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Kelimenin aslı Latince’den gelen İtalyanca corsaro olup diğer Batı dillerine de geçmiştir (Fr. corsaire , İng. corsair vb.). Arapça’ya İtalyanca corsale den girdiği de söylenir. Nitekim Arapça’da kursân (çoğulu karasine/karâsin/karâsîn ) kelimesinden “korsanlık yapmak” anlamına karsane şeklinde fiil türetildiği gibi fazla yaygınlık kazanmasa da İtalyanca ikinci şekle daha yakın olarak kursâl (çoğulu karâsil/karâsîl ) biçiminde kullanımı da vardır. Kelimenin Türkçe’ye Arapça yoluyla geçtiği anlaşılmaktadır. Arapça’da “denizcilikte mâhir kimse” anlamına gelen bâric kelimesi de korsan karşılığında kullanılır (Mes‘ûdî, I, 440). Aslında denizlere hâkim olma, sahilleri ve deniz ticaretini koruma veya denizden gelmesi muhtemel tehlikeyi önceden bertaraf etme gibi amaçlarla yapılan korsanlık, Batı dünyasında meşrû kabul edildiği gibi İslâm dünyasında da cihad ve gazânın bir parçası olarak görülmüştür. Milletlerarası ilişkilerin savaş esasına dayandığı ve barışın ancak özel antlaşmalarla kurulabildiği Ortaçağ boyunca gerek savunma gerekse düşmana zarar verme amacıyla düzenli donanmalardan bağımsız olarak girişilen bu faaliyetler devletler tarafından da desteklenmiş ve karşılıklı ilişkilerde önemli rol oynamıştır. İbn Haldûn’un, deniz seferiyle ilgili hadiste (Dârimî, “Cihâd”, 28; Taberânî, XXV, 131-134) sözü edilen “deniz gazileri” (guzâtü’l-bahr) ifadesini korsan karşılığında kullandığı görülür (el-ʿİber , VI, 903). Bu anlamıyla Türk tarihinde karadaki akıncıların denizdeki karşılığı olarak anlaşılan ve levend diye de anılan korsanlar gerektiğinde donanmanın seferlerine katılırdı. Selânikî, Akdeniz’de “cihad ve gazâda olan benâm korsan ve kurnaz levend taifesi”nden söz etmektedir (Târih , II, 619). Peçuylu İbrâhim deryada korsanlık ve leventlik yapan levent kaptanından söz eder (Târih , I, 345). Mühimme defterlerinde “levent gemileri” ifadesiyle korsan gemilerinin kastedildiği görülmektedir (Cezar, s. 14). Korsanlar “kurt denizci”lerdir. Kâtib Çelebi, korsan olmayan acemi kaptanlara denizin durumu ve deniz savaşı konusunda korsanlarla meşvereti tavsiye eder (Tuhfetü’l-kibâr , s. 159). Korsanlığın meşrû sayıldığı bu durum dışında kelime “daha çok gasp amacıyla ticaret gemilerine ve sahillere yapılan saldırı” şeklinde olumsuz bir anlama da sahiptir. Araplar, Kızıldeniz ve Basra körfezinde zaman zaman meydana gelen bu tür olayların fâilleri için lüsûsü’l-bahr (deniz hırsızları) tabirini kullanırken Osmanlılar ticaret gemilerini yağmalayanlar için genellikle harâmi ifadesini kullanmışlardır. Kemalpaşazâde eski Amasra’yı anlatırken hisarı içinde valisi bulunduğundan, onun “ol havalide gemiyle harâmisi gezip kimi bulursa aldığından” söz eder (Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , VII. Defter, s. 176). Pîrî Reis, kalesi yapılmadan önce Bozcaada Limanı’nda harâmi gemilerinin gizlenerek gelip geçen ticaret gemilerini yağmaladığını anlatır (Kitâb-ı Bahriye , I, 209). Batı’da düşmana zarar verme amacıyla yapılan ve meşrû görülen korsanlık için privateering , “haydutluk” anlamındaki korsanlık için de piracy kelimesi kullanılmıştır.
