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KÜSÛF Skip to content Ayın güneşle dünya arasına girerek güneş ışığını engellemesi, güneş tutulması.
1/2 Müellif: M. KÂMİL YAŞAROĞLU Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “örtmek; kararmak” anlamlarına gelen küsûf, güneş için kullanıldığında ayın güneşle dünya arasına girerek güneş ışığını engellemesi yani güne…
2/2 Müellif: YAVUZ UNAT Bölüme Git
İLİMLER TARİHİ. İlk ve Ortaçağ’da yer merkezli Batlamyus sistemi hâkim olduğundan ay ve güneş tutulması olaylarının açıklanması bu sisteme göre yapılm…
Sözlükte “örtmek; kararmak” anlamlarına gelen küsûf , güneş için kullanıldığında ayın güneşle dünya arasına girerek güneş ışığını engellemesi yani güneş tutulması olayını ifade eder. Küsûf kelimesiyle anlam bakımından ilişkili olan ve sözlükte “batmak, görünmez olmak” mânasına gelen husûf ise ay ile ilgili olarak kullanıldığında dünyanın ay ile güneş arasına girerek ayın yüzeyine güneş ışığının ulaşmasını engellemesi yani ay tutulması demektir. Küsûf ve husûf kelimeleri güneş ve ay tutulması hakkında birbirinin yerine kullanılmakla birlikte fıkıh ve astronomi literatüründe genellikle güneş tutulması için küsûf, ay tutulması için husûf kelimesi yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Diğer taraftan güneş ve ay tutulmasının ikisine birden “küsûfân” veya “husûfân” denildiği de olur.
Kıyamet günü meydana gelecek hadiselerin biri olarak ayın tutulacağına işaret eden âyet (el-Kıyâme 75/8) dışında Kur’an’da küsûf ve husûf ay ve güneşle ilgili olarak geçmez. Hadislerde de bu iki kelime, olayın kozmik yönünü değil güneş ve ay tutulması esnasında yapılması istenen ibadetlere dair açıklamalar vesilesiyle yer almaktadır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḫsf”, “ksf” md.leri).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de güneş ve ay hakkında daha çok hikmet yönüne ve yaratıcının kudretine vurgu amacıyla çeşitli açıklamalar yapılır. Güneş ve ay üzerine yemin edilir ve bu iki cismin Allah’ın varlığının birer delili olduğu ifade edilerek insanın bunlar üzerinde düşünüp ibret alması, böylece kendisini yaratan Allah’a karşı kulluk şuuru içinde bulunması istenir (el-En‘âm 6/77-78, 96; Yûnus 10/5; Yâsîn 36/38-40; Fussılet 41/37; el-Müddessir 74/32; eş-Şems 91/1-2). Bu açıklamalar, ay ve güneşe kutsallık atfeden veya gayba ait çeşitli sonuçlar bağlayan eski anlayışları düzeltme gayesi de taşımaktadır. Astronomi bilgisinin hayli zayıf olduğu Eskiçağ’lardan itibaren ay ve güneş tutulmasıyla ilgili olarak pek çok yorum yapıldığı, meselâ önemli bir kişinin veya bir hükümdarın doğum ya da ölümünün işareti sayılarak uğur veya uğursuzluk sebebi kabul edildiği bilinmektedir. Nitekim Câhiliye dönemi Arap toplumunda güneş tutulmasının önemli bir kişinin ölümü üzerine meydana geldiği şeklinde bir inanış mevcuttu. 10 (632) yılında Hz. Peygamber’in oğlu İbrâhim vefat ettiği gün güneş tutulunca bazı kimseler bu iki olay arasında irtibat kurmuş, Resûl-i Ekrem de güneş ve ayın ilâhî birer alâmet olup bir kişinin ölümü üzerine tutulmayacağını belirtmiştir (Buhârî, “Küsûf”, 1, 15; Müslim, “Küsûf”, 10, 23, 29).
Hadis kaynaklarında, aralarında bazı rivayet farklılıkları bulunmakla birlikte güneş tutulduğu zaman Hz. Peygamber’in küsûf namazı kıldırdığını ifade eden çok sayıda hadis mevcuttur. Bu hadislerde Resûl-i Ekrem’in bu namaz sırasında kıraati uzun tuttuğu, namazı tamamlayınca güneş ışığının tekrar ortaya çıkmasından sonra cemaate hitap ederek, “Ay ve güneş Allah’ın varlığını ve kudretini gösteren alâmetlerdendir. Bunlar hiç kimsenin ölümünden veya yaşamasından/doğmasından dolayı tutulmaz. Ay veya güneş tutulmasını gördüğünüz zaman açılıncaya kadar namaz kılın, dua edin” dediği, bazı rivayetlerde ise Allah resulünün bu iki hadiseye şahit olunduğunda tekbir getirilmesi, sadaka verilmesi ve köle âzat edilmesini istediği ifade edilir (Buhârî, “Küsûf”, 1, 2, 6, 9, 15, 17, 19; “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 4; “ʿItḳ”, 3; Müslim, “Küsûf”, 1-4, 10, 29; Nesâî, “Küsûf”, 10).
