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İSMÂİL DEDE EFENDİ, Hamâmîzâde Skip to content (1778-1846)
Türk mûsikisi bestekârı ve hânende.
10 Zilhicce 1191’de (9 Ocak 1778) İstanbul Şehzadebaşı’nda doğdu. Babası, uzun süre Cezzâr Ahmed Paşa’nın mühürdarlığını yapan Süleyman Ağa, annesi Rukiye Hanım’dır. Doğumu kurban bayramının ilk gününe rastladığı için kendisine İsmâil adı verilmiş, Mevleviyye tarikatına mensup olduğundan “İsmâil Dede”, “Dede Efendi”, babasının hamam işletmeciliğiyle meşgul olmasından dolayı “Hamâmîzâde” (Hammâmîzâde) diye tanınmıştır. Şehzadebaşı’ndaki Acemoğlu Hamamı’nı işleten babası, İsmâil üç dört yaşlarında iken bu hamamı satıp Altımermer Kurusebil mahallesindeki Çavuş Hamamı ile yanındaki evi satın alarak oraya yerleşti. İsmâil, öğrenimini Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Camii’nin bitişiğindeki Çamaşırcı Mektebi’nde tamamladıktan sonra defterdarlıkta Başmuhasebe Kalemi’nde kâtip muavini olarak çalışmaya başladı.
Öğrenciliği sırasında sesinin güzelliğinden dolayı ilâhicibaşı olan İsmâil, ilk mûsiki derslerini sesini bir merasimde dinleyip beğenen Anadolu Kesedarı Uncuzâde Mehmed Emin Efendi’den aldı. Düzenli olarak devam ettiği Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi’nde Ali Nutkî Dede ile kardeşi Abdülbâki Nâsır Dede ve devrin ileri gelen diğer mûsikişinaslarından faydalanarak kendini yetiştirdi. Ney üflemeyi de Abdülbâki Nâsır Dede’den öğrendiği söylenir. Ali Nutkî Dede’ye intisap ederek 18 Zilhicce 1212 (3 Haziran 1798) tarihinde çileye soyundu. Kısa bir süre sonra babasını kaybetti. Bu arada babasının işlettiği hamamı sattı. Çilesinin ikinci yılında iken bestelediği, “Zülfündedir benim baht-ı siyâhım” mısraıyla başlayan bûselik şarkısı mûsiki çevrelerinde büyük yankı uyandırdı. Üslûp ve melodik yapı itibariyle çok farklı olduğu için eserin bestekârını merak eden III. Selim, İsmâil Dede’yi saraya çağırarak şarkıyı kendisinden dinledikten sonra takdirlerini bildirdi. 20 Şevval 1215’te (6 Mart 1801) çilesini tamamlayarak “dede” unvanını aldı. Onunla ilgili yayınlarda çilesini 20 Şevval 1213’te (27 Mart 1799) tamamladığı söylenmekteyse de şeyhi Ali Nutkî Dede’nin Defter-i Dervîşân ’daki kaydından (vr. 10b ) bu tarihin 6 Mart 1801 olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bir müddet sonra bestelediği, “Ey çeşm-i âhû hicr ile tenhâlara saldın beni” mısraıyla başlayan hicaz nakış bestesi de mûsiki çevrelerinde aynı ilgiyi gördü. Bu münasebetle şöhreti iyice yayılmaya başlayan İsmâil Dede, tekrar saraya çağrılıp padişahın takdirlerine mazhar olduğu gibi haftada iki defa sarayda düzenlenen küme fasıllarına hânende olarak katılması istendi. 1802 yılının ilk aylarında saraylı Nazlıfer Hanım’la evlenmesinden sonra dergâhtan ayrılarak Akbıyık mahallesinde kiraladığı bir eve taşındı. Âyin günleri mevlevîhâneye gidip kendi odasında mûsiki dersleriyle meşgul olan İsmaîl Dede 1804’te şeyhi Ali Nutkî Dede’yi, bir yıl sonra ilk çocuğu Sâlih’i kaybetti. Oğlunun vefatı üzerine duygularını, “Bir goncafemin yâresi vardır ciğerimde” mısraıyla başlayan bayâtî murabba bestesiyle dile getirdi. 1808’de annesiyle hâmisi III. Selim vefat etti; 1810’da ikinci çocuğu Mustafa’yı da kaybetti.
