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İRSÂDÎ VAKIF Skip to content Çıplak mülkiyeti devlete ait bir arazinin menfaatinin hayır cihetine tahsis edilmesiyle kurulan vakıf.
Sözlükte “gözetlemek ve hazırlamak” anlamlarına gelen irsâ d vakıf hukukunda, çıplak mülkiyeti (rakabe) beytülmâle ait olan bir mülkün gelirlerini veya tasarruf hakkını yahut her ikisini devlet başkanının izniyle, esasen devlet hazinesinden harcama yapılması gereken bir kamu yararına tahsis etmekten ibarettir. İrsâdı yapan yetkiliye mürsid , irsâd konusu olan mülke mürsâd adı verilir. İrsâdî vakıflar Osmanlı uygulamasında mîrî arazinin tahsisi suretiyle yapılır ve bu tür vakıflara “tahsisat kabilinden vakıflar” veya “gayr-i sahîh vakıflar” denir. Bu çeşit arazinin vakıf oluşu, mîrî arazinin tasarruf hakkının veya öşür, haraç vb. vergi gelirlerinin kamu yararı niteliğindeki ya da sosyal amaçlı bir hayır cihetine tahsisi anlamına gelmektedir. Burada vakfedilen, arazinin çıplak mülkiyeti olmayıp araziden elde edilen menfaatler veya o arazinin tasarruf hakkıdır. Bu tür vakfa gayr-i sahîh vakıf denmesi geçersiz olduğu için değil gerçek bir vakıf olmadığı içindir. Gerçek anlamda bir vakfın olabilmesi için tahsisi yapan kimsenin o malın mâliki olması gerekmektedir. Halbuki padişahla, rakabesi devlete ait olan mîrî arazi arasında böyle bir mülkiyet ilişkisi yoktur.
Tarihî Gelişim ve Uygulama. Hanefîler dışındaki İslâm hukukçuları, bazı görüş ayrılıkları bir tarafa bırakılırsa savaş yoluyla elde edilen arazinin müslümanlar lehine vakıf olacağını belirtmişlerdir. Buradaki vakıf tabiriyle klasik anlamda bir vakıf kastedilmemekte, bu arazinin ve elde edilecek gelirlerin bütün müslümanların yararına tahsis edilmesi anlatılmak istenmektedir. Bu tür bir vakıf, Osmanlı Devleti’nde uygulanan mîrî arazi rejimine ve özellikle mîrî araziye ait gelirlerin yahut tasarruf hakkının hayırlı bir gayeye tahsisi demek olan tahsisat kabilinden vakıflara benzemektedir. Arazi temlik ve temellükten alıkonulmakta ve işletilerek elde edilen gelirler müslümanlara tahsis edilmektedir. Bir başka ifadeyle devlet savaş yoluyla fethedilen araziyi vakıf adıyla kamuya tahsis etmektedir.
Hayırlı bir gayeye yapılacak tahsislerin vakıf adıyla gerçekleştirilmesi için ilk teşebbüs Musul Atabegi Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî’den (ö. 569/1174) gelmiştir. Nûreddin Zengî medreseler, hastahaneler, hatta müderris ve kadılar için devlet hazinesinden yapılacak ödemelerin aksamadan yerine getirilmesini sağlamak amacıyla vakıf yolunu kullanmayı düşünmüş ve konuyu Şâfiî hukukçusu İbn Ebû Asrûn’a sormuştur. İbn Ebû Asrûn da müslümanlara vakıf anlayışından hareket ederek, bu arada beytülmâlden istihkakı bulunanlara yapılacak tahsisatın yerine ulaşmadığını da göz önünde tutarak devletin bu tahsisleri vakıf adıyla yapmasının câiz olduğuna fetva vermiştir. Onun fetvasını aslında Hanefî olan Nûreddin Zengî benimsemiş ve aleyhteki bütün telkinlere rağmen fakirlere, zayıflara, âlimlere, kadılara vb. harcama kalemlerine Şam’daki birçok beytülmâl arazisini vakıf adıyla tahsis etmiştir (Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Gaytî, vr. 192; Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî, el-Esʾiletü’l-Ḥanefiyye , vr. 129b ). Nûreddin Zengî’nin açtığı bu yolda Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî de yürümüştür. Hanefîler’den İbnü’l-Hümâm, Şâfiî hukukçularından Sübkî, Nevevî ve Süyûtî de bu çeşit hayır cihetlerine vakıf adıyla tahsis yapan devlet adamlarını fetvalarıyla desteklemişlerdir (Süyûtî, en-Naḳlü’l-mesṭûr , vr. 224b -225a ; Muhammed el-Mehdî, II, 645-648).