Konuyla ilgili hadisleri ve bizzat Resûl-i Ekrem’in bu namazı kıldırmış olmasını dikkate alan fakihler güneş tutulduğu zaman namaz kılmanın sünnet olduğu görüşündedir. Ayrıca bu konudaki hadislerden birinde Hz. Peygamber’in “namaz kılın” şeklinde emir kipi kullanmasından hareketle Hanefî mezhebinde bu namazın vâcip olduğu yolunda bir görüş de vardır (Kâsânî, II, 251). Küsûf namazının vakti, ne şekilde kılınacağı ve hutbe okumanın gerekli olup olmadığı gibi konular Resûl-i Ekrem’den nakledilen farklı rivayetler sebebiyle fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır.
Küsûf namazı ezan ve kāmet okunmaksızın cemaatle ya da tek başına kılınabilir. Ancak fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre cemaatle kılınması daha faziletlidir. Seferî durumundaki kimseler tarafından da kılınabilen bu namazın vakti güneş tutulmasının başlamasından sona ermesine kadar süren zaman dilimidir. Hanefîler’e, Hanbelîler’e ve İmam Mâlik’ten gelen bir rivayete göre namaz kılmanın mekruh olduğu vakitlerden birine tesadüf etmesi halinde küsûf namazı kılınmaz. Bu durumda namaz yerine tesbih, tehlîl ve istiğfar ile meşgul olunur. İmam Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’den gelen bir rivayete göre ise bu namaz her zaman kılınabilir. İmam Mâlik’ten gelen bir diğer görüşe göre küsûf namazının zeval vaktinden sonra kılınması câiz değildir. Vaktinde kılınamayan küsûf namazı kazâ edilmez.
Namazdan önce gusül abdesti almak, cuma ve bayram namazları gibi camide kılmak, rükû, kıraat ve secdeleri normal zamanlara göre daha uzun tutmak küsûf namazının sünnetlerindedir. Ayrıca güneş tutulması sırasında Allah’ı bolca zikretmek, günahların bağışlanmasını dilemek, tekbir getirmek ve sadaka vermek Hz. Peygamber’in tavsiyeleri arasında yer alır.
Hanefî fakihlerine göre küsûf namazı en az iki rek‘at olup dört veya daha fazla rek‘at olarak da kılınabilir. Her iki veya dört rek‘atta bir selâm verilir. Diğer nâfile namazlarda olduğu gibi her rek‘atta tek rükû ve iki secde yapılır. İmam Mâlik, İmam Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre ise küsûf namazı her rek‘atta uzunca bir sûrenin okunduğu kıyamdan ve rükûdan sonra tekrar aynı şekilde kıyam ve rükû yapılarak iki rek‘at olarak kılınır. Diğer taraftan İbn Rüşd gibi bazı fakihler, bu konuyla ilgili olarak nakledilen rivayetlerin tamamının sahih oluşunu dikkate alarak küsûf namazının bu rivayetlerde yer alan bir şekle uygun olarak kılınmasının yeterli olacağı görüşündedir (Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , I, 179). Rivayetler arası farklılık, Hz. Peygamber’in güneş tutulma süresinin uzunluk ve kısalığına göre kıraat ve rükû sayısını artırdığı ve farklı olaylar vesilesiyle kılınan küsûf namazları arasında bazı farklılıklar bulunabileceği şeklinde telif edilmiştir. Mâlikî ve Şâfiî fakihleriyle Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre küsûf namazında kıraat gizli, Hanefî fakihlerinden İmam Muhammed ve Ebû Yûsuf ile Ahmed b. Hanbel ve İmam Mâlik’ten gelen bir rivayete göre ise açıktan yapılır.
Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre küsûf namazında hutbe okunmaz. Çünkü bu aynı zamanda evde tek başına da kılınabilen bir namazdır. Bu müctehidler, Resûl-i Ekrem’in küsûf namazı kıldıktan sonra hutbe okuduğunu kabul etmekle birlikte bu hutbeyi o gün vefat eden oğlu İbrâhim’in ölümü sebebiyle güneşin tutulduğu düşüncesinde olanları uyarmak maksadıyla irad ettiğini söylerler. Şâfiîler ise böyle bir yoruma gitmeyerek namazdan sonra cuma ve bayram namazlarında olduğu gibi iki hutbe okunmasının sünnet olduğu görüşündedir. Mâlikîler’e göre namazın ardından Allah’a hamd ve Hz. Peygamber’e salâtı ihtiva eden bir vaazda bulunmak menduptur. Rivayetlerden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla küsûf namazının cemaatle kılınması durumunda imamın namazdan sonra cemaati günahlardan tövbe etmeye, sadaka vermeye ve dua yapmaya teşvik etmesi Resûlullah’ın sünnetine uygun bir davranış niteliğindedir.
Ay tutulduğu zaman kılınan husûf namazının sünnet olup olmadığı ya da cemaatle kılınıp kılınmayacağı konusunda fakihler arasında farklı görüşler vardır. Aralarında İmam Şâfiî, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî’nin de bulunduğu bazı âlimler küsûf namazıyla ilgili olarak rivayet edilen hadisteki, “Siz bunları tutulmuş görürseniz hemen tekbir getirin. Allah’a dua edin, namaz kılın ve sadaka verin” ibaresini delil kabul ederek husûf namazıyla ilgili hükümlerin küsûf namazının hükümleriyle aynı olduğu görüşündedir. Ebû Hanîfe ve İmam Mâlik ise ay tutulması güneş tutulmasından daha fazla meydana geldiği halde Hz. Peygamber’in bu sebeple namaz kılmadığını ifade ederek husûf namazının sünnet olmadığını belirtmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte ay tutulması sırasında tek başına iki ya da dört rek‘at namaz kılınması müstehaptır. İmam Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre ise husûf namazı da küsûf namazı gibi sünnettir ve cemaatle kılınabilir. Ayrıca Şâfiî ve Mâlikîler’e göre husûf namazında kıraat açıktan yapılır.
Küsûf namazına kıyas edilerek sel, deprem, fırtına vb. tabii âfetlerin meydana geldiği zamanlarda bu namaza benzer bir namaz kılmanın müstehap olduğunu ifade edenler de vardır. Nitekim İbn Abbas’ın deprem sırasında bu şekilde bir namaz kıldığı nakledilir. Ancak aralarında İmam Mâlik ve İmam Şâfiî’nin de bulunduğu çoğunluk bu görüşe katılmaz.
Konuyla ilgili rivayetlerden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla güneş ve ay tutulması sırasında namaz, dua ve Allah’ı anma ile meşgul olmak, sırf Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetine uymayı göstermesinin yanı sıra çok seyrek olarak gerçekleşen bu tür olayların insanlar üzerinde meydana getireceği korku ve endişeyi Allah’a sığınmak suretiyle gidermek, bu vesileyle gerçek yaratıcıyı hatırlamak ve O’na şükran duygularını ifade etmek, O’ndan hayırlar talep etmek gibi hikmetler de içermektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḫsf”, “ksf” md.leri.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḫsf”, “ksf” md.leri.
Buhârî, “Küsûf”, 1, 2, 6, 9, 15, 17, 19, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 4, “ʿItḳ”, 3.
Müslim, “Küsûf”, 1-4, 10, 23, 29.
Nesâî, “Küsûf”, 10.
Şîrâzî, el-Müheẕẕeb , I, 129-130.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ (nşr. Ali M. Muavvaz – Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd), Beyrut 1418/1997, II, 250-258.
İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , I, 178-181.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , II, 273-283.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , XV, 364.
Bedreddin el-Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , Kahire 1392/1972, VI, 67-86.
Tecrid Tercemesi , III, 312-350.
Buhûtî, Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ , II, 60-66.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , III, 369-381.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VIII, 433.
“Ṣalât”, Mv.F , XXVII, 252-258.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 576-577 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
İLİMLER TARİHİ. İlk ve Ortaçağ’da yer merkezli Batlamyus sistemi hâkim olduğundan ay ve güneş tutulması olaylarının açıklanması bu sisteme göre yapılmıştır; günümüzde ise güneş merkezli sisteme göre açıklanmaktadır. Fakat her iki sistemde de ay tutulmasında yerkürenin ay ile güneş arasına, güneş tutulmasında ise ayın yerküre ile güneş arasına girdiği kabul edildiğinden sonuç değişmemektedir.