İsmâil Dede’nin II. Mahmud devrinde sarayla münasebetleri gelişerek devam etti. 1812’de “musâhib-i şehriyârî”ler arasına alındı, bir müddet sonra da müezzinbaşılığa getirildi. Ayrıca bizzat padişah tarafından Murassa‘ İmtiyaz nişanı ile mükâfatlandırıldı. Sultan Abdülmecid döneminde müezzinbaşılık görevi devam etmesine rağmen sarayda eski samimi havayı bulamadığı kaydedilmektedir. 1842’de isteği üzerine Sultan Abdülmecid tarafından kendisine Ahırkapı civarında bir konak verildi. Dört yıl sonra talebeleri Dellâlzâde İsmâil ve Mutafzâde Ahmed efendilerle birlikte padişahtan hacca gitmek için izin aldı. Hac yolunda, Kutbünnâyî Osman Dede’nin unutulmaya yüz tutan mi‘râciyesini bu talebelerine meşketti. Yakalandığı kolera hastalığından kurtulamayarak 10 Zilhicce 1262 (29 Kasım 1846) tarihinde Mina’da vefat etti. Mekke’deki Cennetü’l-muallâ’da Hz. Hatice’nin ayak ucuna defnedildi.
Türk mûsikisi tarihinin önde gelen birkaç siması arasında yer alan İsmâil Dede hânendeliği, hocalığı ve özellikle bestekârlığı ile tanınmıştır. İlk eserlerini III. Selim devrinde vermeye başlamış, sarayda kendisine gösterilen iltifatlarla padişahın davranışlarına, “Müştâk-ı cemâlin gece gündüz dil-i şeydâ” mısraıyla başlayan sûzinak bestesiyle teşekkür etmiştir. Onun mûsiki hayatındaki en parlak dönemi II. Mahmud devridir. Bu dönemde 1824-1839 yılları arasında yedi adet Mevlevî âyini bestelemiştir. Batı müziği etkisinin gün geçtikçe arttığı Abdülmecid devrinde bu durumdan rahatsız olduğu ve rahatsızlığını talebesi Dellâlzâde İsmâil Efendi’ye, “Artık bu oyunun tadı kaçtı” şeklinde özetlediği söylenir.
İsmâil Dede Türk mûsikisinin âyin, durak, tevşîh, savt, ilâhi, peşrev, saz semâisi, kâr, kârçe, kâr-ı nâtık, murabba, semâi, şarkı, türkü, köçekçe gibi dinî ve din dışı sahadaki hemen her formunda eser vermiştir. Bestelerinde dikkati çeken en önemli özellik klasik üslûbun korunmuş olmasıdır. Mûsiki sanatındaki bütün estetik değerlerin yer aldığı ve bilhassa melodik çeşitlilikle akıcılığın gözlendiği eserlerinde geleneğe bağlılığın yanında yeni arayışlar da dikkati çeker. Hepsi rast makamında olan, “Gözümde dâim hayâl-i câna” mısraıyla başlayan kâr-ı nev‘i, “Yine bir gülnihâl aldı bu gönlümü” mısraıyla başlayan şarkısı ile sözleri kendisine ait, “Yüzündür cihânı münevver eden” mısraıyla başlayan şarkısı Batı müziği etkisinin görüldüğü bu arayışların ifadesidir. İsmâil Dede, klasik üslûbun hâkim olduğu büyük formdaki eserlerinin yanında mûsikiyi daha geniş kitlelere yaymak amacıyla şarkı ve köçekçe gibi küçük formlarda da eserler bestelemiş, ayrıca türküleriyle halk zevkine ve sanatına verdiği değeri ortaya koymuştur. Şarkılarında hüzün ve coşkunun ruh âleminde meydana getirdiği akisler ve farklı bir melodik yapı anlayışı açıkça hissedilmektedir. Kendisinden sonra gelen sanatkârları etkileyen, mûsikiye yeni bir üslûp ve kimlik kazandıran İsmâil Dede, ayrıca hâfızasındaki eserlerle geçmiş-gelecek arasında köprü vazifesi görmüş ve birçok eserin yeni nesillere ulaşmasını sağlayarak Türk mûsikisine önemli bir hizmet yapmıştır.
