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MEŞK Skip to content Hüsn-i hat, tezhip, mûsiki gibi sanatların eğitim ve öğretiminde takip edilen geleneksel usul.
1/2 Müellif: MUHİTTİN SERİN Bölüme Git
Arapça bir kelime olan meşk, klasik Türk-İslâm sanatlarında bir hocanın talebeye, taklit ederek öğrenmesi için verdiği ders ve örnekler hakkında kulla…
2/2 Müellif: NURİ ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. Türk mûsikisinde meşk, hoca ve talebesinin birlikte çalışmaları suretiyle sözlü eserler ve saz eserleri repertuvarının yüzyıllar boyu nesilden…
Arapça bir kelime olan meşk , klasik Türk-İslâm sanatlarında bir hocanın talebeye, taklit ederek öğrenmesi için verdiği ders ve örnekler hakkında kullanıldığı gibi meşk etmek şeklinde öğretmek ve öğrenmek için yapılan dersi ve alıştırmayı, birlikte çalışmayı da içine almakta olup meşk vermek “ders vermek”, meşk almak ise “ders almak” mânasına gelmektedir.
HAT. Hat eğitim ve öğretiminin, diğer İslâm sanatlarında olduğu gibi geleneksel usul ve kaidelere bağlı kalınarak usta-çırak ilişkisi içinde yürütüldüğü bilinmektedir. Ancak Osmanlı öncesi hat meşk sistemi ve uygulamaları hakkında yeterli bilgi yoktur. İbn Mukle’nin Risâle fi’l-ḫaṭ ve’l-ḳalem adlı eserinde yazı çeşidine göre kalem kalınlıkları, harflerin geometrik yapıları, oranları, kaideleri, isimleri tesbit edilip örnekler verilmiş olmasına rağmen hattatların bu esaslara bağlı kalarak eğitim ve öğretimi sürdürdükleri dışında bir kayıt bulunmamaktadır. Daha sonra İbnü’l-Bevvâb “Kasîde-i Râiyye”sinde harflerin fizikî estetiğini, nisbetlerini, inceliklerini açıklayıp kendi yazı üslûbuyla hattatlara rehber olmuştur. Ardından gelen üstatlar ise Şeyh Hamdullah’a kadar, aklâm-ı sittenin estetik oranlarını belirleyerek yeni bir çığır açan Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî’yi örnek almışlardır. Bu anlayışa göre harflerin oran ve biçimlerinden bahseden “risâle-i kavâid-i hat ve mîzânü’l-hat” gibi adlar altında Arapça, Türkçe ve Farsça pek çok eser yazılmıştır. Kalkaşendî’nin Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ ’sının III. cildinde geniş yer bulan bu gibi konular, Zeynüddin İbnü’s-Sâiğ’in üstatlara rehber olmuş eseri Tuḥfetü üli’l-elbâb fî ṣınâʿati’l-ḫaṭ ve’l-kitâb ’ında da mevcuttur. Ancak bunların nasıl bir meşk usulüyle uygulamaya konulacağına dair açık bilgi yoktur.
Osmanlı döneminde sarayın destek ve himayesiyle büyük ilgi gören hat sanatı, İstanbul’un fethinden günümüze kadar resmî müesseselerde olduğu gibi vakıf kurumlarında da meşk usulüyle yürütülmüştür. Devrin en seçkin üstatları “hâce-i Enderûn-ı Hümâyun, kâtib-i sarây-ı sultânî” gibi unvanlarla başta Topkapı Sarayı’ndaki Enderun Mektebi, Galata Sarayı, Muzıka-yi Hümâyun gibi kurumlarda kabiliyetli gençlere hat meşkedip bu sanatın gelişmesinde ve ekol sahibi hattatların yetişmesinde büyük rol oynamışlardır. Osmanlı sultan ve şehzadeleri de saray geleneğine uyarak disiplinli bir sanat eğitimi alır, ilgi duydukları şiir, mûsiki hat vb. sanat dallarında iyi bir seviye elde ederlerdi. Nitekim Hâfız Osman gibi ünlü hattatlar şehzade ve sultanlara hat hocalığı yapmış, onlardan himaye ve destek görmüştür.
