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KARÎNE Skip to content Yargılamada iki farklı olay arasında aklî çıkarsama yoluyla bağlantı kurularak elde edilen ve bilinmeyen bir durumun ispatına yarayan delil anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “bir şeyin yanında ve yakınında olmak, ona eşlik etmek, onunla bir arada bulunmak” anlamındaki karn kökünden türeyen karîne , “bu birliktelik sebebiyle bir başka şeye delâlet eden durum, maksada işaret eden ipucu, alâmet, emâre” mânasına gelir. Kelimenin diğer ilim dallarındaki kullanımıyla dil ve belâgat, mantık ve fıkıhta kazandığı terim mânaları da bu sözlük anlamına dayanır. Karînenin hükme delâleti, bilinen bir durumdan hareketle bilinmeyen bir durum hakkında fikir yürütme şeklinde olduğundan dil ve belâgatla mantık ilimlerini yakından ilgilendirir. Arap dilinde karîne, lafızla anlam arasında ilişki kurulurken zihni lafzın gerçek anlamından vazgeçirip mecazi anlama yönelten durumun adı olup lafzın içinde yer alan bir unsur olduğunda lafzî, lafız haricinden geldiğinde aklî, mânevî, hâlî karîneden söz edilir (bk. MECAZ ; mantıkta karîne için bk. Tehânevî, II, 1228; Ferîd Cebr, s. 608-609).
İslâm hukukunda karîne, yargılama hukukunun yardımcı ispat vasıtalarından biri olarak terim anlamı kazanmış olmakla birlikte meseleci bir metotla telif edilmiş klasik fıkıh kitaplarında karînenin terim olarak açık bir tanımına rastlanmaz. Verilen örneklerde karînenin, özellikle sözlükteki veya dil ve belâgattaki anlamı çerçevesinde emâre ve alâmet kelimeleriyle eş anlamlı olarak kullanıldığı ve bununla da bilinmeyen duruma delâlet eden bilinen emârelerin, teknik tabiriyle kanunî emârelerin kastedildiği söylenebilir. İbn Âbidîn karîneyi “duruma katiyet kazandıran şey” (Reddü’l-muḥtâr , V, 354), Mecelle “yakīn derecesine ulaşan emâre” (md. 1741) şeklinde açıklarken yargılamada ispat vasıtası olabilen kati karîneyi kastederler. Çağdaş İslâm hukukçularından Mustafa Ahmed ez-Zerkā’nın “gizli bir durumla bir arada bulunup ona delâlet eden her açık emâre” şeklinde tanımladığı karîne (el-Medḫal , II, 918), sözlük anlamıyla olan bağlantısı da kurularak “yargılamada iki farklı olay arasında aklî çıkarsama yoluyla bağlantı veya sebebiyet ilişkisi kurularak elde edilen ve bilinmeyen bir durumun ispatına yarayan delil” şeklinde tanımlanabilir.
Karîne gibi aklî ve mantıkî çıkarıma dayanmakla birlikte maddî unsuru bulunmayan firâset gizli durumları bilmeye, karîne ise duyu organlarıyla algılanan açık durumları bilmeye ilişkindir. Bunun için de karîneye nisbetle firâsetin ispat gücü daha zayıftır. Nesep tesbitinde Hanefîler’in aksine fakihlerin çoğunluğunun yardımcı bir delil niteliğinde gördüğü kıyâfe, kişilerin fizikî yapı ve özelliklerinden hareketle nesebe ilişkin bazı yargılara vardığı için karînenin özel bir çeşidi sayılır. Alâmet, emâre ve delâletten her biri karînenin maddî unsurunu teşkil eder ve karînenin bir kademesi sayılabilirse de karînenin ispat gücü ve karînede yapılan zihnî istidlâl bunlara nisbetle daha fazladır.
Klasik dönem fakihlerinin çoğunluğu yargılamada ispat vasıtalarına etkin bir rol verip onları belli sayı ve türle sınırlandırmaktan yanadır. Bunun için de beyyine terimine dar bir anlam verirler. Yargılamada objektiflik ve kanunîliği sağlaması, zan ve tahmine dayalı hüküm vermeyi önlemesi yönüyle olumlu karşılanan bu usulün aynı zamanda hâkimin takdir hakkını kısıtladığı ve kati delilin bulunmadığı durumlarda yardımcı delillerle ispat yolunu zorlaştırdığı da açıktır. Bu sebeple bir grup fakih, ispat vasıtalarını takdirde hâkime daha aktif bir rol vererek ispata elverişli her delilin kullanılabileceği ve bu usulün adaletin gerçekleşmesi açısından daha yararlı olacağı tezini benimsemiş, bunun için de beyyine kapsamına diğer bazı delillerin yanı sıra kati karîneyi de dahil etmiştir (bk. İSBAT ). Esasen adaleti gerçekleştirebilmek için karînelerin hükme delâlet gücü oranınca ispat vasıtası sayılmasına da, ispat vasıtaları arasındaki hiyerarşinin gözetilmesine ve zayıf karînelere dayanarak hüküm verilmekten kaçınmaya da eşit derecede ihtiyaç vardır. Fakihlerin karînenin ispat hukukundaki delil değeri konusunda farklı görüşlerde olmaları bu dengeyi kurmada gösterilen yaklaşım farklılığından kaynaklanır. Öte yandan kati delil ve beyyine kapsamına karîneyi dahil etmeyen fakihlerin çoğunluğunun, karînelerin yargılamada ispat vasıtası olarak kullanılması konusunda lehte veya aleyhte genel bir hüküm vermekten de kaçındığı, böylece karînenin her bir olayda o olayın şartları içinde ele alınmasını uygun gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır.