Ay tutulmasında ay ile güneş arasına yerkürenin girmesiyle ayın güneşten aldığı ışık engellenmiş olur (bk. şekil 1). Diğer bir ifadeyle ay tutulmasında ay yerkürenin gölge konisine girer ve güneşten aldığı ışığa mani olur. Hârizmî’ye göre bu olay, ay ile güneş kavuşum noktasında iken ve zaman olarak ayın ortalarında gerçekleşmektedir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , s. 129). Bîrûnî’ye göre yerküre katı bir cisim olduğundan güneş ışınları yerin üzerine düşer ve küresel bir koni oluşur. Ay kavuşum noktasında bulunduğu zaman kuzey ve güney enlemi olmadığında yerin gölge konisinden geçer ve yerküre ay ile güneş arasına girer. Böylece güneşten aya ulaşan ışık yerküre tarafından kesilir (Kitâbü’t-Tefhîm , s. 154).
Ayın görünen yörüngesi ekliptiği iki noktada kesmektedir. İslâm astronomları bu noktalara “cevzeher” veya “tinnîn” adını vermektedirler. Bütün gezegenlerin cevzeherleri olmakla birlikte adları açıkça belirtilmedikçe cevzeher denildiğinde ayınki anlaşılır. Eskiden ay tutulmasının sebebinin bir ejder olduğu kabul ediliyordu. Ayın düğümlerinde (ukde) bir ejder bulunmakta ve bu ejder düğümlerle aynı hareketi yapmaktaydı. Ejderin başı veya kuyruğu yerküre ile ay arasına girince ay tutuluyordu. Ejderin başına “re’s”, kuyruğuna da “zeneb” denilmekteydi. Bu faraziye daha sonraları terkedilmişse de bu kelimeler kullanılmaya devam etmiş, cevzeher yerine re’s ve zeneble alâkalı olarak akd ve ukde kelimeleri kullanılmıştır. Günümüzde ayın kendi yörüngesinde herhangi bir düğümden ardarda iki geçişi arasındaki zamana “ejderal ay” (ejder ayı, dragonik ay) adı verilmektedir.
Eğer ay, güneş ve yerküre birer nokta olsalardı tutulmalar ancak düğüm noktalarında gerçekleşirdi. Ancak ay, güneş ve yerküre birer cisimdir ve düğüm noktaları dışında bulunsalar bile tutulma meydana gelir. Bu da ayın enlemine bağlı bir hadisedir. Eğer ayın enlemi gölgenin ve ayın yarı çapları arasındaki farka eşit ya da ondan küçükse tam ay tutulması (husûf-i küllî), eğer bu farktan büyük, fakat yarı çaplarının toplamından küçükse kısmî ay tutulması (husûf-i cüz’î) meydana gelir. Eğer ayın enlemi bu toplama eşitse tutulma olmaz, ayın kursu gölge konisine dıştan dokunur. Ayın gölgeye girişine “bed’ü’l-küsûf”, kararmanın başlamasından tamamlanmasına kadar geçen süreye “sükût”, gölge içinde geçen sürenin yarısına “vast”, gölgeden tamamıyla kurtulma devresine “tamâmü’l-incilâ”, ayın gölgede kaldığı süreye de “meks” denilir. Meks safhası kısmî tutulmada mevcut değildir. Tam tutulma olmasından önce ayın gölge konisine dokunmasına “küsûfü külli’l-kamer bilâ meks” adı verilir. Tam tutulma sırasında tutulmanın ay üzerinde ilk görüldüğü yere “evvelü’l-meks”, ayın gölgeden çıkmaya başladığı noktaya da “âhirü’l-meks” denilir.
Güneş tutulmasına (küsûf) gelince bu olay, yerküre ile güneş arasına ayın girmesi ve güneşin ışığına engel olması neticesinde meydana gelir. Ancak ayın görüş açısı güneşinkine oranla az bir farkla küçük olduğundan ay güneşi hiçbir zaman tam olarak örtmez. Hatta ay, güneş ve yerkürenin merkezleri aynı doğru çizgi üzerinde bulunduğu zamanda bile güneş tam olarak örtülmez ve kenarından parlak bir kısım dışarıda kalır. Bu görünen kısma “korona” veya “taç” adı verilir (a.g.e. , s. 157-158).
Fergānî’ye göre güneş tutulması olayında ay güneşle kavuşum konumunda, yine iniş ve çıkış düğümleri civarında bulunursa, enlemi yoksa ve güneşle birlikte belli bir konumda ise gözümüzle güneş arasından geçer ve güneşi bizden gizler, o anda biz güneşi tutulmuş olarak görürüz (The Elements of Astronomy , s. 138).
