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MÜEYYED AY-ABA Skip to content (ö. 569/1174)
Büyük Selçuklu emîrlerinden.
Selçuklu Hükümdarı Sultan Sencer’in emîrlerinden olan Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın (apa) gerçek adı ve hangi Türk kavminden olduğu bilinmemektedir. Belh Valisi Kamaç’ın Oğuzlar tarafından öldürülmesinin ardından Sultan Sencer’i Oğuzlar üzerine yürümeye tahrik edenlerden biri olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Sultan Sencer’in Oğuz seferinde yenilip esir düşmesinden (Cemâziyelevvel 548 / Ağustos 1153) sonra Müeyyed Ay-aba da diğer birçok Selçuklu emîri gibi Nîşâbur taraflarına çekildi. Oğuzlar’ın Merv’e girip şehri yağmaladıkları bu dönemde emîrler Sencer’in yeğeni Süleyman Şah b. Muhammed Tapar’ı Nîşâbur’da Selçuklu tahtına çıkardılar ve onu Merv’e yürümeye teşvik ettiler; amaçları Sencer’i kurtarmaktı. Ancak askerleri Oğuzlar’ı karşılarında görünce kaçtılar. Müeyyed Ay-aba ve diğer emîrler ilk teşebbüsün ardından Karahanlı Muhammed Han’ın oğlu ve Sencer’in yeğeni Mahmud’u hükümdar ilân ettiler. Mahmud Han, Süleyman Şah gibi zayıf bir şahsiyet olduğu için iktidar Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın eline geçti. Bir rivayete göre Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın, Oğuzlar Belh önlerinde iken Sultan Sencer’i korumakla görevli nöbetçileri iktâlar vaad ederek kandırıp sultanı kaçırdığı, diğer rivayete göre ise Sencer’in kaçmayı başararak Tirmiz’e ulaştığı, bunu duyan Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın Nîşâbur’dan onun yanına geldiği kaydedilmektedir (551/1156).
Müeyyed Ay-aba, Sultan Sencer’in kurtuluşuyla ölümü arasında geçen yedi aylık sürede (Ekim-Kasım 1156 – Nisan 1157) Nîşâbur’u vali olarak idare etti. Sultan Sencer’in emîrlerinden birçoğu Ay-aba’nın yükselmesini çekemeyip ona karşı cephe aldı. Bunlardan biri olan ve emrinde 10.000 atlı bulunan İnak (Îtâh / Eytâh) Müeyyed Ay-aba’ya yenilip Mâzenderan melikine sığındı. Daha sonra onun yardımıyla kalabalık bir kuvvet toplayarak Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın karşısına çıktıysa da yine bozguna uğradı (Safer 553 / Mart 1158). Aynı yıl Herat’ı ele geçirmiş olan Emîr Sungur el-Azîzî’nin Mahmud Han’ı metbû tanımaması üzerine Müeyyed Ay-aba Herat’a yürüyüp Türkler’in yardımıyla şehre hâkim oldu. Oğuzlar’la mücadelesini sürdüren ve onları yenip Merv’e giren Müeyyed Ay-aba ganimetle Serahs’a döndü. Bu başarı üzerine Mahmud Han ve Müeyyed Ay-aba, Oğuzlar’ı tamamen kontrol altına almaya karar verdiler. Ancak üç gün boyunca devam eden savaş sonunda yenilgiye uğradılar.
Bu dönemde Müeyyed’in Mahmud Han ile arası açıldı ve Horasan’a gidip Habûşân’da bir hisara yerleşti. Bunu haber alan Oğuzlar’ın kaleyi kuşatmaları üzerine Nîşâbur’a kaçtı. Burada etrafına toplanan askerlerle tekrar eski kuvvetini kazanmaya başladı. Bu sırada Mahmud Han ile Oğuzlar’ın Nîşâbur’a yaklaştıklarını öğrenince Kuhistan eyaletindeki Havâf’a gitti. Onun Nîşâbur’dan ayrılmasının ardından Şâfiîler’le Alevîler birbirleriyle kanlı bir mücadeleye giriştiler. Alevîler’in nakîbinin Nîşâbur’a hâkim olması üzerine Şâfiîler’in reisi Müeyyed el-Muvaffakī, Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın yanına giderek Alevîler’den şikâyette bulundu. Bunun üzerine Ay-aba Nîşâbur’u kuşattı ve ele geçirdi. Bu dönemde Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın kuvveti ve geliri arttı. Beyhak yöresindeki Hüsrevcird Kalesi’ni aldıktan sonra (25 Cemâziyelevvel 555 / 2 Haziran 1160) Herat’a yürüdüyse de başarılı olamadı. Buna karşılık Kuhistan eyaletindeki Kündür şehrini ele geçirdi.