Korsanlığın tarihi oldukça eskidir. Bilhassa Doğu Akdeniz (Levant) kıyılarında, Ege adaları ve sahillerinde korsanlık yaygındı. Milâttan önce 1700’lerde Girit adasındaki Minos medeniyetinde ticaret gemileri korsanlara karşı silâhlı mürettebat bulundururdu (Reynolds, s. 11). Yunan mitolojisinde de korsanlara karşı savaşlarıyla efsaneleşmiş kimseler vardı. Milâttan önce 1200 yıllarından başlayarak Ege adalarına korsanlar hâkim olmuş, bunlar denizde belli bir alana hükmetmek için uzun yıllar birbirleriyle savaşmıştır. Coğrafî yapısı korsanların barınmasına uygun olan Ege denizi, birkaç binyıl boyunca korsanların birbiriyle veya devletlerin korsanlarla mücadelesine sahne olmuştur. Bunların büyük bir bölümü, Herodotos’un zikrettiği birkaç örnekte (Târih , s. 246, 248) ve Anadolu beyliklerinin deniz seferlerinde görüldüğü gibi fütuhat hareketlerinin birer parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Sahili olan ve deniz ticareti yapan devletler güvenlik için tedbir almak zorundaydılar. Nitekim Bazı Yunan filozofları bunun önemine dikkat çekmişlerdir (Aristoteles, s. 206-207).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de geçen Hızır kıssası korsanlığın uzun geçmişine işaret sayılabilir. Hızır, arkalarında her sağlam gemiyi gasbeden bir melikten korumak için yoksul denizcilere ait bir gemiyi delerek kusurlu kılar (el-Kehf 18/71, 79). Kur’an’da birçok âyette gemilerin bir nimet olarak insanın hizmetine sunulduğuna işaret edilirken (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/164; İbrâhîm 14/32; el-Hac 22/65; Lokmân 31/31; ez-Zuhruf 43/12; el-Câsiye 45/12) denizin tehlikelerine de dikkat çekilir (meselâ bk. el-En‘âm 6/63; el-İsrâ 17/67; el-Ankebût 29/65). İnsanların kendi işlediklerinden dolayı karada ve denizde düzenin bozulduğunu bildiren âyet (er-Rûm 30/41), Hz. Peygamber döneminde Arap yarımadasını çevreleyen denizlerdeki korsanlık faaliyetlerinin çokluğuna işaret olarak da yorumlanmıştır (Muhammed Hamîdullah, s. 188). Nitekim hicretin 9. (631) yılında Mekke’nin limanı Şuaybe açıklarında görülen zenci korsanlar Resûl-i Ekrem’e haber verilmiş, o da bunların üs olarak kullandıkları adadan çıkarılması için Alkame b. Mücezziz kumandasında 300 kişilik bir kuvvet göndermiştir (İbn Sa‘d, II, 163). Basra körfezi ve Uman denizi kıyılarında da sık sık korsanlık olayları görülürdü. Hz. Ömer zamanında bölge valisi Osman b. Ebü’l-Âs es-Sekafî’nin özel gayretleriyle düzenlenen deniz seferleri (Belâzürî, s. 629 vd.) kısmen bunların faaliyetlerine yöneliktir. Müslümanlar kısa bir süre içinde Doğu Akdeniz ve Kuzey Afrika sahillerine, Basra körfezi ve Uman denizi kıyılarına hâkim olmuşlardı. Bu sahillerin düşman ve korsan gemilerine karşı korunması gerekiyordu. Hem denizden gelebilecek tehlikelere karşı hem cihad amacıyla deniz seferleri düzenlemek üzere buralardaki eski tersanelerden ve Fenike geleneğini sürdüren ustalardan yararlanıp gemi inşa etmişlerdir (DİA , IV, 496; XIV, 8 vd.). Bu tersanelerde sadece donanma için değil gazâ yapmak isteyen, müslüman ticaret gemilerini gasp için fırsat kollayan düşman korsanlarına karşı savaşan müslüman denizciler için de gemiler yapılmıştır.