Karîne ve emârelere dayanarak hüküm vermenin cevazı aklî ve örfî olduğu kadar naklî delillere de dayanır. Kur’an’da Hz. Yûsuf kıssası anlatılırken kardeşlerinin Yûsuf’u kurdun yediği iddiasıyla getirdiği kanlı gömleğin parçalanmamış olmasını gören Hz. Ya‘kūb’un bu iddiaya inanmadığına işaret edilir (Yûsuf 12/18). Aynı kıssanın devamında Hz. Yûsuf’un Azîz’in karısının iftirasına mâruz kalması ve gömleğinin arkadan yırtılmış olmasının onun suçsuzluğunun delili sayılması anlatılır (Yûsuf 12/25-28). Resûl-i Ekrem “Çocuk yatağa aittir” diyerek doğan çocuğun nesebinin aksi ispat edilmediği sürece meşrû bir ilişki içinde annesiyle yatağı paylaşan erkeğe ait olduğunu ifade etmiş (Buhârî, “Büyûʿ”, 3; “Ḫuṣûmât”, 6; Müslim, “Raḍâʿ”, 36), evlenmemiş kızın sükûtunu evliliğe rızâ alâmeti saymış (Buhârî, “Ḥiyel”, 11; “Nikâḥ”, 41; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 64-67), Bedir Gazvesi’nde sahâbeden iki kardeşten her birinin Ebû Cehil’i kendisinin öldürdüğü iddiasını da kılıç üzerindeki kan lekesinden hareketle sonuca bağlamıştır (Müslim, “Cihâd”, 42). Sünnette, buluntu mal üzerinde mülkiyet iddia eden kimseler çıktığında o malı tarif ve tavsif edebilmenin iddianın ispatı için delil sayılması (Müslim, “Luḳaṭa”, 6), Hz. Süleyman’ın bir çocuk üzerindeki annelik iddiasında annelik şefkatinden hareketle hüküm vermesinin aktarılması (Nesâî, “Âdâbü’l-ḳuḍât”, 14-15), bazı sahâbîlerin ağız kokusu ve kusma gibi karînelerden hareketle sarhoşluk suçunu sabit görmeleri, evli olmayan kadının hamileliğinin zinanın delili sayılması da karînelerin yeri geldiğinde ispat vasıtası işlevine sahip olduğunu gösterir (İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 11-13). Yargılama hukukuna dair yazılan eserler, hem bu örnekleri hem de dönemlerine kadarki fıkhî birikimi ve uygulamaları esas alıp hangi durumlarda karîne ve emârelere dayanılarak hüküm verilebileceğini meseleci bir metotla örneklendirmeye çalışır. Meselâ İbn Ferhûn karîneye müsteniden hüküm verilebilir elli, Alâeddin et-Trablusî yirmi dört fer‘î mesele zikreder. Ancak konu örf ve âdete, içinde bulunulan şartlara ve teknolojik imkânlara göre değişime açık olduğundan zikredilenler sınırlandırıcı/tüketici değil örnek kabilinden meselelerdir.
Diğer alanlarda karînelerin her türlüsünden belli ölçüde istidlâller yapmak mümkünse de karînenin yargılamada ispata elverişli olabilmesi için hükme delâletinin açık, kesin veya kesine yakın olması aranır. Çünkü zilyedlik ve evlilik gibi fiilî durumun, suçsuzluk ve borçsuzluğun asıl olması ilkesinin (berâet-i asliyye) esasen mevcut durumu koruyan bir karîne olarak var olduğu düşünülürse bunun aksine bir hakkın sübûtuna, bir cezanın infazına karar verecek olan yargının daha kuvvetli bir delile dayanması, ispatta kullanılan karînenin kati olması şartı aranır. Literatürde karînenin delâlet gücü itibariyle kati, zannî ve zayıf şeklinde üçlü taksimi de onun ispat vasıtası olarak kullanılabilirlik ölçütünü vermeye yöneliktir (Burhâneddin İbn Ferhûn, II, 101).