Sıbyan mektepleri programlarında yetenekli olanları geliştirmek, güzel yazı yazmayı öğretmek maksadıyla çocuklara yazı meşki dersi de yer almıştır. I. Abdülhamid’in inşa ettirdiği mektebin vakfiyesiyle I. Mahmud’un annesi tarafından Galata’da yaptırılmış olan mektebin vakfiyesinde yer alan hükümlerden ilk öğretimde yazı meşkinin önemli görüldüğü, mektep hocasının bu görevi yerine getirecek niteliklere sahip olmaması halinde meşk için ayrı bir hocanın mektebe gelerek çocuklara yazı meşkettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Hüsn-i hat meşki Tanzimat devrinde ibtidâî, rüşdî, idâdî mekteplerinin programlarında da mevcuttu.
1908’den sonra ise medreselerin programlarında sülüs, nesih, rik‘a, nesta‘lik yazılarının zorunlu olarak öğretilmesi yer almış, ayrıca Evkaf Nâzırı Şeyhülislâm Hayri Efendi tarafından hattat yetiştirmek maksadıyla Medresetü’l-hattâtîn adlı bir mektep açılmıştır. Burada hattın her çeşidi devrin meşhur üstatları tarafından meşkedilmiştir. Bu resmî eğitim kurumlarının dışında hat üstatlarının kendi evlerinde veya zenginlerin konaklarında talebelerden ücret almadan yazı meşkettikleri bilinmektedir. Divanî, celî divanî ve tuğra gibi türler ise daha çok Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da meşkedilmiştir. Yazı öğreten hattatların kurumlardan günlük veya aylık ücret aldıkları, II. Bayezid’in meşk hocası ve saray hattatı Şeyh Hamdullah’a 30, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devri saray ehl-i hiref teşkilâtı kâtipler bölüğünde görev yapan Ahmed Karahisârî’ye ise 14 akçe yevmiye verildiği yolundaki kayıtlardan öğrenilmektedir (TSMA, nr. D. 9706/4).
Bazı külliyelerde “meşkhâne” veya “yazı odası” adıyla hat meşkedilen bir hücre bulunduğu, Amasya Beyazıt Külliyesi’nde “dârütta‘lîm” ismiyle hat meşkine mahsus bir odanın mevcudiyetinden anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca Hattat Abdullah Zühdü ve Filibeli Ârif efendilerin Nuruosmaniye Medresesi, Sâmi Efendi’nin Kemankeş Mustafa Paşa Medresesi meşk odasında yıllarca hat meşkettikleri ve pek çok hattat yetiştirdikleri kaydedilmektedir.
Osmanlı hat eğitim ve öğretiminde üstatların örnek yazılar ve tâlimler yanında hurufat ve mürekkebatı gösteren meşk murakka‘ları (örnek meşk albümü) hazırlamaları da bir gelenekti. Eğitim ve öğretim kurumlarının İstanbul dışına da yayılması ve matbaanın yaygınlaşmasından sonra çok sayıda öğrenciye tek tek meşk yazmanın güçlüğü sebebiyle matbu meşk mecmuaları ortaya çıkmış, böylece tarihî ve tecrübî hat estetiği bir taraftan korunurken diğer taraftan yaygınlaştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi hat hocası Mehmed İzzet ve Dârüşşafaka hat hocası Hâfız Tahsin efendilerin hazırladığı, sülüs, nesih, nesta‘lik, divanî, celî divanî, rik‘a yazılarını içine alan Hutût-ı Osmâniyye ile (İstanbul 1296, 1306, 1309) Meşk Mecmuası (İstanbul 1306) bunlardandır. Ayrıca İsmâil Zühdü’nün Sülüs, Nesih Meşk Mecmuası (İstanbul 1294), Mehmed İzzet Efendi’nin Rehber-i Sıbyân ’ı (İstanbul 1297) en çok tutulan meşk mecmualarıdır. XX. yüzyılda hat sanatına duyulan ilgi sebebiyle Kahire, Bağdat ve Cezayir gibi merkezlerde de Osmanlı hat üslûbunu sürdüren üstatların hazırladığı meşk mecmuaları yayımlanmıştır. Son yıllarda Muhittin Serin’in neşre hazırladığı Şevki Efendi’nin Sülüs ve Nesih Meşk Murakkaı (İstanbul 1996), Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin Sülüs Nesih Meşk Murakkaı (İstanbul 1996), Hulûsî Efendi’nin Ta‘lik Meşk Murakkaı (İstanbul 1999), Halim Efendi’nin Nesih, Dîvânî, Celî Dîvânî, Rik’a Meşk Murakkaı (İstanbul 2000) ve İslâm Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA) tarafından yayımlanan Mehmet Şevki Efendi’nin Sülüs-Nesih Hat Meşkleri (İstanbul 1999) gibi meşk albümleri, Osmanlı hat üstatlarının en güzel yazılarından seçilmiş olduğu için Türkiye’de ve dünyada çok ilgi görmüştür. XV. yüzyıldan günümüze kadar İstanbul hat sanatında İslâm âleminin meşk merkezi olma özelliğini korumuş, Kahire, Bağdat ve Şam gibi merkezlerde de Osmanlı üslûbu örnek alınarak meşk uygulamaları yapılmıştır.