Dinî bestelerinde ağır başlı ve akıcı bir üslûbun tasavvufî ilham ve coşkuyla birleştiği engin bir ufuk gözlenen İsmâil Dede’nin bu sahadaki eserleri arasında Mevlevî âyinlerinin ayrı bir yeri vardır. Şeyh Hüseyin Hüsnü Dede’nin teşvikiyle 1824’te bestelediği sabâ âyininin ardından 1832’de bestenigâr âyinini, birer yıl ara ile sabâ-bûselik ve hüzzam âyinlerini ortaya koymuştur. Önce tek selâm olarak bestelenip sabâ âyiniyle tamamlanan hüzzam âyini çok beğenilince diğer selâmları da bestelemiştir. Farklı bir melodik yapıya sahip olan eserde İsmâil Dede’nin beste tekniği bütün açıklığıyla kendini göstermektedir. Bundan dolayı hüzzam âyini bu formun şaheserleri arasında yer alır. Günümüzde unutulmuş olan İsfahan âyininin ardından II. Mahmud’un isteği üzerine bestelediği ferahfezâ âyini onun son âyinidir. Her ne kadar, padişahın emriyle bestelediği için diğerlerindeki tadı bu âyinde bulamadığını söylese de bu eserde de İsmâil Dede’nin tavrı ve inceliği kendini belli etmektedir. İsmâil Dede’nin bestelediği âyinlerin notaları önce Mehmet Suphi Ezgi, Ahmet Irsoy ve Mesut Cemil’den oluşan bir heyetin tesbitiyle İstanbul Konservatuvarı Neşriyatı arasında (İstanbul 1935-1936), daha sonra Sadettin Heper’in Mevlevî Âyinleri adlı eseri içinde yayımlanmıştır (Konya 1974, 1979). “Gel ey sâlik diyem bir söz ki haktır” mısraıyla başlayan dügâh, “Habîbullah cihâna can değil mi” mısraıyla başlayan sabâ, “Bir ismi Mustafâ bir ismi Ahmed” mısraıyla başlayan uşşak, “Gelin gidelim Allah yoluna” mısraıyla başlayan hicaz ilâhileri zamanımıza ulaşan diğer dinî eserleri arasında zikredilebilir. Hac esnasında bestelediği sözleri Yûnus Emre’ye ait, “Yürük değirmenler gibi dönerler” mısraıyla başlayan şehnaz ilâhisi onun son eseridir.
Saraydaki fasıllarda hânendelik yapan İsmâil Dede’nin Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi’nde mutrıp heyetinde âyinhan olarak yer aldığı ve çok defa na‘thanlık görevini de yaptığı kaydedilmektedir. O gün mukabelede okunacak âyin-i şerif hangi makamdan ise Buhûrîzâde Mustafa Itrî’nin rast makamındaki meşhur na‘tının güftesini o makamdan irticâlen okuduğu ve âyinhanların mukabeleden önce kendisine hangi âyinin okunacağını sormaya çekindikleri söylenir.
Arabankürdî, hicaz-bûselik, neveser, sabâ-bûselik ve sultânîyegâh makamlarını terkip ederek mûsiki nazariyatı sahasında da kudretini gösteren İsmâil Dede 500’ün üzerinde eser bestelemiş, bazılarının güfteleri de kendisine ait olan bu eserlerin çoğu günümüze ulaşamamıştır. Yılmaz Öztuna, Dede Efendi adlı eserinde zamanımıza notası gelen 294 bestesinin listesini vermiştir (bk. bibl.).
İsmâil Dede’nin besteleri arasında yukarıda zikredilenlerin dışında, “Ben seni sevdim seveli kaynayıp coştum” mısraıyla başlayan bestenigâr şarkısı, “Sevdim bir gonca-i ra‘nâ” mısraıyla başlayan eviç şarkısı, “Yine neş’e-i mahabbet dil ü cânım etti şeydâ” mısraıyla başlayan hicaz yürük semâisi, “Bahârın zamânı geldi a cânım” mısraıyla başlayan köçekçesi, “Hava güzel yine gülşende gösteriş günüdür” mısraıyla başlayan hisar yürük semâisi, “Ey gül-i bâğ-ı edâ” mısraıyla başlayan hüzzam şarkısı, “Yine zevrak-ı derûnum kırılıp kenâre düştü” mısraıyla başlayan mâhur yürük semâisi, “Ey büt-i nevedâ olmuşum mübtelâ” mısraıyla başlayan uzzâl şarkısı meşhur eserlerinden bazılarıdır. İsmâil Dede’nin eserleri zaman zaman yapılan çeşitli nota neşriyatı arasında yayımlanmaktadır. Bu konudaki en kapsamlı çalışmalar içinde M. Fatih Salgar ile Ender Ergün, Fatih Salgar ve Serhan Aytan’ın ortak eserleri gösterilebilir (bk. bibl.).