Memlükler’den Sultan Berkuk, 784 (1382) yılında bu çeşit vakıfların beytülmâlden hile ile alındığını ve beytülmâlden istihkakı bulunmayan cihetlere tahsis edildiğini ileri sürerek irsâdî vakıfları iptal etmek istemiştir. Ancak bu hadise üzerine toplanan ve Hanefî hukukçusu Ekmeleddin el-Bâbertî, Şâfiî hukukçusu Şücâüddin el-Bulkīnî ile Mâlikî hukukçusu Şeyh Ziyâeddin el-Kureşî’den oluşan heyet, bu çeşit vakıflardan kamu yararına yönelik olanların meşrû olduğunu ve asla iptal edilemeyeceğini belirtmiştir (Süyûtî, a.g.e. , vr. 226b ; el-Envârü’s-seniyye , vr. 476-481; Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Gaytî, vr. 194).
Esasen İslâm hukukundaki bütçe prensipleri de bu tür vakıflar için uygun hükümler içermektedir. İslâm devleti bütçesinin önemli gelir kalemlerinden biri haraç gelirleridir. Bunların harcama fasılları köleler, borçlular, gaziler, muhtaçlar, garipler, kadılar, âlimlerle yollar ve köprüler gibi esasen devletin harcama yapması gereken yerlerdir. Bu kalemlere yapılan harcamalar da üç şekilde olur. Bunlardan ilk ikisi devletin bu harcamaları doğrudan ya da iktâ yoluyla yapmasıdır. Hz. Peygamber zamanından irsâdî vakıfların ortaya çıkışına kadar genelde bu iki usul uygulanmıştır. İktâ, devletin tasarrufundaki bir arazinin çıplak mülkiyetinin (iktâu’t-temlîk) yahut menfaatinin (iktâu’l-istiğlâl) devlet hazinesinden harcama yapılması gereken bir kaleme tahsis edilmesidir. Mahiyeti itibariyle tamamen irsâdî vakıflara benzeyen bu tasarrufların onlardan tek farkı süreli oluşudur. Ali Himmet Berki’nin ilk irsâdî vakıf dediği, Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik tarafından Şam’daki Emeviyye Camii’ne yapılan tahsisler de vakıf değil iktâdır. Ancak cami, mescid vb. hayır cihetlerine yapılan iktâların iptali câiz görülmediğinden ve dolayısıyla süresiz hale dönüştüğünden tamamen irsâdî vakıf durumuna gelmiştir. Üçüncü yol ise rakabesi beytülmâle ait harâcî (mîrî) arazinin gelirlerinin yahut tasarruf hakkının devamlı şekilde hayrî bir gayeye vakıf adıyla tahsis edilmesidir. İrsâdî vakıf denilince de bu anlaşılmakta olup Osmanlı hukukundaki tahsisat kabilinden vakıfların asıl menşeini bu şekilde bir tahsis işlemi oluşturmaktadır.
İlk dönemlerde bu konuda bazı tereddütler olmuşsa da irsâdî vakıflar Osmanlı Devleti’nde büyük gelişme göstermiştir. Muhtemelen dönemindeki fakihlerin telkinlerinin etkisiyle Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, gayr-i sahîh tahsislerden oluşan irsâdî vakıfları tıpkı Sultan Berkuk gibi iptal yoluna gitmiştir. Konuyla ilgili fermanda sahih vakıflar (bağ, bahçe, değirmen ve dükkân gibi) ve sahipleri üzerinde mukarrer bulunan vakıflar korunmakta, ancak kimin üzerine olduğu belli olmayan ve irsâdî vakıf mahiyetinde bulunan köyler ve tarlalar, yani bir kısım tahsisat kabilinden vakıfların iptali emredilmektedir. Fâtih tarafından iptal edilen bu vakıflar daha sonra II. Bayezid döneminde eski haline çevrilmiştir. Nitekim II. Bayezid, Yavuz Sultan Selim ve Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanlarında şeyhülislâmlık yapmış olan Zenbilli Ali Cemâlî Efendi’nin de mîrî arazinin beytülmâle ait oluşu, gelirlerini harcama yerlerinin muayyen olması, vakıf haline getirildiğinde ilgililerin haklarının zayi olabileceği gibi gerekçelere istinaden irsâdî vakıflara pek taraftar olmadığı ve onları tereddütle karşıladığı, ancak dönemindeki şartları ve irsâdî vakıflara olan ihtiyacı göz önünde bulundurarak böyle bir tavırla yetindiği bilinmektedir.