İlk fetihler sonunda, “Maceralar denizi” olarak da adlandırılan Akdeniz’in bilhassa batısında güney sahilleri müslüman, kuzey sahilleri daha çok hıristiyan korsanların hâkimiyet bölgesi durumundaydı. I. (VII.) yüzyıldan itibaren çeşitli adalara ve Batı Akdeniz kıyılarına müslümanlar tarafından deniz seferleri düzenlendi. Mûsâ b. Nusayr’ın Kuzey Afrika valiliği döneminden itibaren Arap ve Berberî denizciler Sicilya, Sardinya ve Korsika adalarına baskınlar yaptılar. III. (IX.) yüzyılın hemen başlarında Malta, Sicilya ve Kasvara’da (Pantelleria), daha sonra Balear adalarının Endülüs Emevîleri’nin eline geçmesinde müslüman korsanlar önemli görevler ifa ettiler. 202’deki (817-18) Rabaz Vak‘ası’nın ardından Endülüs’ten sürülen bir grup göçmen Orta ve Doğu Akdeniz’de birtakım korsanlık faaliyetlerinde bulundular. Bunlardan İskenderiye’ye yerleşenler, 212 (827) yılında Abdullah b. Tâhir tarafından şehri terketmek zorunda bırakılınca reisleri Ebû Hafs Ömer b. Şuayb el-Bellûtî kumandasında otuz-kırk parça gemiyle Girit’e gidip adayı kademe kademe ele geçirerek burada yerleştiler. 227’de (842) Mağribli korsanlar Güney Fransa’da Rhone nehri deltasındaki Arles sahillerine seferler düzenlediler. Korsanlar bu seferden kayıp vermeden döndülerse de aynı bölgeye yaptıkları 235 (850) yılındaki baskında ters esen rüzgâr sebebiyle yelkenlerini açamadıklarından hepsi öldürülmüştü. 255 (869) yılında korsanlar Camargue’a seferlerini yenilediler. 278’de (891) yirmi kadar Endülüslü denizci Fransa’nın güneyinde Provence bölgesinde Saint Tropez körfezine demir attı ve buradan komşu bölgelere saldırılar düzenledi. 281’de (894) kendilerine katılanlarla birlikte Marsilya’nın kuzeyinde Fraxinetum Kalesi’ni merkez edinip seksen yıldan fazla devam eden bir korsan devleti kurdular. Bunların faaliyetleri III. Abdurrahman ile Büyük Otto arasında diplomatik ilişkilere vesile oldu. Fransız sahillerine müslüman korsanların seferleri uzun zaman sürmüştür. İbn Haldûn, Bicâye’den bahsederken bura halkından deniz gazilerinin oluşturduğu filo için cesur kişilerden mürettebat seçip Fransa sahillerine ve adalarına âni baskınlar düzenlediklerini, rastladıkları kâfir gemileriyle savaşıp bol miktarda ganimet ve esirle döndüklerini kaydeder (el-ʿİber , VI, 903). Açık denizlerdeki durumla ilgili olarak da müslüman gemilerinin denizlerde rahatça dolaştıklarını, bir düşman gemisine rastladıklarında ona hücum ettiklerini söyler. Onun hıristiyanların denize bir tahtayı bile indiremedikleri iddiası (Mukaddime , I, 651), daha çok müslümanların denizlere tamamen hâkim oldukları III (IX) ve IV. (X.) yüzyıllar için doğrudur. Müslüman korsanlar Toskana ve Liguria sahillerine kadar baskınlar düzenlediler. İtalya sahillerinde ticaretle ünlü bazı şehirler, IX-X. yüzyıllarda papalığın tehditlerine rağmen Saracen (müslüman Arap) korsanlarla iş birliği yapmaktaydılar. İmparator II. Louis, Napoli’yi Palermo gibi Kuzey Afrika’nın bir şubesi olmakla suçluyordu. Napoli, Arap korsanları için güvenilir bir sığınma yeri, elverişli bir hareket noktası olmuştu. Onlara gereken erzak ve silâh veriliyor, ganimetten de pay alınıyordu (Heyd, s. 107-108).
