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İSFENDİYAR BEY Skip to content (ö. 843/1440)
Sinop’ta hüküm süren Candaroğulları beyi (1392-1440).
Candaroğulları beyi olan Kötürüm Bayezid’in oğludur. Babasının sağlığında, Amasya Emîri Ahmed Bey’in Sivas Sultanı Kadı Burhâneddin Ahmed’e karşı düzenlediği sefere katıldı (785/1383). Ahmed Bey’in yenilgisiyle sonuçlanan bu savaştan sonra Kastamonu’ya dönmedi ve uzun süre Amasya’da kaldı. O sırada Candaroğulları Beyliği’nde cereyan eden taht mücadelesi onu ülkesinden uzak tutmuş olmalıdır. Nitekim Kötürüm Bayezid, I. Murad’ın Osmanlı ordusunun desteğiyle üzerine gönderdiği oğlu Süleyman Bey karşısında yenilerek Sinop’a çekilmiş, bunu haber alan İsfendiyar Bey babasının yanına dönmüş, 787’de (1385) Kötürüm Bayezid’in ölümünün ardından Sinop’ta hâkimiyetini ilân etmişti. Onun Sinop’taki siyasî faaliyetleri hakkında çok az bilgi vardır. Bu dönemde en önemli olay, Yıldırım Bayezid’in 792’de (1390) düzenlemiş olduğu Batı Anadolu seferi sonrasında Aydın, Saruhan ve Menteşe beylerinin Sinop’a kaçmasıdır. Bu beyleri himaye eden İsfendiyar Bey, ayrıca Eflak Beyi Mirčea’nın Osmanlılar’a karşı harekete geçmesini sağlamaya da çalışmıştı.
Osmanlılar’ın Kastamonu’yu ele geçirmesinin (794/1392) ve Candaroğulları Beyi II. Süleyman Paşa’nın öldürülmesinin ardından İsfendiyar Bey Candaroğulları’nın tek vârisi oldu. Osmanlılar’ın Sinop’u da tehdit etmeleri üzerine Yıldırım Bayezid’e bir elçi gönderdi. Osmanlı sultanından, babasının ve kardeşinin hatalarından kendisinin sorumlu tutulmamasını, bizzat kendi işlediği suçların affını ve bundan sonra Osmanlı tâbiiyetini kabul edeceğini, buna karşılık Sinop Beyliği’nin kendisine bırakılmasını istedi. İsfendiyar Bey’in teklifi kabul edildi ve iki ülke arasında Kıvrımbel sınır oldu (794/1392). Öte yandan İsfendiyar Bey, yanında bulunan Anadolu beylerinin Sinop’tan ayrılarak Timur’un yanına gitmelerini teşvik etmiş, böylece Yıldırım Bayezid ile sağladığı barışı bozmak istememişti.
Ancak onun bu tutumu uzun sürmedi. Yıldırım Bayezid’in Çorumlu sahrasında Kadı Burhâneddin ile giriştiği savaşı kaybetmesi üzerine tavrını değiştirdi. Zira Kadı Burhâneddin’in Osmanlılar’a karşı başarı kazanması onun Orta Anadolu’daki nüfuz ve kudretinin artmasını sağlamıştı. Öteki Anadolu beyleri gibi İsfendiyar Bey de Kadı Burhâneddin’e hediyelerle birlikte vezirini yollayıp bağlılığını bildirmek istediyse de Amasya Beyi Emîr Ahmed bu elçilik heyetini yakaladı ve Osmanlılar’a teslim etmek istedi. Olayı haber alan Kadı Burhâneddin Amasya’ya giderek şehri ele geçirdi (1392-1393). Bunun üzerine Yıldırım Bayezid Kastamonu’ya geldi, fakat herhangi bir girişimde bulunmadı. Zira o sıralarda Osmanlı padişahı dikkatini Rumeli’ye yöneltmek zorunda kalmıştı. Nitekim Eflak’ı Osmanlı tâbiiyetine aldıktan sonra Anadolu’ya dönen Yıldırım Bayezid Sinop’u muhasara ettiyse de alamadı (797/1395). Sonuçta İsfendiyar Bey’in Osmanlı Devleti’ne tâbi olması ve ülkesinin bir kısım topraklarını vermesi şartlarıyla anlaşmaya varıldı.
