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İRŞAD Skip to content Doğru yolu gösterme anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte “doğru yolu bulup kararlılıkla benimsemek” anlamındaki rüşd kökünden masdar olan irşâd “doğru yolu göstermek” demektir. Burada sözü edilen yolun maddî mânada olması mümkün görülmekle birlikte daha çok aklî-mânevî alanı ilgilendirdiği kabul edilir. Dolayısıyla irşad din terminolojisinde hidayet ile eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmıştır. Ancak hidayeti gerçekleştirme işi genellikle Allah’a nisbet edildiği halde irşad kula da izâfe edilebilmektedir. “Allah’ın, kulunun fiilini kendi rızâsına uygun şekilde yaratması” diye tanımlanabilen tevfîk ile (et-Taʿrîfât , “tevfîḳ” md.) irşad arasında anlam yakınlığı bulunmaktadır. Fakat irşad, hem mümin hem de kâfire yönelik olduğu halde tevfîk sadece müminler için söz konusudur. İrşad kavramıyla anlam yakınlığı bulunan kelimelerden biri de da‘vet tir. “İnsanları İslâm dinini benimsemeye ve müslümanları dinî görevlerini yerine getirmeye çağırma” anlamındaki davet daha çok bu iki anlamın birincisinde, irşad ise ikincisinde yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Bunlara ayrıca teblîğ, tezkîr, tebşîr, inzâr ve emir bi’l-ma‘rûf nehiy ani’l-münker kavramlarını da ilâve etmek mümkündür.
İrşad kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer almamakla birlikte rüşd kökü ve ondan türeyen kelimeler on dokuz âyette geçmektedir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “rşd” md.). “Hidayet, doğruluk, isabet, hayır, fayda, reşid olma” mânalarına gelen bu kelimeler mutlak olarak veya insana nisbet edilerek kullanılmış, bir âyette mürşid ismi dolaylı biçimde Allah’a izâfe edilmiştir (el-Kehf 18/17). Diğer bir âyette doğru yolu bulabileceklerin nitelikleri Allah’ı kendilerine yakın bilip O’na yönelmek, davetine icâbet edip inanmak şeklinde ifade edilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/186). Doğru yolu bulmuş olanların zikredildiği bir âyette ise bu nitelikler, “Allah size imanı sevdirmiş, onu gönüllerinize sindirmiş, küfrü, fıskı ve isyanı da size çirkin göstermiştir” (el-Hucurât 49/7) cümleleriyle belirtilmiştir. Rüşd kavramı hadislerde “maddî ve mânevî alandaki doğru yolu bulmak, bu yolu göstermek” anlamında kullanılmıştır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “rşd” md.). Hz. Peygamber, müslüman olması sırasında Husayn’e bütün davranışlarında doğru olanı bulma yeteneğini kendisine ihsan etmesi için Allah’a dua etmesini tavsiye etmiş (Müsned , IV, 217, 444; Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 69), kendisi de Hucurât sûresinde doğru yolu bulmuş olanlar için zikredilen vasıfları lutfetmesini Cenâb-ı Hak’tan talep etmiştir (Müsned , III, 424). Reşîd (râşid ) (bütün işleri isabetli ve hedefe ulaşıcı) kelimesi esmâ-i hüsnâdan biri olarak Allah’a nisbet edilmiştir (İbn Mâce, “Duʿâʾ”, 10; Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 82).
Daha ziyade içe yönelik bir faaliyet olarak müslümanların dinî görevlerini yerine getirmesine katkıda bulunma çerçevesinde düşünülen irşadın gerekliliği açıktır. İnsan, dünya hayatında doğru yoldan ayrılmaması, dolayısıyla ebediyet âleminin mutluluğunu elde edebilmesi için bazı imkânlara sahip olmakla birlikte bir takım engellerle de karşılaşmaktadır. Onun sahip bulunduğu imkânlar selim yaratılış, akıl ve sosyal tecrübe türünden şeylerdir. Engeller ise bu imkânların yozlaşması veya yetersiz kalmasından başka yine insan fıtratından ve hariçten gelen yanıltıcı ve saptırıcı faktörlerin etkin güç kazanmasıdır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, insanın iyiyi kötüden ayırt etme yeteneğine ve aklî kapasitesine vurgu yapmakla birlikte (er-Rûm 30/30; ayrıca bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿaḳl” md.) bunların yetersiz kalması veya yanlış kullanılması sebebiyle sosyal gözlem ve tecrübelerin de yanıltıcı olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. “Yeryüzünde bulunanların çoğuna uyacak olursan seni Allah yolundan saptırırlar” (el-En‘âm 6/116) meâlindeki âyetle, bir toplumun fıtrî meziyetlerini değiştirmedikçe Allah’ın onların iyi durumlarını değiştirmeyeceğini beyan eden âyet (er-Ra‘d 13/11) bu sosyolojik realiteyi haber vermektedir. Önleyici tedbirler alınmadığı takdirde toplumda meydana gelecek bozulmalar Kur’an’da “zulüm” diye nitelendirilmiş ve bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkacak olan fitnenin sadece kötülere değil toplumun bütün fertlerine yönelik olacağı ifade edilmiştir (el-Enfâl 8/25).
