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İLTİFÂT Skip to content Bir ifadede sözün yönünü birdenbire değiştirerek üslûp farklılığı meydana getirme anlamında edebî sanat.
Sözlükte “insanın yüzünü etrafa çevirmesi” anlamına gelen iltifât kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bu mânada geçmektedir (Hûd 11/81; el-Hicr 15/65). Belâgat âlimlerinin anlama güzellik veren edebî sanatlardan saydığı iltifât, bir beyitte veya kısa bir sözde beklenmedik şekilde şahıs, zaman ve üslûp bakımından değişiklikler yapmaktır. Bu değişiklikler monotonluğu kırarak muhatabın ilgisini uyandırmak ve konunun önemine dikkat çekmek gibi amaçlarla yapılır.
İltifâtı ilk defa kullanan Asmaî’nin bu terimi önceki cümleye dönerek onu tamamlayıcı, noksanını telâfi edici ek bir cümle getirmek şeklinde anladığı verdiği örnekten anlaşılmaktadır (Hâtimî, I, 157; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, s. 438-439). Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, Hâtimî, Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Bâkıllânî, İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, Hatîb et-Tebrîzî, Muhammed b. Ömer er-Râdûyânî ve Reşîdüddin Vatvât da iltifâtı böyle yorumlamışlardır. Günümüzde belâgat kitaplarında yer aldığı şekliyle iltifât anlayışının çığırını Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ ile Ebû Ubeyde açmış, bu çizgi İbn Kuteybe ve Müberred tarafından devam ettirilmiştir. el-Bedîʿ adlı eseriyle edebî sanatlara dair ilk müstakil kitabı yazmış olan İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, iltifât konusunda bu iki anlayışa da yer vererek onu “söz sahibinin hitaptan ihbâra, ihbârdan hitaba vb. geçmesidir” diye tanımlamıştır.
Zemahşerî, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in hitap şekillerinden kabul ettiği ve “televvün hitabı” adını da verdiği iltifât sanatına çeşitli âyetlerin tefsiri münasebetiyle temas etmiştir. İltifâtın meânî, beyân ve bedî‘ ilimleriyle ilgisine dikkat çeken Sekkâkî, Araplar’ın konuklarına çeşitli yemekler ikram etmekten hoşlandıkları gibi muhataplarına sözlerini değişik ifadelerle sunma alışkanlığına da sahip olduklarını, Kur’an’da birçok ince iltifât örneği bulunduğunu, bunları ancak usta ediplerin sezebileceğini söyler (Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm , s. 199-205). Hatîb el-Kazvînî, Tâceddin es-Sübkî, Teftâzânî, Süyûtî, İsâmüddin el-İsferâyînî, Süleyman el-Mağribî gibi âlimler, Sekkâkî’nin takipçisi olarak iltifâta meânî ilmi konuları arasında yer vermişlerdir. el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir adlı eserinde (II, 167-186) iltifâta geniş yer ayıran Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, Zemahşerî’yi iltifâtı tek amaç ve yarara hasrettiği için eleştirmiş, iltifâtın yerine göre değişen sayısız yarar ve incelikleri bulunduğunu ifade etmiştir. İbnü’l-Bennâ el-Merrâküşî iltifâtı eserinin hurûc, tehallus, idmâc, tecrîd, istitrat gibi edebî sanatları kapsayan bölümünde ele almıştır. Eski Arap şiirinde de iltifât sanatının çeşitli örneklerine rastlanmaktadır. Nitekim Zemahşerî, iltifâtın Câhiliye Arapları’nın bir anlatım tarzı olduğunu söyleyerek İmruülkays’ın beyitlerinden örnekler vermiştir (el-Keşşâf , I, 62-64).
