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MİRZA MELKUM HAN Skip to content (1833-1908)
Ermeni asıllı İranlı reformcu, diplomat ve gazeteci.
İsfahan’a bağlı Culfa’da doğdu. Şah Abbas döneminde Karabağ’dan İsfahan’a göç eden bir Ermeni ailesine mensuptur. Babası Mirza Ya‘kūb, Melkum’un doğuşundan kısa bir zaman sonra müslüman olmuştu. Ancak baba oğul için bu din değiştirmenin pek önemli olmadığı, ikisinin de masonluğun etkisinde kaldığı, hatta pozitivizmin öncülerinden Auguste Comte’un ortaya attığı “insanlık dini”ne inandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte İran toplumunda İslâm’ın taşıdığı önemin farkında olan Melkum, dönemin diğer bazı reformcularının takip ettiği siyaset gereği düşüncelerini İslâm’a uygun kavramlarla belirtmeye özen göstermiştir (Haweis, LXX [1896], s. 74-77).
Melkum, Culfa’da başladığı öğrenimini Paris’te bir Ermeni eğitim kurumu olan Samuel Moorat College’da tamamladı. 1850’de İran’a döndü; bir yandan İran’ın yeni kurulan ilk modern eğitim kurumu olan dârülfünundaki Avrupalı hocaların çevirmenliğini, bir yandan da Nâsırüddin Şah’ın özel mütercimliğini yaptı. Bu sırada Batılılaşma’nın gerekliliği üzerine ilk risâlelerini ve özellikle Kitâbçe-yi Ġaybî’yi yazdı. 1856’da Mirza Ferruh Han’ın Paris ve Londra elçiliği sırasında onun yanında çalışarak diplomasi alanında ilk tecrübesini kazandı. Bir yıl sonra İran’a dönerek ülkedeki ilk mason locası olan Ferâmûşhâne’yi Tahran’da kurdu. Saray mensubu, tüccar ve ulemâdan pek çok kimse bu teşkilâta katıldı. Ferâmûşhâne’nin cumhuriyet komplocularının merkezi olabileceğinden çekinen Nâsırüddin Şah 1861 Ekiminde bu teşkilâtı kapattı, Melkum’u da Irak’a Araplar’ın yoğun olduğu bölgeye sürdü. Bağdat’ta birkaç ay geçiren Melkum, İran’ın baskıları üzerine bölgedeki Osmanlı yetkilileri tarafından İstanbul’a nakledildi. İstanbul’da sürgündeyken 1864’te bir Ermeni kilisesinde önde gelen Ermeniler’den olan Arakel’in kızıyla evlendi.
Mirza Melkum, İstanbul’da İran elçisi Mirza Hüseyin Han ile arkadaşlık kurdu ve yanında çalışmaya başladı. Böylece geçimini güvence altına alınca tekrar risâle yazımına döndü; büyük önem verdiği alfabe reformu konusunda Azerbaycanlı oyun yazarı Mirza Feth Ali Ahundzâde ile yazışmalar yaptı. 1871’de başbakanlığa getirilen Mirza Hüseyin Han bir yıl sonra Melkum’u özel danışmanı olması için ülkesine çağırdı. Melkum, Mirza Hüseyin Han’ın devlet yapısında gerçekleştirdiği ıslahatlarda ona fikrî destek sağladı. Her iki devlet adamı da hem İran’ın ekonomik gelişmesini sağlama hem de şahsî menfaat elde etme düşüncesiyle ülkeye yabancı sermayeyi çekmeye çalıştı. Böylece Melkum Han, o dönemde İngiliz Baron Julius de Reuter’a verilen imtiyazla ilgili müzakerelerde başarılı bir sonuç temin etti, ayrıca kısmen bu imtiyazın tamamlanmamış bölümüyle irtibatlı olarak 1873’te kendisi beklenmedik bir şekilde Londra’da İran elçiliğine atandı. Bundan sonra Melkum 1873, 1881, 1887 ve 1888’de İran’a yaptığı bazı ziyaretlerin dışında artık geri kalan ömrünü Avrupa’da geçirdi.
Melkum Han’ın on altı yıl süren Londra elçiliği çeşitli imtiyazlarla ilgili genellikle hiçbir sonuç doğurmayan teşebbüslerle geçti. Rusya’ya karşı bir gözdağı oluşturup İran’da reformları teşvik eder ümidiyle İngiltere’ye İran demiryollarını inşa etme imtiyazı tanıyarak bu ülkenin İran’a olan ilgisini çekmeye çalıştı. Bu alanda başarısız olmasına rağmen Melkum, İran’daki prens ve siyasetçilerle yapmış olduğu yazışmalarla birçok olayın gelişmesinde etkili oldu. Bu kişilerin en önemlileri Nâsırüddin Şah’ın yakın dostu ve daha sonra başbakan olan Mirza Ali Han Emînüddevle, İran’ın Paris elçisi Mirza Yûsuf Han Müsteşârüddevle, İsfahan Valisi Mes‘ûd Mirza Zıllüssultan ve Veliaht Muzafferüddin Mirza’dır. Aynı zamanda rejim problemleri ve reformlar hakkında yazılar yazmaya devam etti ve yine alfabe değişikliğini gündeme getirerek bu konudaki projesini Nemûne-yi Ḫaṭṭ-ı Âdemiyyet’te ortaya koydu (Londra 1303/1885).