1402 Ankara Savaşı öncesinde Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından beyliklerine son verilen Anadolu beyleri Timur’a müracaat etmişlerdi. Candaroğlu İsfendiyar Bey de Erzincan’a giderek bu şehrin emîri Mutahharten ile birlikte Alınca Kalesi’ni görmeye gelen Timur ile buluştu ve Sinop’a geri döndü.
İsfendiyar Bey, Ankara Savaşı’ndan sonra Timur ile Menteşe ilinde tekrar buluştu ve muhtemelen Timur’un İzmir seferine de iştirak etti. Bu suretle evvelce babasının sahip olduğu yerler Timur tarafından kendisine verilen İsfendiyar Bey, Timur’un hâkimiyeti altında Kastamonu’da Candaroğulları Beyliği’nin başına geçti. Bu dönemde Timur’un yanına gitmekte olan İspanyol seyyahı Clavijo, uğradığı İnebolu ve Sinop’ta İsfendiyar Bey’in birçok emlâki bulunduğunu, bunlar için Timur’a vergi verdiğini ve memleketinde Timur’un çıkardığı parayı kullandığını, ayrıca o sırada İsfendiyar Bey’in Süleyman Çelebi ile savaşmak için 40.000 kişilik bir ordu topladığını, Timur’un hükmüne girdiği için onun Süleyman Çelebi’nin can düşmanı olduğunu belirtmektedir (Timur Devrinde Kadis’ten Semerkand’a Seyahat , I, 75-76).
Timur’un Anadolu’dan ayrılmasından sonra İsfendiyar Bey, Osmanlı şehzadelerinin taht mücadelelerine karıştı. İsfendiyar, daha Ankara Savaşı sırasında Osmanlı ordusunun bozulması üzerine Amasya tarafına kaçmaya çalışan Osmanlı şehzadesi Çelebi Mehmed’i yakalamak için kız kardeşinin oğlu Kara Yahya Bey’i şehzadenin üzerine göndererek yolunu kesmek istemiş, fakat başaramamıştı. Îsâ Çelebi, Çelebi Mehmed ile yaptığı mücadelede yenilgiye uğrayıp kendisine sığınınca onunla birlikte Çelebi Mehmed’e karşı harekete geçmiş, fakat Gerede civarında yaptıkları savaşı kaybetmişlerdir (1405).
Çelebi Mehmed’in gün geçtikçe Anadolu’daki varlığını kuvvetlendirmesi, Rumeli’ye hâkim olan diğer Şehzade Süleyman Çelebi’yi harekete geçirdi. Süleyman Çelebi’nin Anadolu’ya geçerek Çelebi Mehmed’e karşı mücadeleye girişmesi İsfendiyar Bey ile Çelebi Mehmed’i birbirine yakınlaştırdı. Çelebi Mehmed, Süleyman Çelebi’yi bertaraf edebilmek için Mûsâ Çelebi’yi Rumeli’ye geçirmek istiyordu. Ancak planını uygulamada İsfendiyar Bey’in yardımına ihtiyacı vardı. Bu amaçla Kastamonu’ya giderek İsfendiyar Bey ile görüştü. Neticede Mûsâ Çelebi, İsfendiyar Bey’in yardımıyla Sinop’tan Eflak prensinin elinde bulunan Kili Limanı’na geçti.