İsmâil Dede’nin zikredilmesi gereken bir yönü de hocalığıdır. Yetiştirdiği pek çok talebe arasında Dellâlzâde İsmâil Efendi, Mutafzâde Ahmed Efendi, Yağlıkçızâde Ahmed Ağa, Şâkir Ağa, Hamparsum Limonciyan, Hacı Ârif Bey, Eyyûbî Mehmed Bey, Çilingirzâde Ahmed Ağa, Nikogos Ağa, Suyolcuzâde Sâlih Efendi, Yeniköylü Hasan Efendi, Behlûl Efendi, Hâşim Bey, torunu Sermüezzin Rifat Bey, Gelibolu Mevlevîhânesi şeyhi Hüseyin Azmi Dede ve Zekâi Dede en meşhurlarıdır.
Dinî güfte mecmualarında İsmâil Dede’nin eserleri “Derviş İsmâil” başlığıyla kaydedilmiştir. Bazı mecmualarda “Dede” başlığı altında verilen eserlerin çoğu XVIII. yüzyıl bestekârı Derviş Ali Şîruganî’ye aittir. Ayrıca İsmâil Dede tarafından kaleme alınan bir âyin-i şerif mecmuası bugün Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi’nin son şeyhi Abdülbaki Baykara’nın torunu Baki Baykara’da bulunmaktadır.
Türkçe ve Farsça bazı şiirler de kaleme alan İsmâil Dede’nin Cankurtaran’da Akbıyık mahallesindeki evi Türkiye Tarihî Evleri Koruma Derneği tarafından restore edilmiş, Şehzadebaşı’nda bir caddeye Dedeefendi adı verilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ali Nutkî Dede – Abdülbâki Nâsır Dede, Defter-i Dervîşân , Süleymaniye Ktp., Nâfiz Paşa, nr. 1194, vr. 4b , 7b , 10b .
Hızır İlyas, Târîh-i Enderûn , İstanbul 1276, s. 3, 279-280, 336.
Sicill-i Osmânî , I, 381.
Rauf Yekta, Esâtîz-i Elhân: III, Dede Efendi , İstanbul 1343.
Suphi Ezgi, Nazarî-Amelî Türk Musikisi , İstanbul 1933, I, 83.
Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden Mevlevî Âyinleri (İstanbul Konservatuvarı neşriyatı), İstanbul 1937, XIII, 672-674.
Sadeddin Nüzhet Ergun, Türk Musikisi Antolojisi , İstanbul 1943, II, 401, 428-441, 447-448, 528-541, 715-716.
Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal, Türk Askerî Muzıkaları Tarihi , İstanbul 1955, s. 99-100.
İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ , s. 133-170.
Ali Rıza Bey, Bir Zamanlar İstanbul (haz. Niyazi Ahmet Banoğlu), İstanbul, ts. (Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser), s. 280.
Özalp, Türk Mûsikîsi Tarihi , I, 214-221.
Sadun Aksüt, Türk Musikîsinin 100 Bestekârı , İstanbul 1993, s. 119-126.
M. Fatih Salgar, Ölümünün Yüzellinci Yılında Dede Efendi , İstanbul 1995.
a.mlf. v.dğr., Dede Efendi Besteleri , Ankara 1996.
Yılmaz Öztuna, Dede Efendi , Ankara 1996.
a.mlf., BTMA , I, 394-400.
Ruşen Ferit Kam, “Dede Efendi”, Radyo , V/56, Ankara 1946, s. 20-21.
Bülent Aksoy, “İsmail Dede Efendi (Hammamîzade)”, DBİst.A , IV, 211-212.
Nuri Özcan, “İsmail Dede Efendi”, Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1999, I, 663-665.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 93-95 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.