Mirza Melkum’un kariyer hayatındaki en önemli dönem 1889 Aralık ayında diplomatlık görevinden alınmasından sonra başladı. Bundan bir yıl önce İran’da gazino yapılması ve millî piyango kurumunun ihdası için Nâsırüddin Şah’tan imtiyaz elde ettiyse de bu imtiyaz hemen feshedildi; fakat Melkum, söz konusu kurumu durumun farkına varmalarından önce Avrupalılar’a satmayı başardı. Melkum diplomat dokunulmazlığından faydalanarak bu olayla ilgili hukukî cezadan kurtuldu; ancak yüklü miktarda kâr ettiği bu kurnazlık onun büyükelçilik makamına mal oldu. Kısmen görevden uzaklaştırılmasının intikamını almak için Londra’da çıkardığı Ḳānûn gazetesinde (1890-1898, 42 sayı) İran hükümetini, özellikle dönemin başbakanı Emînüssultan’ı yolsuzlukla suçladı ve İran’da kendisine bağlı olan büyük bir devrimci kitlesinin bulunduğunu ihsas etti. Her ne kadar Melkum’un uzaktan denetimiyle çalışan ve asıl işi Ḳānûn’un dağıtımını yapmak olan Mecma-i Âdemiyyet adlı bir kuruluşun varlığı söz konusu olsa da ortada bahsettiği genişlikte bir kitle mevcut değildi. Mirza Melkum faaliyetlerine Bahâîler’i de dahil etmeye çalıştı (bk. Abdülbahâ’nın Edward Granville Browne’e gönderdiği mektup; Browne, Materials for the Study of the Bābī Religion [Cambridge 1918], s. 296). Bu tuhaf ilişkiler ve karanlık işlere rağmen Ḳānûn’un İran’ın her tarafına dağıtıldığı ve yaygın biçimde okunduğu da bir gerçektir. Ḳānûn’un istibdat rejimine yönelttiği eleştiriler yaygın kabul görmüş ve anayasal devrimin oluşmasını hazırlayan yıllara damgasını vurmuş, gazete bu yönüyle modern İran tarihindeki yerini almıştır. Tahrikçi söylemlerin dışında Ḳānûn, Melkum’un önerdiği değişimlerin sistematik tartışmasına çok az yer vermiştir. Bu tartışmalarda dile getirilen isteklerden en dikkat çekici olanı gazetenin 35. sayısında yer alan, halk oyu ile seçilmiş meclisle birlikte ikili bir yasama organının oluşturulmasıdır. Ḳānûn’un bütün muhtevasının çoğunlukla Melkum tarafından hazırlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bununla beraber gazetenin yayımı süresince Melkum’un Tahran hükümetine muhalefet eden önemli düşünür ve yazarlarla sıkı temasları olmuştur. 1891’de Londra’da tanıştığı Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ḳānûn’un dağıtımına yardım eden ve İstanbul’da yaşayan bağımsız düşünür Mirza Âgā Hân-ı Kirmânî, Hindistan’da yaşayan ve sıra dışı fikirlere sahip olan Kaçar Prensi Şeyhürreîs Ebü’l-Hasan Mirza bunlardandır.
1896’da Nâsırüddin Şah suikasta uğrayınca Melkum Han’ın siyasî kariyerinin tekrar başlaması ihtimali doğdu ve Ḳānûn’un bir anda tavır değiştirerek isyana teşvik eden kışkırtıcı üslûbu terkettiği gözlendi. İki yıl sonra Roma’daki İran elçiliğine tayini gündeme gelince de Melkum Ḳānûn’u çıkarmayı durdurdu. İtalya’daki diplomatik makamını ölümüne kadar korumakla birlikte artık İran iç siyasetiyle ciddi anlamda ilgilenmemeye özen gösterdi. Bu yıllarda uzaktan ve dolaylı olarak yönlendirdiği Mecma-i Âdemiyyet 1907 ve 1908’de cereyan eden anayasa hareketleri mücadelesinde önemli bir tesirde bulunmamışsa da bu harekete katılanların çoğunluğu Ḳānûn okuyucuları arasından çıkmıştır. 13 Temmuz 1908’de İsviçre’yi ziyareti sırasında ölen Mirza Melkum Han’ın cesedi vasiyeti uyarınca yakıldı.