Bu mücadeleler esnasında Çelebi Mehmed’in Rumeli’de bulunmasından yararlanan Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey Bursa’yı muhasara ederek yağmalamıştı. İsfendiyar Bey, Çelebi Mehmed’in Karamanoğulları üzerine düzenlediği te’dib seferine oğlu Kasım Bey kumandasında bir yardımcı kuvvet göndermişti (818/1415). Ancak bir süre sonra İsfendiyar Bey’in Düzmece Mustafa ve Şeyh Bedreddin ayaklanmalarını desteklemesi Osmanlılar ile olan ilişkilerini gerginleştirdi. Bununla beraber Çelebi Mehmed’in Eflak seferine yine oğlu Kasım Bey kumandasında bir yardımcı kuvvet yollamıştır (819/1416). Kasım Bey ise babasının Çankırı, Kalecik ve Tosya’yı diğer oğlu Hızır Bey’e vermek istemesine içerlemişti. Bu yüzden Eflak seferinden sonra ülkesine dönmeyerek Çelebi Mehmed’den Kastamonu, Küre-i Nühâs (Bakır Küresi), Kalecik ve Çankırı taraflarının kendisine verilmesini sağlaması için yardım istedi. Çelebi Mehmed, İsfendiyar Bey’e oğlu Kasım’a adı geçen yerleri bırakmasını teklif etti. İsfendiyar Bey’in bu teklifi kabul etmemesi Osmanlı-Candar münasebetlerinin bozulmasına sebep oldu. Bunun üzerine Çelebi Mehmed Sinop’u muhasara etti ve böylece İsfendiyar Bey Osmanlı tâbiiyetini kabul etmek zorunda kaldı. Ayrıca Küre-i Nühâs ve Kastamonu’nun kendisine bırakılmasını; Tosya, Çankırı ve Kalecik’i ise oğlu Kasım’a değil Osmanlılar’a vermek istediğini bildirdi. Bu teklifi kabul eden Çelebi Mehmed Ilgaz dağını sınır tayin etti. İsfendiyar Bey’in kendisine bıraktığı yerleri de Kasım Bey’e verdi (820/1417). Bu suretle Candaroğulları Beyliği Kastamonu ve Sinop’ta İsfendiyar Bey’in; Tosya, Ankara, Çankırı ve Kalecik civarında Kasım Bey’in idaresinde olmak üzere tekrar ikiye ayrılmış oldu.
Çok geçmeden İsfendiyar Bey Samsun ve Bafra’yı ele geçirdi ve buraların idaresine oğlu Hızır Bey’i tayin etti. Bunun üzerine Çelebi Mehmed Kastamonu ve Canik üzerine bir sefer düzenledi, fakat Samsun’u alamadı (821/1418). Ancak Osmanlı padişahı iki yıl sonra oğlu Murad’ı Samsun üzerine gönderince Hızır Bey Samsun’un kendi hâkimiyetindeki kısmını Osmanlılar’a teslim etmek zorunda kaldı. Hızır Bey, Çelebi Mehmed’in, kardeşi Kasım Bey gibi Osmanlı hizmetine girmesi yolundaki teklifi kabul etmeyerek babası İsfendiyar Bey’in yanına gitti.
