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MÜDÂVÂTÜ’n-NÜFÛS Skip to content İbn Hazm’ın (ö. 456/1064) ahlâka dair eseri.
Telif edildiği dönemden itibaren çeşitli isimlerle anılan eserin yaygın adı, birinci bölümün başlığını oluşturan “müdâvâtü’n-nüfûs ve ıslâhu’l-ahlâk” ifadesiyle ilgili olmalıdır. Ayrıca önsözde kitabın yazılış amacı da aynı terimlerle açıklanmaktadır. Kitabın diğer bir adı el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer olup bu da bir bölüm başlığıdır. Her iki isim birleştirilerek el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer fî müdâvâti’n-nüfûs şeklinde de anılmaktadır. Bizzat müellif de eserini değişik isimlerle zikretmektedir. Meselâ 439 (1047) yılından önce kaleme aldığı bilinen et-Taḳrîb li-ḥaddi’l-manṭıḳ adlı kitabında (IV, 318-319) eseri Fî Aḫlâḳi’n-nefs ve Fî Aḫlâḳi’n-nefs ve’s-sîreti’l-fâżıla şeklinde kaydeder. Müellifin buradaki ifadelerinden et-Taḳrîb’i telif ettiği sırada Müdâvât’ı yazmayı planladığı anlaşılmaktadır. et-Taḳrîb’de pratik aklın tanımı ile Müdâvât’taki tanımlama aynıdır (krş. el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer fî müdâvâti’n-nüfûs, s. 57). Ayrıca akıl gücünün ahlâkî hayattaki kontrol edici işlevi de -et-Taḳrîb’de belirttiği şekilde- Müdâvâtü’n-nüfûs’ta (s. 18-19) müstakil bir başlık altında ele alınmaktadır. Bu benzerlikler eserin İbn Hazm’a aidiyeti konusunda şüpheye yer bırakmamaktadır. İbn Hazm’a en yakın kaynak olan İbn Hayyân’ın günümüze ulaşmayan el-Metîn adlı eserinden aktarmalarda bulunan İbn Bessâm (eẕ-Ẕaḫîre, s. 171) ve aynı kaynağı izleyen Yâkūt (Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, XII, 252) eserin adını İbn Hazm’ın atfında olduğu gibi Kitâbü Aḫlâḳi’n-nefs şeklinde vermekte, Makkarî de aynı bilgiyi tekrarlamaktadır (Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb, II, 79). Zehebî ise İbn Hazm’ın ikinci atfında geçen “ahlâk” ve “sîret” kelimelerinden ötürü olsa gerek iki cilt zannettiği eseri es-Siyer ve’l-aḫlâḳ adıyla anmaktadır (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XVIII, 197). Kitabın isimleri içinde en uzunu, İhsan Abbas’ın 1956’daki neşrine esas aldığı bir yazmaya ait olup Risâle fî Müdâvâti’n-nüfûs ve tehẕîbi’l-aḫlâḳ ve’z-zühd fi’r-rezâʾil şeklindedir. “Müdâvâtü’n-nüfûs” tabiri aynı zamanda eserin merkezî terimlerinden olup bu durum, İslâm ahlâk felsefesinin ilk dönemlerinden itibaren ahlâk meselelerine hastalık ve tedavi şeklindeki tıp terimleriyle yaklaşma geleneğinin bir sonucudur. Eserin çeşitli sayfalarında farkedilen tecrübeli insanlara has üslûba bakıldığında Müdâvât’ı bir olgunluk dönemi ürünü saymak gerekir. Meselâ yaşlılığın belirtisi olarak elden giden güzellikten söz ederken İbn Hazm’ın kendi yaşlılığına göndermede bulunması (s. 69-70) bunu desteklemektedir. Kitapta yer alan döneminin ilim adamlarıyla ilgili bazı bilgiler de aynı izlenimi vermektedir.
