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İSMÂİL PAŞA, Hidiv Skip to content (1830-1895)
Mısır valisi ve Mısır’ın ilk hidivi (1863-1879).
31 Aralık 1830’da Kahire’de doğdu. Babası İbrâhim Paşa, annesi Hoşyar Kadınefendi’dir. İlk tahsilinin ardından Paris’e gönderildi (1846). Paris’te modern ilimler ve mühendislik tahsili yaptıktan sonra Mısır’a döndü (1848). Birkaç defa Avrupa başşehirlerine ve İstanbul’a siyasî görevlerle gitti. Said Paşa tarafından 14.000 askerin başına serdar tayin edilerek Sudan’daki isyanları bastırmakla görevlendirildi (1861).
Amcası Said Paşa’nın ölümü üzerine 18 Ocak 1863’te Mısır valisi oldu. Dedesi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa gibi Mısır için büyük tasarıları olan İsmâil Paşa, her şeyden önce Mısır’ı Bâbıâli’nin hâkimiyetinden kurtarmak veya hiç olmazsa daha geniş muhtariyet hakları elde etmek istiyordu. Fakat dedesinin yaptığı gibi isyancı usullerle bunu başaramayacağını anlamıştı. Bundan dolayı hedefine ulaşmak için iki yol seçti. Birincisi, Osmanlı devlet adamlarına menfaatler sağlayarak imtiyaz fermanının sınırlarını genişletmek, ikincisi de Avrupalılar’a hoş görünerek onların desteğini sağlamak.
İsmâil Paşa vali olur olmaz âdet olduğu üzere huzura çıkmak için İstanbul’a gitti. Buharla işleyen özel yatını hediye ettiği Sultan Abdülaziz’i Mısır’a davet etti. Diğer devlet erkânına da çeşitli hediyeler dağıttıktan sonra İstanbul’da iyi intibalar bırakmış olarak Mısır’a döndü. Abdülaziz’in 1863’te Mısır’ı ziyareti sırasında muhteşem karşılama törenleri, eğlence ve ziyafetler tertip ederek göze girmeyi başardı. Padişahtan elde ettiği ilk önemli imtiyaz, Mısır veraset usulünü kendi nesli lehine değiştirmek oldu. 13 Muharrem 1283 (28 Mayıs 1866) tarihli fermanla, Mısır verasetinde ailenin en büyüğünü esas alan “ekberiyet” kaidesine son verilerek İsmâil Paşa’dan itibaren babadan oğula intikal esası kabul edildi. Sudan vilâyeti zımnen, Masavva‘ ve Sevâkin kazaları da açık olarak Mısır idaresine bırakıldı. Böylece toprakları genişleyen Mısır vilâyetinin her yıl Bâbıâli’ye ödeyeceği vergi 80.000’den 150.000 keseye, 18.000 kişiden oluşan Mısır ordusu da 30.000’e çıkarıldı. İsmâil Paşa, veraset fermanından beş gün sonra 18 Muharrem 1283 (2 Haziran 1866) tarihli başka bir fermanla da “hidiv” unvanını aldı.
Vali unvanını eskiden beri yetersiz bulan İsmâil Paşa kendisine “azîz-i Mısr” unvanının verilmesini istiyordu, fakat bu uygun bulunmadı. Bâbıâli resmî dilinde bazı önemli vezirler hakkında kullanılan “hidiv” kelimesi tercih edildi. 5 Safer 1284 (8 Haziran 1867) tarihli ferman Mısır’ın imtiyazlarını daha da genişletti. İsmâil Paşa, Mısır’ın iç idaresiyle ilgili düzenlemeler yapma hakkına sahip olduğu gibi yabancı devletlerle gümrük ve posta işlerine ait gayr-i siyasî mukaveleler imzalama yetkisini de elde etti. Osmanlı devlet ricâline “kapı yoldaşı hediyesi” adı altında gönderdiği para ve kıymetli hediyeler sayesinde çıkarttığı bu fermanlar yanında bir oldubittiyle istiklâlini de kazanmak istiyor, Osmanlı padişahı tarafından her an sıradan bir vali gibi azledilebileceğini bildiği halde müstakil hükümdar gibi davranıyordu. 1869 yılında Avrupa’ya yaptığı seyahatte bu şekilde hareket etmişti. Avrupa basınında da Mısır’ın ayrı bir ülke olduğu yolunda yazılar yayımlanıyordu. Fransa ve İngiltere, İsmâil Paşa’yı bağımsız hükümdarlara mahsus merasimlerle karşıladılar. Milliyetçi fikirleri desteklemekle meşhur olan III. Napolyon, İsmâil Paşa’yı daha önce Sultan Abdülaziz’i misafir ettiği dairede ağırladı. İsmâil Paşa da uğradığı Avrupa başşehirlerinde hükümdarları Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılışında bulunmaya şahsen davet etti.