Hat öğretiminde kendi kendine yetişme usulü, hataya açık ve verimsiz olduğu gibi uzun bir zamana yayılacağından benimsenmeyen bir yoldur. Ayrıca sanat yeteneğinin kısa zamanda disiplin altına alınması ve gelişmesi, geleneksel usulde yetişmiş bir hat üstadının meşk usulü eğitimiyle yakından ilgili olduğunu Hz. Ali’ye izâfe edilen şu söz ortaya koymaktadır: “Güzel yazı bizzat hocanın öğretişinde (meşk) gizlidir; olgunlaşması çok yazmakla, devamı da İslâm dinini yaşamakla olur.”
XV. yüzyıldan günümüze kadar yapılan uygulamalara göre yetenekli bir talebe müfredat ve mürekkebat meşklerini ikmal ettikten sonra yazı öğrenimini tamamlar. Öğrenciye seçilecek yazı çeşidine göre eliften yâ harfine kadar teker teker harflerin hendesesi, oranları ve şekilleri bizzat hoca eliyle yazılarak öğretildikten sonra bâ ile elif, bâ ile bâ, bâ ile cîm … bâ ile yâ, ardından cîm ile elif, cîm ile bâ, cîm ile cîm … cîm ile yâ tarzında bir yol takip edilerek şekil bakımından birbirine benzeyen harflerden birer örnek yazmak suretiyle bunların teker teker diğer harflerle bitişmeleri ve oranları gösterilir. Yazı öğreniminde bu safhaya “müfredat meşki” denir. Yalnız sülüs-nesih yazıya, “Rabbi yessir ve lâ tüassir rabbi temmim bi’l-hayr” duasının yazılmasıyla başlanır. Henüz harf bünyelerini meşketmemiş bir öğrencinin satır nizamında bir cümle yazması çok güç olduğundan bu suretle daha ilk derste talebenin yeteneği, sabrı ve hevesi denenir, birçok defa yazdığı halde hocanın istediği seviyeyi elde edemeyen talebelerin kabiliyetleri ölçülerek yetersizlerin kendiliğinden elenmeleri sağlanırdı. Hocaların meşk örneğini talebenin önünde yazması ve satır altına “sa‘y” (çalış) işaretini koyması esas olmakla beraber talebe bu safhada başka üstatlar tarafından hazırlanmış meşk mecmualarından da istifade edebilirdi.
Öğrenci bir hafta sonraki derse kadar üstadının meşkini taklit ederek alıştırmalar yapar ve hocaya göstermek üzere bir meşk hazırlar. Hoca gördüğü kusurları, beğenmediği harfleri, harf nisbetlerini, kaidelerini, kalemin akışını tarif ederek talebe meşkinin altına yeniden yazar. Buna “harf çıkartma” denir. Harf şekillerini daha iyi açıklamak için kâse, tekne, küp, göz, baş, ağız, zülfe gibi teşbihlerle izahat verilmesi, talebenin şekilleri zihnine daha çabuk yerleştirmesine ve taklit etmesine yardımcı olur. Talebe hocanın bu tashihlerini dikkate alarak aynı meşki tekrar çalışır ve ertesi derse getirir. Eğer hoca yine harflerde bir bozukluk görürse tekrar meşk altına çıkartma yapar veya talebenin meşkinde beğendiği satırın altını ve üstünü kalemiyle çizer ki buna da “kaftan giydirme” adı verilir. Ayrıca kendi yazısının altına koyduğu sa‘y işaretini talebe yazısının altına da yazıp takdirlerini belirtir. Böylece her ders öğrenildiğine kanaat getirildikten sonra diğer örneğe geçilir. Harfler ve iki harfin birbirine bitişmiş şekilleri meşkedilince hoca sülüs-nesihte, “Temmeti’l-hurûf bi-avnillâhi’l-meliki’r-raûf” (Allah’ın yardımıyla harfler tamamlandı) ibaresini, nesta‘likte ise Farsça “Çün halâsî zi-müfredât âmed / Vakt-i meşk-i mürekkebât âmed” (Müfredat tamamlanınca mürekkebat meşkinin vakti geldi) beytini ilk meşk olarak yazar. Mürekkebat meşki yazı öğreniminde zevkli fakat en güç safhadır. Çünkü her harfin ve kelimenin cümle içinde ve satır nizamında aldığı ayrı bir şekil, satıra mahsus bir bünyesi vardır. Talebe yazının kompozisyon kurallarını ve tertibini bu safhada yapacağı çalışmalarla meşkederek öğrenir.