Ahlâkî ve hikemî özdeyişlere sıkça başvurularak tahlil yönteminden zaman zaman uzaklaşılmış olsa da eserin bir iç bütünlüğe sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bir mukaddime ve on iki bölüm halinde düzenlenişi de bu bütünlüğü bir ölçüde yansıtır. Müellif mukaddimede eserini yazarken dayandığı birikimden söz etmekte ve telif amacını dile getirmektedir. “Ruhların Hastalıkları ve Ahlâkın Düzeltilmesi” başlığı altında bütün insan davranışlarının temelinde yatan ve ahlâkî bir dengeye oturtulmaması durumunda mânevî hastalıklara yol açan kaygıdan kurtulma meselesi ele alınmaktadır. “Akıl ve İç Huzuru” adlı bölümde aklın ahlâkî erdemlere dayalı huzurlu bir hayatı mümkün kılmadaki önemi üzerinde durulmakta, “İlim” başlığı altında, bilgi peşinde geçecek bir hayatın insanı anlamsız çaba ve kaygılardan uzaklaştırdığı ve onu Allah’a yaklaştırdığı teması işlenmektedir. “Ahlâk ve Yaşama Biçimi”, kaygının giderek insan ruhunda olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmasını önleyecek ahlâkî bir hayat tarzı hakkındaki öğütleri, erdemlilik üzerine yapılmış, yer yer kişisel gözlem ve tecrübelere dayalı tahlilleri içeren bir bölümdür. “Kardeşlik, Arkadaşlık ve Öğüt Verme” ile “Sevgi ve Türleri” başlıkları, ahlâkın yalnızca ferde ilişkin bir nitelik olmayıp erdem fikrine dayalı toplumsal ilişkiler ağı içinde gerçekleşeceğini okuyucuya hatırlatmaktadır. Müellifin fizikî güzellik konusundaki bir soruya kısaca cevap verdiği ara bölümde güzelliğin izâfî olduğu ve herkes için geçerli bir tanımının bulunmadığı vurgulanmaktadır. Ardından Hz. Peygamber’in bir yetkinlik ve erdemlilik ölçüsü diye nitelendirildiği ve temel erdemlerin ele alındığı bölüm gelmektedir. Daha sonraki bölümde ahlâkın bozulması ve tedavi yolları meselesi yeniden ele alınmakta, psikolojik bir rahatsızlık olarak kendini beğenmişlik üzerinde genişçe durulmaktadır. Eserin sonlarına doğru ahlâkî değerlere ilişkin bazı özel tesbitler, şöhret eğilimi, ilim meclislerinde izlenecek ahlâkî tutum ve edep ölçüleri söz konusu edilmektedir.
Müdâvâtü’n-nüfûs, genel özelliği itibariyle dinî ahlâk literatürüne ait olup müellifi dinî ölçü ve değerlere sıkı sıkıya bağlıdır. Meselâ İbn Hazm, eserin tamamında erdem kavramıyla ilgili birçok teorik ayrıntıya girmekle birlikte temel düşüncesini, “Dini olmayanın ahlâkı da yoktur” (s. 16) gibi özdeyişlerle hissettirmekte, erdemli olup kurtuluşa ermek isteyenlerin Allah resulünün ahlâkını izlemesi gerektiğini belirtmekte (s. 24), İslâm peygamberini bütün faziletlerin kendisinde toplandığı örnek şahsiyet olarak tanımlamaktadır (s. 56). “Rabbinin azametinden korkup nefsi boş arzulardan alıkoyan kimsenin varacağı yer cennettir” meâlindeki âyet (en-Nâziât 79/40-41) İbn Hazm’a göre bütün erdemleri kendinde toplayan bir ahlâkî ilkeye işaret etmektedir (s. 19). Müellifin, ahlâk anlayışını ortaya koyarken metnin dokusunu felsefî kavram, yaklaşım ve literatür dünyasına açık tuttuğu da gözlenmektedir. Çözümlemelerini yer yer hulk-tabiat, fazilet-rezîlet, şehvânî-gadabî-nâtık nefis, lezzet-elem, saadet-şakavet vb. terimlere dayandırması, ahlâk konusunda eser vermiş eski ve yeni filozoflara atıfta bulunması (s. 33) eserin ahlâk felsefesine bakan yönünü ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak İbn Hazm sadece bir aktarıcı gibi davranmamış, geçmiş teorik birikimi kendi gözlem ve tecrübelerine ait verilerle birleştirmiştir.
Eserdeki akıl-nakil ilişkisi müellifin temel yaklaşımında daha açık biçimde ortaya konmuştur. Bunun ilk önermesi kaygıdan kurtulmanın bütün insanların davranışını yönlendiren yegâne sâik olduğu (s. 13-15), ikinci önermesi de kaygıdan gerçek anlamda kurtulmanın Allah’a yönelme ve âhiret için çalışma dışında bir yolunun bulunmadığıdır (s. 14-16). İlk önerme gözlem ve okuma çabalarının ardından ulaşılmış aklî bir genellemedir. İbn Hazm, bu genellemeyi Allah’ın aydınlatmasıyla ulaştığı özgün fikir olarak değerlendirmektedir. İkincisi gerçek kurtuluşu dinde gören bir zihniyet dünyasının tezahürüdür. İslâm ahlâk felsefesi literatüründeki elemden kurtuluş meselesine dair fikirleri gözden geçirmiş olsa da İbn Hazm’ın bu meseleyi ele alış tarzının belli bir özgünlük taşıdığı görülmektedir (Mâcid Fahri, s. 236).