II. Murad’ın Osmanlı tahtına çıkışı (824/1421) Anadolu beylerini yeniden harekete geçirdi. İsfendiyar Bey de Osmanlı topraklarına dahil olan eski beylik yerlerini yeniden ele geçirmek istiyordu. Bu amaçla önce Osmanlı himayesindeki oğlu Kasım Bey’i Çankırı, Tosya ve Kalecik’ten çıkardı. Bu durum karşısında II. Murad, İsfendiyar Bey üzerine bir kuvvet gönderdi. İsfendiyar Bey ile II. Murad arasında diğer Anadolu beylerinin aracılığı ile barış sağlandı. Ancak önüne çıkan her fırsatta Osmanlılar’a karşı cephe alan İsfendiyar Bey, çok geçmeden padişahın küçük kardeşi Mustafa Çelebi’yi desteklemeye başladı. II. Murad’a karşı girişilen mücadeleye katılarak Taraklı-Borlu’ya (Safranbolu) kadar ilerledi. II. Murad, kardeşiyle olan taht mücadelesini sonuçlandırmasının ardından Anadolu beyleri üzerine düzenlediği seferler sırasında İsfendiyar Bey ile de Taraklı-Borlu civarında savaşa girişti. Bu sırada İsfendiyar Bey’in oğlu Kasım Bey de II. Murad’ın safındaydı. İsfendiyar Bey savaş sırasında yaralanarak Sinop Kalesi’ne sığındı ve küçük oğlu Murad aracılığı ile barış teklifinde bulundu. Ayrıca oğlu II. İbrâhim Bey’in kızı olan torunu Halime Hatun’u II. Murad ile evlendirmek istediğini bildirdi. İki taraf arasında yapılan barış sonucunda İsfendiyar Bey Osmanlılar’a tâbi oldu. Osmanlı Devleti’nin düzenleyeceği seferlere asker göndermeyi ve Küre-i Nühâs yıllık hâsılatının büyük bir kısmını Osmanlılar’a vermeyi kabul etti. Osmanlı-Candarlı sınırı yeniden tesbit edilerek Kastamonu, Küre-i Nühâs İsfendiyar Bey’e geri verildi (827/1424). İsfendiyar Bey ile Osmanlılar arasında uzun süre devam eden mücadeleler, Osmanlı-Candar aileleri arasında evlilik yoluyla kurulan akrabalık bağı ile sona ermiş oldu. Nitekim II. Murad, İsfendiyar Bey’in torunu Halime Hatun ile evlenirken kız kardeşi Selçuk Hatun’u kayınpederi Candaroğlu II. İbrâhim Bey’e, diğer kız kardeşi Sultan Hatun’u da İsfendiyar Bey’in oğlu Çankırı sancak beyi Kasım Bey’e vermiştir.
İsfendiyar Bey, Osmanlılar’a tâbiiyetinin bir gereği olarak II. Murad’ın Macaristan seferine yardımcı kuvvet yollamıştır. Bununla beraber Timur’un oğlu Şâhruh’un Anadolu’ya yürüyeceğini haber alınca onunla temas kurmak istediği de bilinmektedir. Memlük Sultanlığı ile de dostane münasebetlerde bulunan İsfendiyar Bey Sinop’ta vefat etti. Burada kendi adıyla anılan türbesinde medfun olup mezar taşında ölüm tarihi 22 Ramazan 843 (26 Şubat 1440) olarak belirtilmektedir. İbrâhim, Kasım, Hızır, Murad adlı dört oğlu ile Said Baht Hatun adında bir kızı vardır. İsfendiyar Bey, vefatından sonra çıkabilecek taht kavgasını önlemek için daha sağlığında oğullarından Murad ve Hızır beylere mülkünden bazı yerleri iktâ olarak vermiş ve veliaht tayin ettiği İbrâhim Bey’e itaat etmelerini vasiyet etmiştir.
İsfendiyar Bey zamanında Candaroğulları Beyliği iktisadî ve ticarî açıdan oldukça gelişmiştir. Sinop Limanı’ndan Venedik ve Cenevizliler ile ticaret yapılmaktaydı. Kastamonu’da çıkarılan sof ile bakır cevheri en önemli ihraç ürünüydü. Bu dönemde Kastamonu bir ilim ve sanat merkezi olmuştur. Buraya gelen ilim adamları birçok eser telif ve tercüme etmişlerdir. İsfendiyar Bey adına Mü’min b. Mukbil-i Sinobî tarafından telif edilen bir tıp kitabı vardır. Ayrıca İsfendiyar Bey’in emriyle oğlu II. İbrâhim Bey adına kaleme alınan Cevâhirü’l-esdâf adlı Türkçe Kur’an tefsirinin müellifi meçhuldür. Sinop’ta bulunan Alâeddin Camii 833 (1430) yılında, iç kale ise 838’de (1434-35) İsfendiyar Bey tarafından tamir ettirilmiştir. İç kaledeki kitâbede “es-sultânü’l-gālib izzü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn es-Sultan İsfendiyar b. Bayezid Han”, mezar kitâbesinde ise “es-Sultan İsfendiyar Han b. Bayezid” şeklinde anılan Candaroğlu beyinin “emîr-i a‘zam” ve “sultan” unvanlarını kullanarak Sinop, Samsun ve Kastamonu’da kestirdiği gümüş ve bakır sikkeleri olduğu gibi Timur adına müşterek bastırdığı sikkesi de mevcuttur. İsfendiyar Bey Kastamonu’da İsfendiyar mahallesinde cami ve zâviye, Devrekâni’nin Kasaplar köyünde mescid, Boyabat’ta medrese yaptırmıştır. Kastamonu’daki cami ve zâviyesinin giderleri için aynı yerde yaptırdığı hamamı vakfetmiştir. İsfendiyar Bey’in hükümdarlık süresi yarım asır kadar sürdüğünden Candaroğulları Osmanlı tarihlerinde İsfendiyaroğulları adıyla da anılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Esterâbâdî, Bezm ü Rezm (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 1990, s. 277.