İrsâdî vakıfların müessese şeklinde gelişmesi Kanûnî devrinde olmuştur. Bu dönemde irsâdî vakıflarla ilgili gelişmeleri iki açıdan değerlendirmek gerekir: Mısır ve diğer İslâm ülkeleriyle Anadolu ve Rumeli’deki irsâdî vakıflarla ilgili gelişmeler. Mısır’daki irsâdî vakıfların sayısı neredeyse İstanbul’daki kadardır. İrsâdî vakıfların Mısır’da çoğalması ve bununla ters orantılı olarak devlet hazinesinin gelirlerinin azalması, bazı vezirleri bu vakıfları iptal etmesi için Kanûnî’ye başvurma zorunda bırakmıştır. Ancak padişah bu talebi doğrudan kabul etmeyip, “İslâm hukukundaki dört mezhepten birisi irsâdî vakıfların câiz olduğunu söylerse bu görüşe uyulmalıdır ve bir tek mezhebe göre dahi sahih olan vakıflar iptal edilmemelidir” diyerek (Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî, el-Esʾiletü’l-Ḥanefiyye , vr. 129 vd.; Muhammed el-Mehdî, II, 649) meseleyi hukukçulara havale etmiştir. Bunun üzerine başta Şâfiî hukukçusu Gaytî ve Hanefî hukukçusu Zeynüddin İbn Nüceym olmak üzere birçok İslâm âlimi, irsâdî vakıfların meşruiyetini müdafaa eden eserler yazıp Kanûnî’ye göndermiş, Kanûnî de, “Bunlar bizden öncekilerin yaptığı hayrattır, bunları asla iptal edemeyiz” demiştir (Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî, el-Esʾiletü’l-Ḥanefiyye , vr. 131a-b ).
Anadolu ve Rumeli’deki irsâdî vakıfların hukuken meşrû olduğu ise başta Ebüssuûd Efendi olmak üzere Osmanlı hukukçuları tarafından ifade edilmiştir. Ebüssuûd’a göre Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in kendi inşa ettirdiği medreselere ait vakıfların çoğunluğu karye ve mezraalar yani irsâdî vakıflardır. Bunların gelirleri cizyedir; arazinin çift akçesi adına alınan harâc-ı muvazzaftır ve öşür adına alınan harâc-ı mukāsemedir. Bunların hepsi beytülmâl-i harâca aittir. Vâkıfların şartlarına itibar edilmez; âlimler haracın harcama fasıllarındandır. Ayasofya evkafı ise sahih vakıftır, beytülmâlle ilgisi yoktur (Ayasofya Evkāfı , vr. 46b -49a ). Dönemin âlimlerinden Dede Halîfe de Risâle fî emvâli beytilmâl adlı eserinde bu kabil vakıfların meşruiyetini savunmuştur. Bu çabalar sonucu hukukîliği konusundaki tereddütler giderilmiş olan irsâdî vakıflar Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında gittikçe çoğalmış ve gelişmiştir.
İrsâdî vakıflar, Evkaf Nezâreti kuruluncaya kadar genellikle şeyhülislâm ve Dârüssaâde ağası gibi resmî şahıs veya Haremeyn Nezâreti gibi makamlar tarafından idare edilmiş, malî ve hukukî işlemleri vakıf mütevellileri tarafından yürütülmüş, 1241’de (1826) mazbut vakıflar adıyla Evkaf Nezâreti’ne devredilmiştir. Mazbut vakıfların en büyük kategorisini oluşturan padişahlar tarafından kurulan vakıfların (selâtin vakıfları) çoğu irsâdî vakıf mahiyetindedir. Tanzimat Fermanı ile başlayan ıslahat neticesinde 1255 (1839) yılında vakıflarla ilgili malî hususlar Maliye Nezâreti’ne devredilmiş ve burada bir Evkaf Muhasebesi Dairesi açılmış, aynı tarihli muhassılîn tâlimatı ile de irsâdî vakıfların vergi gelirleri bedele bağlanmıştır. 1278 (1861) tarihli bir başka kararla irsâdî vakıf arazilerinin tarh ve tahsil işlemleri tekrar vakıf mütevellilerine devredilmiştir. Daha sonraki gelişmelerde vergilerin tahsili işini yine devlet üstlenmiş ve gayr-i sahîh vakıf arazilerinin payları Evkaf Hazinesi’ne “maktû bedel”, zamanla “iâne” ve “yardım” adıyla ödenmeye başlanmıştır (Karakoç, Dosya 5, Evr. nr. 2940, 4459, 5021, 5023). Cumhuriyet döneminde çıkarılan Vakıflar Kanunu ve Tatbikat Kanunu ile bir kısım irsâdî vakıflar mazbut vakıflar olarak Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’ne, bir kısmı kamu malları kategorisine, özellikle âşâr ve rüsûmatı vakfedilen bazı irsâdî vakıf araziler ise tasarruf hakkı sahiplerine çok az bir tâviz bedeli karşılığında devredilerek tasfiyeye tâbi tutulmuştur.