Müdâvât’taki ahlâk ve karakter, erdem ve erdemsizlik, ahlâk bilgisi, pratik akıl, haz, dostluk ve sevgi gibi kavramlar hakkındaki çözümlemeler şöyle özetlenebilir: Müellif, ahlâkî bünyeyi oluşturan temel nitelik ve şartların bir yönüyle tabii özellik taşıdığını, diğer yönüyle de ilâhî bir bağış olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Tabii unsurların birleşimi, insan tercihini aşacak biçimde belli bir fizyolojik yapının oluşumunu sağladığı gibi erdemli olmayı mümkün kılan imkân ve şartların insan iradesini aşan bir ilâhî bağış olma niteliği de vardır. Meselâ başlı başına bir değer olan ilim, bütün iradeye dayalı kazanımların ötesinde ilâhî bağış olmaksızın gerçekleşemez. Ayrıca bu erdem bile kişinin güzel ahlâklı olmasına yetmeyebilir. Sayıları az da olsa bazı sıradan insanların güzel ahlâklı olduğu, buna karşılık nebevî ve felsefî birçok bilgi kaynağından beslendikleri halde azımsanmayacak sayıdaki insanın bayağı bir ahlâkî hayat yaşadığı görülebilmektedir. Bu tesbit güzel ahlâkın bir ilâhî bağış olduğunu göstermektedir. Asıl olan ahlâkî yapının niteliği ve zor da olsa değişebilme yeteneğidir. Nitekim İbn Hazm, ahlâkî yapısının değişeceğine önceleri inanmazken bunun böyle olmadığını bir hastalık sebebiyle bizzat kendisinde gözlemlemiştir (el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer fî müdâvâti’n-nüfûs, s. 25, 67, 70, 78). Ahlâkın iyi yönde değişmesi için yapılacak iş doğru bilgi ve erdemli davranış bütünlüğünü sağlamaktır (s. 92). Yalnızca peygamberler, saf tabiatları ve doğrudan Allah tarafından eğitilmiş olmaları sebebiyle diğer insanlardan ahlâk bilgisi edinmeye ihtiyaç duymaz (s. 25).
Müellif erdemi, Aristocu geleneği izleyerek “ifrat ve tefrit denilen iki aşırı ucun ortası” şeklinde tanımlamaktadır (s. 80). Eflâtuncu üçlü nefis teorisi üzerine kurduğu, klasik ahlâk kitaplarında çoğunlukla hikmet, şecaat, iffet, adalet şeklinde sıralanan erdem şeması farklı bir terminolojiyle adalet, derin kavrayış, şecaat ve cömertlik diye verilmektedir. Bu dört ana erdeme karşılık dört erdemsizlik ise zulüm, bilgisizlik, korkaklık ve cimriliktir. Diğer erdemler dört ana erdemin birleşiminden meydana gelir. Bazı erdemler ise ana erdemlere göre tür konumundadır (s. 58-59). Ahlâkî olgunluğa doğru yol alan kişinin peygamberler dışında kimsenin mükemmel olmadığını bilmesi gerekir. Bazı maddî, fizyolojik veya biyolojik üstünlüklerle böbürlenmek, şöhret tutkunu olmak erdem yolunda ifsat edici etkiye sahiptir. Bunun yanı sıra dünyevî hazlar karşısında ihtirasa kapılmak da bütün küçük düşürücü ve kaygı verici durumların ana sebebidir (s. 52-53).
Eserde vurgulanan, dünyevî olanın geçiciliğiyle kaygıdan kurtulmanın yalnızca uhrevî bir yönelişle sağlanacağı düşüncesi müellifin dostluk ve sevgiye ilişkin tesbitleriyle tamamlanmaktadır. Buna göre dostluk ilişkileri doğruluk, dayanışma, başkasını tercih, sırdaşlık, öğütlere açık olma, hoşgörü gibi hasletlerin yeşerdiği ortamı hazırlar (s. 39 vd.). İbn Hazm sadece Allah için olan dostluk ve kardeşliği anlamlı bulmakta, ister erdemli bir hayat için dayanışmayı isterse de saf sevgiyi amaçlasın yalnız bu tür dostluğun gerçek olduğunu belirtmektedir (s. 42).