Güneş tutulması sırasında ay güneşin ışığını örter ve bu sebeple bir gölge konisi oluşur. Bu gölgenin konisi eğer yerküreye ulaşırsa tam tutulma (küsûf-i küllî) oluşur (şekil 2). Eğer oluşan tam gölgenin konisi değil de yarı gölgenin konisi ulaşıyorsa bu sefer kısmî tutulma (küsûf-i cüz’î), ayın gölgesi yer yüzeyine ulaşmazsa halkalı tutulma oluşur. Ayın enlemi güneşin ve ayın yarı çaplarının toplamından küçükse ay güneşin bir kısmını örter. Enlem iki yarı çapın toplamına eşitse ay güneşe dokunarak geçer ve tutulma olmaz.
Ay ve güneş tutulmaları düğümler civarında oluşur. Bu sebeple tutulmalar arasındaki fâsıla ortalama altı aydır. Bir kavuşum ay süresi 29 gün 12 saattir. Ayın enlemsel değerinin artışı bir kavuşum ay süresince yaklaşık 30 dereceden biraz fazladır. Bu artış Batlamyus Almagest ’te yer alan tabloda görülmektedir (Ptolemy, s. 193). Altı kavuşum ay sonunda enlemsel değer 184 derece 1 dakika 25 saniyeye yükselir. Bu ± 4 derece 1 dakika 25 saniyelik fark tutulmaların oluşmasını engellemez, çünkü tutulma limitleri bu değerin altındadır. Bu sebeple tutulmalar arasındaki fâsılanın ortalama olarak altı ay olduğu söylenebilir. Ancak bazı özel koşullar oluştuğunda tutulmalar arasındaki fâsıla beş veya yedi ay olabilir. Batlamyus, tutulmalar arasındaki fâsılalara ilişkin ayrıntılı hesaplarını Almagest ’te verir ve şu sonuçlara ulaşır: Eğer güneş perijede hızlı hareket ediyorsa iki ay tutulması arasında beş aylık fâsıla olabilir. Ay tutulmaları arasındaki fâsıla yedi ay olamaz. Güneş perijede hızlı hareket ediyorsa iki güneş tutulması arasındaki fâsıla beş ay olabilir. Güneş apojede yavaş hareket ediyorsa iki güneş tutulması arasında yedi aylık fâsıla olabilir (a.g.e. , s. 198-202).
Tutulmaların alanını belirtmek için güneş ve ayın yarı çapı on iki eşit kısma ayrılır (isbâ‘ veya isbâi’l-küsûf) ve bu kısımlardan ne kadarının gölgeye dahil olduğu belirlenir. Ay ve güneş yüzeyi de on iki eşit kısma ayrılır ve ne kadarının gölgeye girdiği gösterilir. Böylece tam tutulma on iki birimlik bir büyüklüğe tekabül eder (Kennedy, XLVI/2 [1956], s. 143).
Tarihin bütün devirlerinde güneş ve ay tutulmaları daima insanların dikkatini çekmiş ve eski insanlar bu hadiseleri büyük bir korku içerisinde izlemişlerdir. Günümüzde bile bu tür olayların sebepleri bilinmesine rağmen yine de insanlarda derin bir etki bırakmaktadır. Fakat başlangıçtan beri İslâm, bu gibi kozmik olaylarda herhangi bir olağan üstülük bulunmadığına dikkat çekerek insanlığı uyarmıştır (DİA , IV, 182-183).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ptolemy (Batlamyus), Almagest (trc. R. C. Taliaferro, Great Books of Western World [ed. R. M. Hutchins] içinde), Chicago-London-Toronto 1952, s. 193, 198-202.
Fergānî, The Elements of Astronomy: Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esasları (trc. ve nşr. Yavuz Unat), Harvard 1998, s. 138.
Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , Kahire 1342/1923, s. 129.
Bîrûnî, Kitâbü’t-Tefhîm li-evâʾili ṣınâʿati’t-tencîm: The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology (trc. ve nşr. Ramsay Wright), London 1934, s. 154, 157-158.
O. Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1975.
E. S. Kennedy, “A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , XLVI/2, Philadelphia 1956, s. 123-177.
E. Wiedemann, “Küsûf ve Husûf”, İA , VI, 1116.
a.mlf., “Kusūf”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 535-537.
Mahmut Kaya, “Ay”, DİA , IV, 182-183.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 578-579 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.