Din, isabetli yolu bulması için kişiye verilen imkânları destekleyen güçlü bir faktördür. Din insana selim fıtratının özelliklerini hatırlatmakta, aklına vahiy ile ışık tutmakta ve sosyal tecrübesinin sağlıklı yürümesine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu sebeple irşad faaliyetleri, müslümanlar arasında mânevî yardımlaşma ve dayanışmayı sağlayan vasıtaların başında yer almaktadır. Aslında müslümanların irşad görevi kendilerine, diğer din mensuplarına ve bütün insanlara karşı sorumluluk yüklemektedir (el-Bakara 2/143; Âl-i İmrân 3/104, 110). Hz. Peygamber, bir toplumu oluşturan insanları aynı gemiye binmiş olan yolculara benzetmektedir. Geminin alt katında bulunanlar su ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak üzere delik açmaya kalkışır, üst kattakiler de onlara engel olmazsa hep beraber boğulacak, üsttekiler uyarı görevlerini yerine getirdikleri takdirde yine hep beraber selâmete ereceklerdir (Buhârî, “Şeriket”, 6, “Şehâdât”, 30). Hayber Kalesi’nin kuşatılması sırasında Hz. Ali’nin, “Hayber yahudileriyle bizim gibi müslüman oluncaya kadar savaşmalıyız” şeklindeki önerisi üzerine Resûl-i Ekrem’in verdiği cevap irşadın İslâm’daki önemini belirtmesi açısından dikkat çekicidir: “Acele etme yâ Ali! Hayber toprağına sükûnetle gir, sonra onları İslâm’a davet et. Şunu bil ki tek bir kişinin senin irşadınla müslüman olması en değerli ganimet olan kızıl develerin sana verilmesinden hayırlıdır” (Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 102; Müslim, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 34).
Nahl sûresinin 125. âyeti irşad için takip edilecek yöntemlere ışık tutmaktadır. Bunlar hikmet, güzel öğüt, iyi niyet ve samimiyete dayalı inandırıcı tartışmadır. Hikmet, her toplumda sayıları fazla olmayan âlim ve düşünürlere hitap eden kesin delillerden oluşur. Güzel öğüt, psikolojik faktörlerin kullanılması başta olmak üzere çeşitli vesilelerle ikna etmeyi amaçlayan bir irşad yolu olup kalabalık kitlelere yöneliktir. Duruma en elverişli tartışma yöntemi ise iyi niyetli olmayan grupları hedeflemektedir. Buradaki amaç da onları susturup kalabalık halk kitlelerine verecekleri zararı asgariye indirmektir. Aslında cedel yöntemiyle de bazı insanların gerçeği anlayıp benimsemesi mümkündür. İlmî faaliyet, halka yönelik çalışma ve İslâm’ı hedef alan eleştirileri cevaplandırmak şeklinde de ifade edilebilecek olan bu üç yöntemden başka ayrıca fiilî irşad yöntemi de önemlidir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, İsrâiloğulları âlimlerinin ilâhî mesajı okuyup gerçeği bildikleri halde kendilerini unutarak sadece diğer insanlara erdemli olmayı emretmeleri eleştirilmiş, böyle davrananların akıllarını kullanmadıkları ifade edilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/44). İslâmiyet’in, doğuşundan itibaren insanların gönlünde yer etmesi, yayılması ve evrensel bir din haline gelmesinin önemli âmillerinden biri, başta Peygamber olmak üzere mensuplarının dinin gereklerini yerine getirmesi, sözleriyle fiillerinin birbirine uymasıdır. Özellikle büyük halk kitleleri, nazarî bilgilerden çok, örnek müslüman tiplerinden etkilenerek İslâm dinini benimsemiştir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in teheccüt namazlarında tekrarladığı dua ve niyaz ifadeleri arasında yer alan, “Allahım! Bütün peygamberler haktır, Muhammed de haktır” cümlesi (Buhârî, “Teheccüd”, 1, “Daʿavât”, 10), ayrıca hayatının sıkıntılı ve rahat dönemlerinde sözleriyle fiilleri arasında hiçbir farklılığın bulunmaması konunun önemli kanıtlarından birini teşkil etmektedir.