Kuzey Afrika’da Bicâye, Mehdiye ve Cerbe adası gibi korsan yatağı olan şehir ve adalar vardı. Mehdiye, Zîrîler döneminde tamamen korsanlığa hizmet edecek şekilde donatılmıştı. Burada barınan korsanlar Akdeniz’in en uzak yerlerine bile korku salıyordu. Bunların faaliyetleri papalığın da teşvikiyle Sicilya Normanları’nın, Pizalılar’ın ve Cenevizliler’in karşılık vermesine sebep oldu. Müslüman devletlerin kendi aralarındaki mücadelesinden doğan zaaf ve Haçlı ittifakı yüzünden Akdeniz’de İspanyol, Cenevizli ve Pizalı korsanların faaliyetleri yoğunluk kazandı. Ancak İskenderiye’den Tanca’ya kadar sahiller boyunca kurulmuş savunma sistemi onların etkili baskınlarını kısmen zorlaştırmıştır. Haçlılar’ın Bizans ülkesinde yaptıkları yağmalar, ortak düşman karşısında Bizans İmparatoru II. Isaakios Angelos ile Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî arasında bir yakınlığa sebep olmuştu. Selâhaddin’in gönderdiği çok değerli hediyelerin bulunduğu gemiye korsanlar tarafından el konulup elçilerin öldürülmesi de muhtemelen bu dostluğu önlemeyi amaçlıyordu (a.g.e. , s. 254).
Ege ve Akdeniz’de korsanlık olayları sadece müslümanlarla hıristiyanlar arasında cerayan etmemiştir. İngilizler’in Doğu Akdeniz ticaretine başlaması üzerine ortaya çıkan İngiliz-Fransız rekabeti de korsanlık olaylarını arttırmıştır. Bunların Osmanlı karasularında birbirleriyle savaşması devleti birtakım tedbirler almaya zorlamıştır (Kütükoğlu, sy. 12 [1968], s. 58 vd.).
Türkler’de “deniz gazileri” anlamında ilk korsanlık hareketi Malazgirt savaşını takip eden yıllarda Çaka Bey’le başlar. Daha sonra çeşitli Türk kumandanları ve beyleri sayesinde Akdeniz ve Karadeniz’de fetihler yapılmıştır. Karasi, Saruhan, Aydın ve Menteşe beyliklerine mensup leventler Ege’de korsanlık yapmışlardı. Osmanlılar bahriye teşkilâtını oluşturmada onlardan yararlanmıştır. Pîrî Reis’in “pîrimiz” dediği Kemal Reis de bunlardan biridir (Kitâb-ı Bahriye , I, 53). Daha sonra büyük Osmanlı denizcileri Barbaros kardeşlerle Turgut, Seydi Ali, Sinan, Sâlih, Murad reisler de korsanlıktan yetişmişlerdir. Bunlar Akdeniz’deki faaliyetleri yanında Atlantik’e açılarak Manş denizinde Norveç kıyılarına, daha kuzeyde İzlanda’ya, batıda Antiller’e kadar gitmişler, düzenli devlet donanmasının henüz varlık göstermediği dönemlerde önemli hizmetler görmüşlerdir. Osmanlılar’da derya beyleri kendi bölgeleri içine giren sahilleri, sahile yakın geçen tüccar gemilerini korsanlara karşı korumakla da görevliydiler. Ayrıca ahidnâmelerde korsanlara karşı ortak himaye, korsanların verdiği zararları tazmin imtiyazları verilmiştir.
