâvî, VI, 34; Zekeriyyâ el-Ensârî, Esne’l-meṭâlib, II, 434; Hattâb, V, 417; Şirbînî, III, 492-493). Yine bir malı kiralayan kişiye o mal satılsa veya hibe edilse kira akdi infisah etmez (Ali b. Süleyman el-Merdâvî, VI, 69; Zekeriyyâ el-Ensârî, Esne’l-meṭâlib, II, 434; Buhûtî, Şerḥu Müntehe’l-irâdât, II, 269). Zira burada kişi kira ile menfaate, sonra da satım akdi ya da hibe ile ayna mâlik olmuştur. Bu tasarıma göre anılan iki akdin konuları farklı olduğu için bu işlemde bir sorun görülmemiştir. Hanefîler’in son iki konudaki görüşleri çoğunluğun görüşlerinden farklıdır (İbn Âbidîn, VI, 91; Ali Haydar, I, 736; Bilmen, VI, 173).
Çoğunluğa ait tasarım sonucunda menfaatlerin şüf‘a hakkı gerektirip gerektirmediği, karz, rehin vb. işlemlere konu olup olamayacağı gibi aslında doğrudan eşya ve ayn ile ilgili hükümler menfaatler açısından da tartışılmıştır. Bu tartışmalar zaman zaman Hanefî doktrininde de yapılmıştır. Özellikle Şâfiîler’e göre menfaatlerde ribâ gerçekleşmezken (Nevevî, V, 176) menfaatleri ayndan daha alt seviyede ve malî değerden yoksun gören Hanefî doktrininde bu ilkeye aykırı olarak aynı cins menfaatin değişimi ribâ kuşkusu dolayısıyla kabul edilmemiştir. Buna göre bir evin kiralanmasına karşılık diğer bir evin kiralanması câiz değildir. Zira burada menfaatler aynı cinstendir ve akdin her iki tarafı da tabiatı gereği menfaati ma‘dûm olması sebebiyle peşin verme imkânına sahip değildir. Bu yüzden burada nesîe ribâsı doğduğu düşünülmektedir (İbnü’l-Hümâm, IX, 112-115; İbn Âbidîn, IV, 504).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 131-134 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.