Başlıca iltifât türleri şunlardır: 1. Gāibden hitaba geçiş. Kendisinden üçüncü şahıs olarak söz edilen kimseden ifadenin devamında ikinci şahıs olarak bahsedilmeye geçilmesidir. Fâtiha sûresinde (1-4) Allah’a hamdedilip Allah’ın sıfatlarından söz edilirken üçüncü şahıs ve hikâye üslûbu ile devam eden söz, Allah’a ibadet kısmına gelince birden değiştirilerek Allah’a hitap şeklinde anlatıma dönüştürülmüştür. Bu değişikliğin sebebi, Allah’a yapılan sözlü ve fiilî taat nevilerini kendinde toplayan en mükemmel saygı tarzı olan ibadetin şanına tâzim ve önemine dikkat çekmek, Allah’ın karşısında ve O’nu görüyormuş gibi huşû içinde ibadet yapmanın önemini vurgulamaktır. Sadece sözlü tâzim olan hamdin derecesi ibadetin derecesinden düşük olduğu için hamdin anlatımında üçüncü şahıs ve hikâye üslûbuyla yetinilmiştir. Dua ve isteklere vesile durumundaki ibadetin ardından gelen yardım ve hidâyet taleplerinin gıyaben değil hitaben (yüz yüze) yapılması uygun düştüğü için onlarda da hitap üslûbu sürdürülmüştür. 2. Gāibden mütekellime geçiş. Üçüncü şahıs olarak söz edilmeye başlanan kimseden daha sonra birinci şahıs olarak bahsedilmeye geçilmesidir. Aşağıdaki âyette bunun bir örneği görülmektedir: “Sonra buhar halinde olan göğe yöneldi, ona ve yerküreye isteyerek veya istemeyerek gelin dedi. İkisi de isteyerek geldik dediler. Böylece onları yedi gök olarak iki günde var etti ve her göğe görevini vahyetti. Biz dünya semasını kandillerle donattık, onu bozulmaktan koruduk. İşte bu o azîz ve alîm olan Allah’ın takdiridir” (Fussılet 41/11-12). Burada anlatım hikâye üslûbu ile devam ederken yıldızlar konusundaki yanlış inanca dikkat çekmek üzere onların Allah’ın yaratığı olduğunu belirten kısımda sözün akışı değiştirilerek fiil, Allah’ın zâtına isnad ile “donattık” şeklinde mütekellim sîgasına dönüşmüştür. 3. Muhataptan gāibe geçiş. İkinci şahıs olarak söz edilen kimseden ifadenin devamında üçüncü şahıs olarak bahsedilmesidir. Şu âyette de bu türün bir örneği görülmektedir: “Doğrusu tevhid dini olan Müslümanlık bir tek din olarak sizin dininizdir ve ben de sizin rabbinizim; artık bana kulluk edin. Fakat onlar din konusunda aralarında bölüklere ayrıldılar, hepsi bize dönecektir” (el-Enbiyâ 21/92-93). Âyetin başında hak dinin ve hak mâbudun tek olduğu gerçeği hitap üslûbu ile hatırlatıldıktan sonra onların din konusunda bölünmüş hallerini peygamberlere ve başkalarına haber verip kınayan ve onları da kınamaya çağıran kimselerin tavrını sergilemek üzere gāib sîgasına ve hikâye (ihbâr) üslûbuna dönülmüştür. 4. Mütekellimden gāibe geçiş. Birinci şahısla başlayan sözün üçüncü şahsa dönüşmesidir. “Tâ Hâ. Biz sana Kur’an’ı sıkıntı çekesin diye indirmedik. O, yeri ve yüksek semaları yaratan tarafından indirilmiştir” (Tâhâ 20/1-4) meâlindeki âyetlerde çoğul birinci şahısla başlayan sözün akışına göre, “Bizim tarafımızdan indirilmiştir” denecek yerde, “Yeri ve yüksek gökleri yaratan tarafından indirilmiştir” şeklinde üçüncü şahısla hikâye üslûbuna geçilmiştir. 