Mürekkebat meşkinde ekseriya sülüs-nesihte Ḳaṣîdetü’l-Bürʾe , Elif Kasidesi , Ḳaṣîdetü’l-Bürde , nesta‘likte Molla Câmî’nin Besmele Kasidesi veya Hâkānî Mehmed Bey’in Hilye ’sinden seçme beyitler yazılması âdet olmuştur. Mürekkebat meşklerini tekrar ederek sanat melekesini geliştiren talebeye hoca örneksiz metinler verip yeni terkipler yaptırır. Düzenli biçimde çalışan bir talebe üç dört yılda meşklerini tamamlayarak icâzet almaya hak kazanır. Bir üstattan yazının usul ve kaidelerini meşkedip icâzet almak “me’zun olmak”, yani hat sanatını icra ve imza atma yetkisine hak kazanmaktır. Bunu belirtmek üzere hattatların verdiği izin belgesine “icâzetnâme” denir. İcâzet alacak seviyeye erişen talebe hocası tarafından seçilen eski üstatlardan birinin kıtasını taklit ederek yeniden yazar. Bu onun kazandığı hüneri gösterir. İcâzetnâmenin bazan bir murakka‘, hilye veya hattat şeceresini gösteren bir mecmua şeklinde hazırlanmış olanları da vardır. Hattat imzaları genellikle “ketebe” kelimesiyle başladığından imza atmaya “ketebe koyma” da denir. Ketebe kelimesi yerine yazının mahiyetine göre “nemakahû, harrerehû, rakamehû, sevvedehû, nesehahû, satarehû, kalledehû” tabirleri yanında “meşşekahû” ibaresi de kullanılmıştır. Tezhip sanatında ise meşk uygulaması daha farklı bir seyir takip eder (bk. TEZHİP ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. D. 9706/4.
İstanbul Müftülüğü Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, nr. 1780.
Müstakimzâde, Tuhfe , s. 625.
Amasya Târihi , I, 128.
İlmiyye Salnâmesi , s. 687.
Mehmed İzzet v.dğr., Dârüşşafaka, Türkiye’de İlk Halk Mektebi , İstanbul 1927, s. 88.
Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 192-194.
Hüseyin Atay, Osmanlılarda Yüksek Din Eğitimi , İstanbul 1983, s. 202, 234.
Muhittin Serin, Hattat Şeyh Hamdullah , İstanbul 1992, s. 30.
a.mlf., Hat Sanatı ve Meşhur Hattatlar , İstanbul 2003, s. 15, 296, 298-299.
M. Uğur Derman, “Hattat”, DİA , XVI, 494-496.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 372-374 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MÛSİKİ. Türk mûsikisinde meşk, hoca ve talebesinin birlikte çalışmaları suretiyle sözlü eserler ve saz eserleri repertuvarının yüzyıllar boyu nesilden nesile intikalini sağlamış bir eğitim ve öğretim yöntemidir. XIX. asrın ilk çeyreğine kadar Türk mûsikisi öğretimi tamamen bu sisteme dayalı olarak devam etmiş, daha sonraları Batı etkisiyle kurulan konservatuvar vb. mûsiki kurumlarında da meşk kısmen uygulanmış olup günümüzde de belirli ölçülerde sürmektedir.