Bu olayın ardından Mahmud Han, Müeyyed Ay-aba’yı Nîşâbur ve Tûs şehirleriyle yörelerinin emirliğine tayin etti (555/1160). Halk bu tayini Mahmud Han, Oğuzlar ve Ay-aba arasında barış yapıldığının işareti sayarak sevindi. Nîşâbur’da halk arasında mezhep ayrılığından kaynaklanan derin bir düşmanlık vardı. Tarafların yağmacılık yapmasını yasaklayan Ay-aba emirlerine aldırış edilmemesi üzerine Nîşâbur’un ileri gelenlerinden bazılarını hapsetti (Rebîülâhir 556 / Nisan 1161). Aynı yıl Oğuzlar Mahmud Han’la birlikte Nîşâbur’a yürüdüler. Ay-aba Nîşâbur yakınlarında Şâdiyâh’ta kuşatıldı. İki taraf arasındaki çarpışmalar 556 Şâbanının sonuna (Ağustos 1161) kadar sürdü.
Müeyyed Ay-aba, Alevîler’in elinde bulunan Nîşâbur yakınlarındaki Şâristan’ı kuşattı. 557 Şâbanına (Temmuz 1162) kadar devam eden kuşatmanın sonunda Şâristan’ı zaptetti. Aynı yılın ramazanında (Ağustos 1162) Mahmud Han’ı tutuklayıp gözlerine mil çektirti ve servetine el koydu. Nîşâbur’da ve hâkim olduğu diğer yerlerde onun adına hutbe okunmasına son verdi. Melik unvanını alarak hutbede önce kendi adını ve ardından Abbâsî halifesinin adını okutmaya başladı. Ertesi yıl Horasan’ın batısındaki Bistâm ve Dâmegān (Damgan) şehirlerinin bulunduğu Kūmis eyaletini ülkesine kattı. Bunun üzerine Irak Selçuklu Hükümdarı Arslanşah b. Tuğrul elbise ve hil‘atler, sancaklar ve güzel armağanlar göndererek onu Horasan hâkimliğine tayin etti ve hutbeyi kendi adına okutmasını istedi. Nîşâbur, Tûs, Kūmis yörelerinden başka Tûs’un kuzeyindeki bazı yerler ve güneyindeki Kuhistan eyaletinde bazı yöreler de Müeyyed’in hâkimiyeti altında bulunuyordu.
559 (1164) yılında Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın Kūmis’e vali tayin ettiği Emîr Deniz, Mâzenderan melikinin kumandanı Sâbikuddin el-Kazvînî’nin baskınına uğrayarak yenildi ve Kūmis Mâzenderanlılar’ın idaresine geçti. Ertesi yıl Ay-aba’nın Nesâ’yı eline geçirmek için gönderdiği kuvvetler Hârizmşah İlarslan’ın yolladığı ordunun yaklaşması üzerine muhasarayı kaldırıp Nîşâbur’a döndü.
Hârizmşah İlarslan, Emîr İnak’a ait Dihistan’ı da ülkesine katınca İnak aralarında husumet bulunmasına rağmen Müeyyed Ay-aba’dan yardım istedi. Ay-aba’nın gönderdiği kuvvetler İnak’ı ve sahip olduğu Cürcân’ı Mâzenderan melikinin hücumuna karşı korudu. Aynı yıl Oğuzlar Herat hâkiminin ölümünün ardından şehri kuşattılar. Bunun üzerine Ay-aba Herat’a Emîr Deniz kumandasında bir ordu gönderdi. Oğuzlar kuşatmadan vazgeçip Merv’e gitmek üzere Herat’tan ayrıldılar.