Yazar ve düşünür olarak üstün meziyetlere sahip bulunmasına rağmen Mirza Melkum’u şahsen tanıyan ve kendisiyle çalışan pek çok kimse onun kişiliği hakkında olumsuz fikirler dile getirmiş, yetkisini ve nüfuzunu kötüye kullanan, ukalâ ve sebatsız biri olarak nitelemiştir. Ancak sonraki İran tarihinde Melkum’a daha saygın bir yer verilmiş, ülkede reform ve modernleşme sürecindeki rolüne vurgu yapılmıştır. Her derde deva olarak algılanan Batılılaşma’ya karşı çıkan son dönem İran’ı ise onu tekrar daha eleştirel bir gözle değerlendirmeye başlamıştır (meselâ Celâl Âl-i Ahmed Ġarbzedegî adlı eserinde [Tahran 1357/1978, s. 80] Melkum’u “yerli Montesquieu” diye anarak onunla alay etmiştir).
Melkum Han’ın basılmış eserlerinden bazıları şunlardır: Aḳvâl-i ʿAlî (Londra 1303/1885); Ḍurûb-i Ems̱âl-i Münteḫabe (Londra 1885); Gülistân (Londra 1885); Külliyyât-ı Melkûm (nşr. Hâşim Rebî‘zâde, Tebriz 1328/1908; bu külliyat on üç risâleyi ihtiva etmekte olup bunlardan Risâle-i Ġaybiyye Melkum’a yanlışlıkla isnat edilmiştir); Mebde-i Teraḳḳī, Şeyḫ ve Vezîr (Tiflis 1908); Mecmûʿa-yi Âs̱âr-i Mîrzâ Melkûm Ḫân (nşr. Muhît Tabâtabâî, Tahran 1327/1948, Külliyyât’taki eserleri içermektedir); Nemûne-yi Ḫaṭṭ-ı Âdemiyyet (Londra 1303/1885). Basılmamış eserleri arasında Risâle-yi Ferâmûşḫâne (Melik Ktp., Tahran, nr. 3116) ve bazı risâleler bulunmaktadır. Melkum ile Ahundzâde’nin alfabe konusunda birbirlerine gönderdikleri mektuplar Elifbâ-yi Cedîd ve Mektûbât adıyla yayımlanmıştır (nşr. Hamîd Muhammedzâde ve Hamîd Araslı, Bakü 1963).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA W. S. Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt, London 1903, s. 82-84; Han Mâlik Sâsânî, Siyâsetgerân-i Devre-yi Ḳācâr, Tahran 1337 hş./1958, I, 127-147; Firîdûn Âdemiyyet, Fikr-i Âzâdî ve Muḳaddime-yi Nehżât-i Meşrûṭiyet-i Îrân, Tahran 1340 hş./1961, s. 94-181; a.mlf., Endîşe-yi Teraḳḳī ve Ḥükûmet-i Ḳānûn der ʿAṣr-ı Sipehsâlâr, Tahran 1351 hş./1972; a.mlf. – Hümâ Nâtık, Efkâr-i İctimâʿî ve Siyâsî ve İḳtiṣâdî der Âs̱âr-ı Münteşir Neşüde-yi Devre-yi Ḳācâr, Tahran 1356 hş./1976 (Melkum’un yayımlanmamış risâlelerine birçok atıf içermektedir); Mirza Ali Han Emînüddevle, Ḫâṭırât-ı Siyâsî (nşr. Hâfız Fermânfermâîyân), Tahran 1341 hş./1962; İbrâhim Safâî, Rehberân-ı Meşrûṭa, Tahran 1344 hş./1966, s. 41-63; Mirza M. Hasan Han İ‘timâdüssaltana, Rûznâme-yi Ḫâṭırât (nşr. Îrec Efşâr), Tahran 1345 hş./1967; İsmâil Râîn, Ferâmûşḫâne ve Ferâmâsûnrî der Îrân, Tahran 1348 hş./1968, I, 487-568; a.mlf., Mîrzâ Melkûm Ḫân: Zindegî ve Kûşişhâ-yi Siyâsî-yi û, Tahran 1350 hş./1971; Firişte Nûrâî, Taḥḳīḳ der Efkâr-i Mîrzâ Melkûm Ḫân, Tahran 1352 hş./1973; Hamid Algar, Mīrzā Malkum Khān: A Study in the History of Iranian Modernism, Berkeley 1973; H. Nategh, “Mirzâ Âgâ Khân, Sayyed Jamâl al-Din et Malkom Khân à Istanbul”, Les iraniens d’Istanbul (ed. Th. Zarcone – F. Zarinebaf-Shahr), Istanbul-Téhéran 1993, s. 45-60; H. R. Haweis, “Talk with a Persian Statesman”, Contemporary Review, LXX (1896), s. 74-77; Cihangir Kāimmakāmî, “Revâbiṭ-i Ẓıllü’s-sulṭân ve Mîrzâ Melkûm Ḫân”, Berresîhâ-yi Târîḫî, III/6, Tahran 1347 hş./1969, s. 83-120; Gene R. Garthwaite, “Malkom Khān”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (ed. J. L. Esposito), Oxford 1995, III, 42-43.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 164-166 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.