5. Mütekellimden muhataba geçiş. Bir kimseden birinci şahıs olarak söz edilirken ikinci şahıs olarak bahsedilmeye geçilmesidir: “Beni yaratana niçin ibadet etmeyeyim! Ve siz ona döndürüleceksiniz” (Yâsîn 36/22). Âyetin, “Sizi yaratana niçin ibadet etmezsiniz; ona döndürüleceğinize göre” şeklinde hitap üslûbuyla olacak yerde ilk kısımda birinci şahısla ifade ederek nasihatte içtenliğini göstermek, kendi nefsi için istediğini onlar için de arzuladığını belirtmek üzere sözü kendi üzerinden sarfetmiştir. Gerçekte bu sözü söyleyenin amacı müşrik kavme nasihattir. Nasihatte muhataplar amaçlanmamış olsaydı âyetin devamı, “Ona döndürüleceğime göre ben niçin ona ibadet etmeyeyim” şeklinde olması gerekirdi. Bu tür ta‘riz üslûbu öğütlerde daha etkileyici bir anlatım tarzıdır (Zemahşerî, III, 319). Ayrıca âyette iltifâtın yanında bir îcâz türü olan ihtibâk sanatı da söz konusudur. 6. Mâziden muzâriye geçiş. Geçmiş zaman kipiyle başlayan sözün şimdiki zamanla devam etmesidir. Bu değişiklikle fiilin önemine, ilginçliğine dikkat çekme ve süreklilik arzettiğine işaret etmenin yanında mâziden (hikâye ve rivayet anlatımından) hale geçmek suretiyle anlatıma canlılık verilmiş, dinleyicinin ilgisi çekilmiş olur: “Onlar ki küfre saplandılar ve Allah’ın yolundan -insanları- çevirmektedirler” (el-Hac 22/25). Âyette onların küfür ve inkârlarının sabit, kararlı, saplantılı ve değişmez olduğu mâzi kipiyle belirtildikten sonra insanları hak yoldan saptırmalarının sürekli biçimde tekrarlanan ve yenilenen bir eylem olduğunu anlatmak üzere ifade süreklilik bildiren muzâri sîgasına dönüşmüştür. 7. Muzâriden mâziye geçiş. Şimdiki zamanla gelecek zamanı içeren muzâri kipiyle başlayan sözün bir yerinde anlatımın mâzi kipine dönüşmesidir. Gelecekteki bir fiilin mâzi kipiyle ifadesi onun olmuş bitmiş gibi kesinliğini, önemini veya zaman bakımından önceliğini anlatır: “O gün sûra üfürülecek. Artık göklerde ve yerdeki kimseleri korku sarmıştır” (en-Neml 27/87). Burada “korku saracaktır” yerine “korku sarmıştır” ifadesinin yer alması bunun kesin bir gerçek olduğunu vurgulamak içindir. 8. Mâziden emre geçiş. “De ki: Rabbim adaleti ve her mescidde -her namaz vaktinde- yüzlerinizi kıbleye doğrultup O’na ihlâslı bir şekilde ibadet edin diye emretti” (el-A‘râf 7/29) meâlindeki âyette anlatım, namaz ve ibadetin önemine dikkat çekmek üzere mâziden emre dönüştürülmüştür.
İbn Vehb, Ebû Ali et-Tenûhî ve Şerefeddin et-Tîbî gibi belâgat âlimlerine göre müfret, tesniye ve cemi sîgaları arasındaki geçişler de iltifâttan sayılmıştır. İsâmüddin el-İsferâyînî, müzekker lafızla dile getirilen bir mânayı sözün devamında müennes lafızla veya aksiyle ifadeyi de iltifât türleri arasına dahil etmiştir.
Türk edebiyatında da kullanılan iltifât heyecana bağlı sanatlardan biridir. Belli bir hitap ve tertip içinde devam eden söz, şair veya yazarın duyduğu bir heyecan sebebiyle birdenbire bazan akla gelmesi zor, konuyla ilgisi az bir şekilde yön değiştirip çarpıcı bir ifade haline dönüşerek etkisini arttırır. Bundan dolayı lafızdan çok mânaya ait kabul edilen bu sanatın umumiyetle manzum örneklerde kendini göstermesi Türk edebiyatına ait bir özellik sayılabilir. İltifâtın her çeşidine ait manzum örnekler arasında (Bilgegil, s. 242-249) İstiklâl Marşı’nın ayrı bir yeri vardır. Şiirin tamamı, hitabı hikâye ve tasvirin takip ettiği, fiillerin geçmiş zamandan gelecek zamana çeşitli kiplere yöneldiği, iltifât sanatının başarılı uygulamalarına ait üslûp hususiyetleri taşıyan bir eserdir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 152-153 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.