Kati karîne, Mecelle ’nin ifadesiyle yakīn derecesine ulaşan emâre olup (md. 1741) müstakil bir delil olarak kabul edilir ve hükmün dayanağı olabilir. Klasik kaynaklarda evli olmayan bir kadının hamile kalmasının zinaya, ağızdaki kokunun içki içildiğine, çalınan malın bir kimsenin yanında çıkması hırsızlığa, bir kimsenin, içinde yeni öldürülmüş bir ceset bulunan evden elinde kanlı bir bıçakla çıkması cinayet suçuna delâlet eden kati karîne örnekleri olarak verilir. Bu durumların kati karîne olması aksinin ispat edilemeyeceği anlamına gelmeyip aksine bir delil bulunmadığında bunlara dayanılarak hüküm verilebileceği anlamını taşır. Karînelerin ikinci grubunu oluşturan ve kati olmamakla birlikte galip zan bildiren, İbn Ferhûn’un ifadesiyle kuvvetli ve zayıf arasında orta grubu teşkil eden (Tebṣıratü’l-ḥükkâm , II, 101), bazan da “zâhir, zâhirü’l-hâl” olarak adlandırılan karîneler ise hükmün tek başına dayanağı olmayıp eşitlik durumunda veya aksine bir delil bulunmadığında tercih sebebi ve yardımcı bir delil olarak devreye girer. Zilyedlik karînesi, karı-koca arasında ev eşyasının mülkiyetinde ihtilâf olduğunda örfün delâleti, hayat tecrübesinden doğan ve belli ölçüde hükme delâleti kabul edilen karîneler böyledir. Üçüncü grupta zayıf karîneler yer alır ve bununla da ispat gücü taşımayıp hükme delâleti şek derecesinden de aşağıda kalanlar kastedilir. Bu gruptaki karînelerin yargı kararlarında göz önüne alınmayacağı açıktır.
Karînenin delil kuvveti örfe, takip edilen akıl yürütmeye, hatta her bir olayın kendine mahsus şartlarına, hukuk ve ceza davasının türüne göre değişebilir olduğundan karînelerle ilgili olarak yapılacak kuvvetli, kati, zayıf gibi tasnifler ve nitelendirmeler yargılama hukuku açısından sınırlı bir anlam taşır. Hatta fakihleri ve fıkıh mezheplerini karîneyle ispatı câiz görüp görmeme açısından gruplandırarak genel yargılarda bulunmak da kolay değildir. Meselâ kısas ve hadlerde ispat konusunda titiz davranan ve karînenin katiyet ifade etmesini sınırlı örneklere bağlamaya çalışan fakihlerin ta‘zîr suçlarında ve hukuk davalarında, klasik tabiriyle muâmelâtta daha rahat davrandıkları, bunun için de karînelerin ispat gücünün bu alanlarda daha yüksek olduğu görülür (Zühaylî, s. 527-541). Bu bilindiği için de klasik kaynaklarda karînenin ispata elverişliliğini belirleyici tasnif ve tanıtımlarda ayrıntıya inilmeyip daha çok örnekler üzerinde durulduğu ve hâkime bu konuda yol göstermekle yetinildiği görülür. Böyle bir yaklaşım, bu konuda hâkime takdir yetkisi vermenin kaçınılmazlığından da kaynaklanıyor olmalıdır. Bu sebeple klasik literatürde karînelerin hükme delâletlerinin değerlendirilmesi hâkimin firâsetinin ve takdir hakkını kullanmasının, hatta kadılık mesleğinde dirayetin göstergesi olarak sunulur ve meşhur kadıların meslekî kariyerleri anlatılırken karîneleri değerlendirerek gerçeği ortaya çıkaran ince zekâ ürünü uygulamalarına yer verilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
et-Taʿrîfât , “ḳarîne” md.
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Türk Hukuk Lûgati , Ankara 1944, s. 192.
Ferîd Cebr v.dğr., Mevsûʿatü muṣṭalaḥâti ʿilmi’l-manṭıḳ ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1996, s. 608-609.
Buhârî, “Büyûʿ”, 3, “Ḫuṣûmât”, 6, “Ḥiyel”, 11, “Nikâḥ”, 41.
Müslim, “Raḍâʿ”, 36, “Nikâḥ”, 64-67, “Cihâd”, 42, “Luḳaṭa”, 6.
Nesâî, “Âdâbü’l-ḳuḍât”, 14-15.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, eṭ-Ṭuruḳu’l-ḥükmiyye , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-fikr), s. 4-58, 248-249.
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Davut Yaylalı, “İslâm Hukukunda Karine”, İslâmî Araştırmalar , II/6, Ankara 1988, s. 54-60.
“Ḳarîne”, Mv.F , XXXIII, 157-160.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 492-493 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.