Osmanlı döneminde, özellikle XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren Akdeniz hâkimiyeti mücadelesinde Kuzey Afrika kıyılarındaki üslerde yerleşmiş birçoğu devlete bağlı olarak faaliyet gösteren korsan grupları etkili olmuşlar, Akdeniz’in Avrupa kıyıları ve adalarına yönelik akınlarda bulunmuşlardır. Kuzey Afrika’da üslenen bu korsanlar, özellikle XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda devletler arası ilişkilerde önemli bir problem haline gelmişlerdir. Öte yandan Osmanlı topraklarına ve deniz ticaret filolarına karşı hıristiyan korsanların saldırıları bazı dönemlerde devlet için oldukça ciddi sıkıntılara yol açmıştır. Osmanlı idaresine alınana kadar Rodos, Kıbrıs ve Girit’te yuvalanmış olan korsan filolarının İstanbul’dan Mısır’a uzanan ticarî deniz yolunun güvenliğini sarstığı bilinmektedir. Doğu Akdeniz’in güvenliğinin sağlanmasının ardından XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru bilhassa Adriyatik’te bulunan korsanların yoğun faaliyetleri önemli bir mesele haline gelmiş, Uskok adı verilen bu korsanlarla etkili mücadele başlatılmıştı. Ayrıca Malta’da üslenen şövalyelerin yine XVI ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda Osmanlı gemilerine karşı korsanlık faaliyetlerini sürdürdükleri, hatta Doğu Akdeniz’e Suriye sahillerine kadar uzandıkları bilinmektedir. Diğer etkili bir korsan tehdidi, Karadeniz’de Kazaklar’ın Kuzey Anadolu sahillerine yönelik baskın ve yağma akınlarıyla gerçekleşmiş ve Osmanlı Devleti’ni uzun yıllar meşgul etmiştir. Ege’de ise XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Rum eşkıyalarının adalara ve kıyılara yönelik yağmalama ve saldırma hareketleri Osmanlı kaynaklarında korsanlık olarak nitelendirilmiş, özellikle Ege adalarının bazıları belgelerde “korsan yatağı” olarak anılmıştır. Aynı yüzyıllarda Osmanlı resmî literatüründe Ege’de gerek Rum gerekse Türk olsun korsan gruplarının gemileri için “korsan bahrisi” tabiri sıkça kullanılmıştır.
Deniz ticaretinin yoğun olduğu Basra körfezi ve Hint Okyanusu kıyılarında da korsanlık yaygındı. Mes‘ûdî, Aden körfezinden Hint Okyanusu’na açılırken Somali açıklarında yer alan Sokotra adasının -Akdeniz’de (el-Bahrü’r-Rûmî) Rum (Bizans) korsanların Suriye ve Mısır açıklarında müslüman tüccarların yolunu kestikleri gibi- Hindistan ve Çin’e giden müslümanlara ve başkalarına ait ticaret gemilerinin yolunu kesen Hintli korsanların yuvası haline geldiğinden söz eder (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , I, 440). Batılılar’ın, bilhassa Portekizliler’in Ümit Burnu’nu keşfedip Hindistan’a ulaşmalarından sonra Hint Okyanusu ve kıyılarında birçok korsanlık vak‘ası olmuştur. Hint ticaretiyle güçlenen Portekizliler yalnız ticaretle kalmıyor, zayıf müslüman devletlere de musallat oluyordu. Zaman zaman bunlardan gelen yardım talebine cevap veren Osmanlı Devleti, Hint Okyanusu’na donanma göndererek Portekizliler’le mücadele etmiştir.
Önceleri bir savaş yöntemi gibi telakki edilen korsanlık 1856 Paris Kongresi’nde alınan kararlarla devletler hukukuna göre suç sayılmıştır. Buna göre resmî yetkililer bir korsan gemisini zaptedebilir, zorla bir limana yanaştırabilir, uyruklarına ya da ikametlerine bakmaksızın korsan gemi mürettebatını yargılayabilir ve suçlu bulunanları cezalandırarak gemiye el koyabilirdi.
İslâm hukuku açısından “deniz gazâsı” anlamında korsanlık cihadın bir parçası gibi görüldüğünden bu korsanların aldıkları ganimet meşrû sayılmıştır. Her gemi bir kale gibi telakki edilerek onu muhasara edenlerin ganimeti paylaşma usulü esas alınmıştır. Gasp ve öldürmeyi amaçlayan korsanlık ise “hırâbe” olarak kabul edilir. Güvenliği yok etme, korku salma, gasp, karışıklık çıkarma gibi sebeplerle korsanlar, “Allah ve resulüne karşı savaşanlar ve yeryüzünde düzeni bozmaya çalışanlar …” olarak (el-Mâide 5/33) yaptıkları fiillerin derecesine göre cezalandırılır. Malı gasbedilenlerin müslüman, zimmî veya anlaşmalı olması sonucu değiştirmez (bk. EŞKIYA ). Venşerîsî, müslümanların deniz seferinde ticaret metâı dolu bir gemi bulmaları ve bunun düşmana ait olmadığını bilmeleri halinde ondan bir şey almalarının câiz olmadığını, onu bir emanet telakki edip içindeki mallarla birlikte koruma altına almak ve sahiplerine teslim etmekle yükümlü bulunduklarını söyler (el-Miʿyârü’l-muʿrib , VIII, 302-303).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dârimî, “Cihâd”, 28.