Meşk metodunun en büyük faydası talebenin bir eseri, bir çalgıyı, herhangi bir mûsiki tekniğini ve icrasını hocasının tarz ve üslûbuyla öğrenerek “tavır” denen o ekolü devam ettirmesi olmuştur. “Eser geçme” tabirinin de kullanıldığı meşkte mûsiki eserleri hoca tarafından seslendirilir, talebeye usulüyle birlikte bölüm bölüm veya bütünüyle defalarca tekrar edilerek ezberletilirdi. Burada eserin herhangi bir notadan öğrenilmesi söz konusu olmadığından hâfızanın çok önemli rolü bulunuyordu. Ayrıca eserlerin usul vurularak öğretilmesi usulün öğrenilmesi yanında meşki kolaylaştıran ve sağlamlaştıran bir tekniktir.
Bir sözlü mûsiki eserinin meşki şu şekilde yürütülürdü: Önce geçilecek eserin güftesi talebeye yazdırılır, üzerinde gerektiği kadar durularak doğru telaffuzu ve mânasının anlaşılması sağlanırdı. Parçanın usulü eser icra edilmeden önce birkaç defa vurulurken talebe de buna katılır, böylece parçanın ritmi yerleşmiş olurdu. Ardından usul eşliğinde eser hoca tarafından okunup talebeye tekrar ettirilerek kısım kısım meşkedilir, belirli bir başarı sağlanınca bir bütün halinde talebenin hâfızasına yerleştirilinceye kadar defalarca okutturulurdu. Parçanın bu ilk meşkinden sonra öğrenciye eseri gelecek derse kadar tekrar etmemesi tembih edilirdi. Bu uygulama talebenin kendi başına esere ilâve yapmasını ve besteyi bozmasını önlemek için gerekli ve önemlidir. Bir hafta sonraki derste eser üzerinde talebenin yanlışları veya bazı tereddütleri varsa bunlar giderilinceye kadar eser tekrar ettirilerek meşk tamamlanırdı.
Mûsikişinaslar meşke kabul edecekleri talebelerde mûsiki kabiliyeti yanında ses güzelliği, iyi bir mûsiki kulağıyla ritim duygusu ararlardı. Mehmed Esad Efendi Atrabü’l-âsâr adlı eserinde XVII. yüzyılın bestekâr, hânende ve mûsiki hocası Na‘ne Ahmed Çelebi’den söz ederken onun talebe seçimine çok önem verdiğini ve mûsikinin inceliklerine vâkıf olmayanları meşklerine kabul etmediğini anlatır. İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal de Hoş Sadâ ’da Hacı Ârif Bey’in herhangi bir eseri öğrencisine en fazla on beş defa tekrar ettiğini, sonuç alamadığında ise artık kendisiyle meşgul olamayacağını söylediğini ifade eder.
Meşk süresi talebenin yeteneğiyle ilgiliyse de bu uygulama sabır gerektiren zahmetli bir iş olduğundan genellikle uzun sürerdi. Meşke başlamada belli bir yaş söz konusu değildir. Çok küçük yaşta başlatılan meşkler yanında ileri yaşlarda da bu usul kullanılmıştır. Sadece hoca ve talebenin karşılıklı çalışmaları dışında birçok talebenin katılımıyla sürdürülen toplu meşkler de vardı.
Meşk aldığı üstadın veya onun hocasının meşhur üstatlardan olmasının meşk alan kimsenin mûsikişinaslar arasındaki itibarında etkin rolü vardır. Nitekim Mehmed Suphi Ezgi’nin tambur hocası Kozyatağı’ndaki Rifâî Tekkesi şeyhi Halim Efendi, onun hocası da Kuyumcu Oskiyam olup Oskiyam’ın hocasının III. Selim’e tambur öğreten Tanbûrî İzak olduğu göz önüne alınırsa Suphi Ezgi’nin İzak’a kadar uzanan klasik tambur tavrının bir temsilcisi sıfatıyla önemi daha iyi anlaşılır.