Clavijo, Timur Devrinde Kadis’ten Semerkand’a Seyahat (trc. Ömer Rıza Doğrul), İstanbul, ts. (Kanaat Kitabevi), I, 75-76, 90-91.
Şerefeddin, Zafernâme , Calcutta 1888, II, 377-378, 467.
Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih , s. 72, 77, 80, 88-89, 104.
Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Unat) , I-II, tür.yer.
Rûhî Târîhi (TTK Belgeler , XIV/18 [1992] içinde, tıpkıbasımı ile birlikte nşr. Yaşar Yücel – Halil Erdoğan Cengiz), s. 392-394, 400, 416-417, 455.
Ahmed Tevhid, Meskûkât-ı Kadîme-i İslâmiyye Kataloğu , İstanbul 1321, s. 419.
a.mlf., “Kastamonu ve Sinop’ta İsfendiyaroğulları veyahud Kızılahmedliler”, TOEM , I/6 (1326/1910), s. 390-391.
Mehmet Behçet, Kastamonu Âsâr-ı Kadîmesi , İstanbul 1341, s. 29-30.
a.mlf., “Sinop Kitâbeleri”, TTEM , yeni seri I/2 (1929), s. 40-41; I/4 (1930), s. 48; I/5 (Haziran 1930-Mayıs 1931), s. 60.
Uzunçarşılı, Anadolu Beylikleri , s. 76, 77, 88, 127-131, 133, 135, 143, 145, 147, 213, 244.
O. Ferit Sağlam, “Timur’la Müşterek Candaroğlu İsfendiyar Sikkesi”, TTK Bildiriler , V (1960), s. 206.
Atsız, Osmanlı Tarihine Ait Takvimler , İstanbul 1961, I, 26.
Artuk, İslâmî Sikkeler Kataloğu , I, 450-451.
İstanbul’un Fethinden Önce Yazılmış Tarihî Takvimler (nşr. Osman Turan), Ankara 1984, s. 22, 59.
P. Wittek, Menteşe Beyliği (trc. Orhan Şaik Gökyay), Ankara 1986, s. 84, 85, 88, 89.
Yaşar Yücel, Çoban-oğulları Candar-oğulları Beylikleri , Ankara 1980, I, 12, 28, 29, 72, 73, 83-100, 148, 149, 166, 168, 169, 178.
a.mlf., Anadolu Beylikleri Hakkında Araştırmalar , Ankara 1989, II, 108, 152-153, 294.
a.mlf., “Candaroğulları”, DİA , VII, 147-148.
Mustafa Akdağ, Türkiye’nin İktisadî ve İçtimaî Tarihi , İstanbul 1995, I, 242-244, 260, 263, 264, 268-269, 277, 286-288.
J. H. Mordtmann, “İsfendiyâr-oğulları”, İA , V/2, s. 1072-1074.
Halil İnalcık, “Murad II.”, a.e. , VIII, 598-599.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 512-514 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.