Emir bi’l-ma‘rûf nehiy ani’l-münker ilkesi açısından düşünüldüğü takdirde irşadın bütün müslümanlara yönelik bir görev olduğu anlaşılır. İnsanın bilgisi, yetenek ve yetkisi arttıkça sorumluluğu da artar ve bu sorumluluk sade müslüman ferde kadar ulaşır. “Ey Peygamber! Biz seni gerçeğin bir temsilcisi, bir müjdeci ve uyarıcı, herkesi Allah’ın izniyle O’na çağıran ve ışık saçan bir kandil konumunda gönderdik” meâlindeki âyet (el-Ahzâb 33/45-46), hem Resûl-i Ekrem’in irşad hiyerarşisinin başında yer aldığını bildirmekte hem de mürşidin önemli niteliklerini anlatmaktadır. Âyette sıralanan beş niteliğin ilki ilâhî gerçeklerin yanında sosyal realiteye vâkıf olmayı içermekte, ikinci ve üçüncü nitelikler, özendirme ve uyarma yöntemlerini yerine göre kullanmaya işaret etmektedir. Hz. Peygamber’in ferdî ve içtimaî konularda daima kolay olanı tercih ettiği bilinmektedir (Buhârî, “Menâḳıb”, 27; “Edeb”, 80; Müslim, “Feżâʾil”, 77-78). Ayrıca O, “Elinizden geldikçe kolaylaştırın, güçleştirmeyin; müjdeleyici olun, nefret ettirici sözler söylemeyin ve bu tür davranışlardan kaçının” (Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 11, “Edeb”, 80; Müslim, “Cihâd”, 8) sözleriyle de bunu bir ilke haline getirmiştir. Dördüncü nitelik olarak zikredilen davet mürşidin sürekli olarak gayret göstermesini, muhatapları için rahmet ve hidayet talep etmesini gerektirir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber müşriklere beddua etmesi istendiği en sıkıntılı zamanlarında bile, “Ben lânet edici değil, davet edici ve rahmet dileyici olarak görevlendirildim” demiştir (Kādî İyâz, I, 221). “Işık saçan kandil” olma niteliği mürşidin anlattığı mesajın gereklerini yerine getirmesi, misyonuna uygun bir hayat yaşaması ve fiilî temsil konumunu daima koruması şeklinde anlaşılmalıdır. Mürşid için önemli olan diğer bir vasıf da onun sabırlı olmasıdır. İrşad faaliyetlerinde göğüs gerilmesi gereken başlıca iki güçlükten söz etmek mümkündür. Bunlardan biri mürşidin beşerî arzularının direnişi, diğeri ise dıştan gelecek tepkilerdir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, irşad görevinin yerine getirilmesi sırasında ortaya çıkacak güçlüklere karşı sabır ve namazı (veya dua) vasıta kılarak Allah’tan yardım istenmesi tavsiye edilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/45, 153; Lokmân 31/17). Resûl-i Ekrem de insanların arasına girip eziyetlerine katlanan müslümanın onlarla bir arada bulunmayan, dolayısıyla eziyetlerine mâruz kalmayan müslümandan daha hayırlı olduğunu bildirmiştir (İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 23; Tirmizî, “Ṣıfatü’l-ḳıyâme”, 55).
İrşadla ilgili olarak kaleme alınan eserler genellikle tasavvufî mahiyette veya mev‘iza türündedir. Alay müftüsü Muhammed Şâkir’in İrşâdü’l-gāfilîn (İstanbul 1326) ve Süleyman Uludağ’ın İslâm’da İrşad (İstanbul, ts.) adlı eserleri bunlar arasında sayılabilir (ayrıca bk. DA‘VET ; EMİR bi’l-MA‘RÛF NEHİY ani’l-MÜNKER ; VAAZ ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḥkm”, “rşd” md.leri.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “rşd” md.
et-Taʿrîfât , “tevfîḳ” md.
Kāmus Tercümesi , “rşd” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “rşd” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “rşd”, “ʿaḳl” md.leri.
Müsned , III, 424; IV, 217, 444.
Buhârî, “Şeriket”, 6, “Şehâdât”, 30, “Cihâd”, 102, “Teheccüd”, 1, “Daʿavât”, 10, “Menâḳıb”, 27, “ʿİlim”, 11, “Edeb”, 80.
Müslim, “Feżâʾil”, 77-78, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 34, “Cihâd”, 8.
İbn Mâce, “Duʿâʾ”, 10, “Fiten”, 23.
Tirmizî, “Birr”, 36, “Daʿavât”, 69, 82, “Ṣıfatü’l-ḳıyâme”, 55.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre , I, 266.
Kādî İyaz, eş-Şifâʾ (nşr. M. Emîn Karaali v.dğr.), Dımaşk 1392, I, 221.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Beyrut 1411/1990, XX, 140-141.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , s. 380, 476.
Mûsâ Kâzım Efendi, Külliyat: Dinî, İçtimaî Makaleler , İstanbul 1336, s. 99-102.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2020 yılında Ankara’da basılan 22. cildinde, 454-455 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.