Aristoteles [Aristo], Politika (trc. Mete Tunçay), İstanbul 1990, s. 206-207.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , II, 163.
Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda) , s. 629-630, 634.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , I, 440.
Taberânî, el-Muʿcemü’l-kebîr (nşr. Hamdî Abdülmecîd es-Selefî), Beyrut 1405/1985, XXV, 131-134.
Herodotos, Târih (trc. Perihan Kuturman), İstanbul 1973, s. 246, 248.
İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , VI, 903.
a.mlf., Mukaddime (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1982, I, 648-654.
Venşerîsî, el-Miʿyârü’l-muʿrib (nşr. Muhammed Haccî), Beyrut 1401/1981, VIII, 302-303.
İbn Kemal, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , VII. Defter, s. 176.
Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye (nşr. Ertuğrul Zekâi Ökte v.dğr.), İstanbul 1988, I, 53, 209.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , II, 619.
Peçuylu İbrâhim, Târih , I, 345.
Kâtib Çelebi, Tuhfetü’l-kibâr , s. 53, 159.
Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekayiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), Ankara 1995, s. 178, 195, 196, 307-308, 584.
P. Wittek, Menteşe Beyliği (trc. Orhan Şaik Gökyay), Ankara 1944, s. 44-45.
Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 389-390, 480.
Muhammed Hamîdullah, İslâmda Devlet İdaresi (trc. Kemal Kuşcu), İstanbul 1963, s. 74-77, 151-153, 188, 258-260.
Mustafa Cezar, Osmanlı Tarihinde Levendler , İstanbul 1965, s. 12-17, 170-175.
W. Heyd, Yakın-Doğu Ticaret Tarihi (trc. Enver Ziya Karal), Ankara 1975, s. 40-41, 57, 102, 107-108, 125, 131, 132-133, 253-254, 256, 422-423.
Türkmen Parlak, Ege Denizinde İlk Türk Derya Beyleri , [baskı yeri yok] 1979, s. 12, 18, 42, 58, 68, 122.
Subhî es-Sâlih, “el-Ḥimâye mine’l-ḳarṣâne fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye”, el-Ḳarṣâne fi’l-ḳānûni’l-ümemî , Rabat 1986, s. 17 vd.
Clark G. Reynolds, Navies in History , Maryland 1998, s. 11-14.
M. Aymard, “XVI. Yüzyılın Sonunda Akdeniz’de Korsanlık ve Venedik” (trc. M. Genç), İFM , XXIII/1-2 (1962-63), s. 219-238.
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, “XVIII. Yüzyılda İngiliz ve Fransız Korsanlık Hareketlerinin Akdeniz Ticareti Üzerinde Etkileri”, BTTD , sy. 12 (1968), s. 57 vd.
Mücteba İlgürel, “Adalar Denizinde Rum Korsanları”, a.e. , sy. 16 (1969), s. 62-67.
R. Mantran, “XVII. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Doğu Akdeniz’de Ticaret, Deniz Korsanlığı ve Gemiler Kafileleri”, TTK Belleten , LII/203 (1988), s. 685-695.
G. Marçais, “Mehdiye”, İA , VII, 493-494.
Fikret Işıltan, “Sicilya”, a.e. , X, 591-592.
Nebi Bozkurt, “Bahriye”, DİA , IV, 495 vd.
İdris Bostan, “Gemi”, a.e. , XIV, 8 vd.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 210-212 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.