Müdâvâtü’n-nüfûs’un günümüze iki yazması ulaşmıştır. Bunlardan ilki İhsan Abbas’ın neşrinde esas aldığı X. (XVI.) yüzyıla ait bir mecmua içinde yer almaktadır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2704, vr. 196a -221a ). Bu yazmanın mevcut yegâne nüsha olduğu şeklindeki kanaatin aksine (el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer, neşredenin girişi, s. 52) eserin İstanbul’da bir başka nüshası daha bulunmaktadır (İÜ Ktp., nr. 3422). Kitabın XX. yüzyılın başından itibaren çok sayıda baskısı yapılmıştır: Mustafa el-Kabbânî (Dımaşk 1323; Kahire 1333), Muhammed Hâşim el-Kütübî (Kahire veya Dımaşk 1324), Ahmed Ömer el-Mahmesânî (Kahire 1325), Muhammed Edhem (kısaltılmış olarak, Kahire 1329/1911), el-Matbaatü’l-Cemâliyye (Kāsım Emîn’in sunuşuyla, Kahire 1331), İhsan Abbas (Resâʾilü İbn Ḥazm el-Endelüsî [Kahire, ts. [1956], Beyrut 1980, 1987, I, 321-415), Nada Tomiche (Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte, Beyrut 1961), Dârü’s-sekāfeti’l-Arabiyye (Kahire 1962), Fuâd E. el-Bustânî (seçilmiş metinler ve inceleme, Beyrut 1966), Abdurrahman Muhammed Osman (Medine 1390/1970), Dârü’l-âfâkı’l-cedîde (Beyrut 1978), Mâcid Fahrî (seçilmiş metinler; el-Fikrü’l-aḫlâḳī el-ʿArabî içinde, Beyrut 1978, I, 148-173), Müessesetü Nâsıri’s-sekāfiyye (Beyrut 1979), Eva Riad (Uppsala 1980), Tâhir Ahmed Mekkî (Kahire 1401/1981, 1412/1992), Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye (2. bs., Beyrut 1985), Ebû Huzeyfe İbrâhim b. Muhammed (Tanta 1987), Âdil Ebü’l-Muâtî (Kahire 1408/1988). Müdâvât’ın İspanyolca tercümesi M. Asin Palacios (Los caracteres y la conducta: Tratado de moral práctica por Abenhazam de Córdoba , Madrid 1916), Fransızca çevirisi Nada Tomiche (Arapça neşriyle birlikte; Epitre morale, Beyrut 1961), İngilizce tercümesi Muhammad Abu Laila (In Pursuit of Virtue, The Moral Theology and Psychology of Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi [384-450 AH. 994-1064] with a translation of his book Al-Akhlaq wa’l-Siyar, London 1990) tarafından yapılmıştır. Eseri Selahattin Kip Nefislerin Tedavisi başlığıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (Kayseri, ts.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Hazm, el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer fî müdâvâti’n-nüfûs, Beyrut 1405/1985; a.e. (nşr. Tâhir Ahmed Mekkî), Kahire 1412/1992, neşredenin girişi, s. 43-79; a.mlf., Resâʾilü İbn Ḥazm el-Endelüsî (nşr. İhsan Abbas), Beyrut 1987, neşredenin girişi, I, 5-7; a.mlf., et-Taḳrîb li-ḥaddi’l-manṭıḳ (nşr. İhsan Abbas, Resâʾilü İbn Ḥazm el-Endelüsî içinde), Beyrut 1983, IV, 318-319; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, IV, 33; İbn Bessâm eş-Şenterînî, eẕ-Ẕaḫîre, s. 171; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, XII, 252; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XVIII, 197; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb, II, 79; Hâmid A. Mahmûd ed-Debâbise, Felsefetü İbn Ḥazm el-ḫulḳıyye (yüksek lisans tezi, 1987), el-Câmiatü’l-Ürdüniyye Külliyyetü’l-âdâb, s. 30-31; Vedî‘ Vâsıf Mustafa, İbn Ḥazm ve mevḳıfühû mine’l-felsefe ve’l-manṭıḳ ve’l-aḫlâḳ, Ebûzabî 2000, s. 322-355; Mâcid Fahri, İslâm Ahlâk Teorileri (trc. Muammer İskenderoğlu – Atilla Arkan), İstanbul 2004, s. 233-241.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 461-463 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.