Kaynaklarda meşk sisteminin başlangıcıyla ilgili kesin bilgilere rastlamak mümkün değildir. Osmanlı toplumunda mûsiki öğretiminin başta saray olmak üzere ev, konak, cami, tekke ve kahvehane gibi mekânlarda yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Sarayda mûsiki eğitimi ve öğretimi için XVI. yüzyılda özel odalar tahsis edilmişti. IV. Murad döneminde 1046 (1636) yılında bu faaliyet Seferli Koğuşu’na nakledilmiştir. Mûsiki eğitiminin saray içinde görevli mûsikişinaslar tarafından verilmesi esas olmakla beraber saray dışından mûsiki hocası getirilerek de meşk yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Harem-i Hümâyun’daki câriyelerin saray içinde veya dışında özel hocalardan meşk aldıkları bilinmektedir. 1635’te sarayda mûsiki öğrenmeye başlayan Evliya Çelebi, burada mûsiki öğretiminin yapıldığı ve fasılların geçildiği bir meşkhâneden bahseder (Seyahatnâme , I, 245). Ayrıca Ali Ufkî Bey, saray meşkhânesini ve orada geçen hayatı anlatırken bütün gün açık bulundurulan meşkhânede üstatlarla talebelerin öğleden sonra bazan sazlarla, bazan da çalgısız mûsiki meşkettiklerini söyler (alıntı için bk. Behar, Ali Ufkî ve Mezmurlar , s. 44-46). Antoine Galland, 1672 yılına ait hâtıralarında İstanbul’da Eminönü’ndeki Yenicami’de hoca ile talebe arasında cereyan eden bir ilâhi meşkinden söz ederken Türkler’in mûsiki öğretimini nazariyat ve nota ile değil hâfıza ile ve üstadın ağzından yaptıklarını anlatmıştır (İstanbul’a Ait Günlük Anılar , I, 79).
Tekkelerde ve özellikle Mevlevî dergâhlarında öncelikle dinî mûsiki ve onun yanında her türlü mûsiki meşki yapılır, hatta saz icrası öğretilirdi. Yüzyıllar boyu âdeta birer konservatuvar görevi yapmış olan mevlevîhâneler, özellikle XVII. yüzyılın başından itibaren bu fonksiyonlarını daha sistemli şekilde devam ettirmişlerdir. Buralarda mûsiki yanında semâ meşki de yapılarak semâzen yetiştirilmiştir. Mûsiki meşkinin yapıldığı mekânlar arasında bazı kahvehanelerin de bulunduğu bilinmektedir. İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal Hoş Sadâ ’da Hâfız Kemal, Hâfız Sâmi, Ahmet Avni Konuk ve Lemi Atlı gibi mûsikişinasların hocası, XIX. yüzyılın zâkir ve bestekârlarından hânende Hacı Kirâmi Efendi’nin Taşkasap semtindeki bir kahvehanede düzenli biçimde talebelerine mûsiki meşkettiğinden bahseder.
XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar mûsiki meşklerinden genellikle bir ücret alınmadığı kaynaklardaki bilgilerden anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak sarayda yapılan meşkler için hocalara belirli bir ücret verildiği, konaklarda sürdürülen benzer faaliyetlerin karşılığı olarak da sanatkârlara ödeme yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Son dönemlerde geçim sıkıntısı çeken bazı mûsikişinasların da para karşılığı ders verdikleri kaydedilmektedir.
Birçok faydası yanında nota yazısının umumiyetle kullanılmadığı, repertuvarın ağızdan ağıza nakledildiği meşk ortamında eserlerin aktarıla aktarıla az ya da çok bazı değişikliklere uğrayabileceği ve bunun neticesinde aynı eserin birkaç versiyonunun ortaya çıkabileceğinin göz ardı edilmemesi gerekir. Buna rağmen Osmanlı döneminin sonunda ve Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında kurulan özel mûsiki cemiyetlerinde (mektep) ve ardından geniş anlamda bir konservatuvar niteliğini alan Dârülelhan’da da meşk sistemi devam ettirilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 245.
Ebûishakzâde Esad Efendi, Atrabü’l-âsâr , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6204, vr. 4b .
A. Galland, İstanbul’a Ait Günlük Anılar: 1672-1673 (nşr. Ch. H. A. Schefer, trc. Nahid Sırrı Örik), Ankara 1987, I, 79-80.
Mûsiki Encümeni ve Dârülelhan Tâlimâtı Sûretidir , İstanbul 1333, tür.yer.
İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ , tür.yer.
Cem Behar, Ali Ufkî ve Mezmurlar , İstanbul 1990, s. 44-46.
a.mlf., Zaman, Mekân, Müzik , İstanbul 1993, s. 11-82.
Mehmet Güntekin, “Osmanlı’da Musikî ve Hikmete Dâir Fenn’in Son Osmanlılar’ı”, Osmanlı , Ankara 1999, X, 654-656.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Osmanlılar Zamanında Saraylarda Musiki Hayatı”, TTK Belleten , XLI/161 (1977), s. 86-88.
Pakalın , II, 493.
Öztuna, BTMA , II, 47.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 374-375 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.