Çeşitleri ve Hükümleri. İrsâdî vakıfların esasen devlet hazinesi tarafından gerçekleştirilmesi icap eden bir gayeye tahsis edilmiş olması gerekmekteyse de uygulamada her zaman bu noktaya itina gösterildiği söylenemez. Bu sebeple irsâdî vakıfların tahsisin yapıldığı gaye açısından ikiye ayrılması gerekir. Birincisi “sahih tahsis” veya “irsâd-i sahîh” denen irsâdî vakıflardır. Medreseler, hastahaneler, camiler gibi kamu kurumlarını desteklemek amacıyla kurulan vakıflar böyledir. İkincisi, beytülmâlden istihkakı bulunmayan bir cihete yapılan tahsistir ki buna “gayr-i sahîh tahsis” veya “gayr-i sahîh irsâd” denilir. Beytülmâlden istihkakı bulunmayan özel kişilere yapılan tahsisler ikinci grubun örneğini teşkil eder. Bu ikisi arasındaki önemli fark, sahih tahsislerin iptal edilememesine karşılık gayr-i sahîh tahsislerin hem şartlarının değiştirilmesinin hem de padişahın izniyle iptalinin mümkün ve câiz olmasıdır (Ömer Hilmi, s. 19-20). Osmanlı tatbikatında mîrî arazi temliklerinin belirli bir kısmı sahih temlik değildir. Bazı şahıslara temliknâme-i hümâyun ile arazi temlik edilmesi, bir çeşit iltizam usulü ve tefvîz yoluyla arazinin gelirlerini yahut tasarruf hakkının veya her ikisinin tahsisidir. Bu sebeple elinde gayr-i sahîh temliknâme-i hümâyun bulunan kişilerin yaptıkları vakıfları da genellikle sahih vakıf değil irsâdî vakıf statüsünde saymak gerekir (Arazi Kanunu , md. 121; 1275 Tarihli Tapu Nizamnâmesi , md. 15; Hâlis Eşref, s. 686-687).
İrsâdî vakıflar genelde mîrî araziye ilişkin ahkâma tâbidir (bk. MÎRÎ ARAZİ ). Gerçek bir vakıf olmasa bile irsâdî vakıflar da vakfeden, vakfın konusu, vakıftan yararlananlar, yani vakfın gelirlerinin tahsis edildiği cihet ve vakıf muamelesinin kuruluşu açılarından bir vakıf türü gibi işlem görmektedir. İrsâdî vakıflarda vakfeden, ya bizzat devlet reisi yahut devlet reisinin iznini alan yetkili makam veya şahıslardır. Bu tür vakıfların konusunu harâcî arazide vergi gelirleri, mahiyeti itibariyle bir harâcî arazi türü olan mîrî arazide ise hem vergi gelirleri (âşâr ve rüsûmat) hem de arazinin tasarruf hakkı teşkil eder. Arazinin rakabesi her iki halde de vakfa ait değildir.
Bir çeşit kamu tahsisi mahiyetinde bulunan irsâdî vakıfların diğer vakıflardan en önemli farkı, vakfedenlerin şartlarına riayetin her zaman mecburi olmayışı ve kamu yararı gerektiriyorsa gayr-i sahîh tahsislerde gayenin bile belli şartlarla değiştirilebilmesidir. Bu sebeple zaman içinde bu tür vakıfların gayesinde ve diğer şartlarında değişiklikler yapılagelmiştir. Ancak tahsis vakıf adıyla yapıldığı için yine de bu tür vakıfların bütünüyle iptali yoluna genelde gidilmemiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî, el-Esʾiletü’l-Ḥanefiyye bi’l-ecvibeti’l-Ḥameviyye , Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1152, vr. 129-134.
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“İrṣâd”, Mv.F , III, 107-112.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 448-450 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.