10 Muharrem 561’de (16 Kasım 1165) Sebzevâr’ı muhasara eden Ay-aba bazı rehineler aldıktan sonra Nîşâbur’a döndü. Ertesi yıl Şemseddin İldeniz’e elçi göndererek Hârizmşah İlarslan’ın Nîşâbur’u almak istediğini, ardından Irak’a (Acem) geleceğini, İlarslan harekete geçtiği takdirde ona birlikte karşı koymalarını teklif etti. İldeniz, İlarslan’a elçi gönderip onu bu fikirden vazgeçirmeye çalıştıysa da Nîşâbur’u iki ay boyunca kuşatan İlarslan, İldeniz’in Irak askeriyle Bistâm’a geldiğini duyunca Hârizm’e döndü. Bu sırada Ay-aba, Kadı Fahreddin’i İlarslan’a göndererek kendisine itaati farz bildiğini, adına hutbe okutacağını, sikke kestireceğini ve memleketi onun vereceği emre göre idare edeceğini bildirdi. Bundan memnun kalan İlarslan, Ay-aba’ya değerli armağanlar gönderdi. 565 (1169-70) yılında ağabeyi Arslanşah’a karşı saltanat mücadelesini kaybeden Kirman Selçukluları hânedanından Behram Şah, Müeyyed Ay-aba’dan yardım istemek üzere Nîşâbur’a geldi ve onun verdiği askerlerle Arslanşah’ı yenip Kirman tahtına oturdu.
Hârizmşah İlarslan’ın vefatı üzerine (567/1172) yerine küçük oğlu Sultan Şah geçti. Bu durumu kabul etmeyen büyük oğlu Alâeddin Tekiş, Karahıtaylar’dan aldığı yardımcı kuvvetlerle Hârizm’e geldi. Bir direnme göstermeden annesiyle birlikte Müeyyed Ay-aba’ya sığınan Sultan Şah, Alâeddin Tekiş’e karşı kendilerine yardım ettiği takdirde Hârizm’in gelirinden önemli bir kısmının kendisine bırakılacağı vaadinde bulundu. Askerini toplayarak harekete geçen Ay-aba, Alâeddin Tekiş’le giriştiği mücadelede yenilgiye uğradı. Esir alınıp Alâeddin Tekiş’in huzuruna götürüldü ve orada öldürüldü (9 Zilhicce 569 / 11 Temmuz 1174). Nîşâbur’da Oğuzlar gibi kuvvetli bir düşman karşısında ve rakip emîrler arasında bir beylik kuran Müeyyed Ay-aba muktedir bir kumandan ve dirayetli bir idareciydi. Ali b. Zeyd el-Beyhakī (İbn Funduk) Târîḫ-i Beyhaḳ adlı eserini ona ithaf etmiştir.
Ay-aba’nın ölümünden sonra yerine oğlu Doğan Şah geçti. Babasının uğruna hayatını kaybettiği Sultan Şah, Doğan Şah’ı yenerek Serahs şehrini elinden aldı (576/1180-81), daha sonra da ona ait olan Tûs şehrini zaptetti. Doğan Şah Muharrem 582’de (Nisan 1186) vefat edince yerine oğlu Sencer Şah hükümdar oldu. Ancak Sencer Şah çocuk yaşta olduğundan beyliğin yönetimi zalim bir emîr olan atabegi Mengli Tegin’in eline geçti. Hârizmşah Alâeddin Tekiş birkaç ay sonra Nîşâbur’u kuşattı. Halk ertesi yıl aman dileyerek şehri Tekiş’e teslim etti, Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın kurduğu beylik de böylece sona erdi (583/1187). Alâeddin Tekiş, Sencer Şah’ı Hârizm’e götürdü ve kendisine sıcak bir ilgi gösterdi. Sencer Şah’ın annesiyle evlendi, kızını da Sencer Şah’a verdi. Bir süre sonra Nîşâbur’a dönmek için girişimlerde bulunması üzerine gözüne mil çekilen Sencer Şah, Alâeddin Tekiş’in sarayında vefat etti (596/1199-1200).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Mehmet Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi , Ankara 1954, II, bk. İndeks.
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İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harezmşahlar Devleti Tarihi , Ankara 1984, s. 64, 69, 70, 77-79, 85-86, 106, 109, 119, 221.
V. V. Barthold, Moğol İstilâsına Kadar Türkistan (haz. Hakkı Dursun Yıldız), Ankara 1990, s. 357-358, 360, 362, 559.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 479-480 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.