İsmâil Paşa’nın Avrupa seyahati Bâbıâli tarafından büyük tepkiyle karşılandı. Sadrazam Âlî Paşa hidive haddini bildirmek için bir ihtar gönderdi. Avrupa hükümdarlarını kendi adına davet etmekle yetkilerini aştığını, Mısır’ın Osmanlı toprağı olduğunu, hidivin Osmanlı Devleti erkânından sayıldığı için Avrupa’da hükümdarlarla yapacağı temaslarda yanında Türk elçilerinin bulunması gerekirken buna uyulmadığını, Mısır’ın ancak iç idaresinde muhtar olduğu halde hidivin Nubar Paşa’yı dışişleri bakanı tayin ederek dış ülkelerle anlaşma yapmak istemesinin de mevcut ferman hükümlerine aykırılığını hatırlattı. Âlî Paşa, hidivi kendisine verilen ferman hükümlerine göre hareket etmeye davet ettiği gibi dış temsilciliklere de Mısır’ın Osmanlı Devleti bünyesindeki statüsünün ilgili devletlere anlatılması tâlimatını verdi.
Hidiv İsmâil Paşa’nın alttan alarak gönderdiği cevaptan tatmin olmayan Âlî Paşa ikinci bir ihtar daha gönderdi. Bunlara uymadığı takdirde valilikten azledileceğini bildirdi. Yeni bir Mısır meselesinin çıkmasını istemeyen İngiltere ve Fransa taraflara itidal tavsiye ettiler. Âlî Paşa, 29 Kasım 1869 tarihli bir fermanla hidivin imtiyazlarına kısıtlama getirdi. Buna göre hidiv 30.000 kişilik bir kuvvetten fazla kuvvet bulunduramayacak, ısmarlanan zırhlılardan vazgeçecek, Mısır bütçesini her yıl İstanbul’a bildirecek, Bâbıâli’den izin almadan borçlanmayacak, yabancı devletlerle yapacağı antlaşmaları Türk elçileri vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirebilecekti. İsmâil Paşa birkaç gün tereddüt ettikten sonra ferman hükümlerine uyacağını bildirdi.
Âlî Paşa karşısında geri çekilmiş olmakla birlikte İsmâil Paşa mücadelesini sürdürdü. Temsilcisi İbrâhim Paşa’yı İstanbul’a göndererek ilgili devlet adamlarını maddî vaadlerle kazanmaya çalıştı. Âlî Paşa’nın vefatı (7 Eylül 1871) bu işi kolaylaştırdı. 1872’de İstanbul’a gelen İsmâil Paşa, Osmanlı devlet adamlarına dağıttığı hediyeler ve paralar sayesinde Bâbıâli’den iki imtiyaz fermanı daha almayı başardı. 25 Receb 1289 (28 Eylül 1872) tarihli fermanla 1869’da Âlî Paşa’nın gayretiyle getirilen kısıtlamalar kaldırıldı. Ayrıca hidive Avrupa devletleriyle dış borç antlaşması imzalama yetkisi verildi. Padişah, Sadrazam Midhat Paşa’nın muhalefetine rağmen fermanı hidivin istediği şekilde yazdırdı. 13 Rebîülâhir 1290 (10 Haziran 1873) tarihli ikinci fermanla da 1841’den beri Mısır için çıkarılmış fermanlarla verilmiş olan imtiyazların hepsi birden teyit edildi.
İsmâil Paşa bu fermandaki imtiyazlarla Mısır’ı, idare hususunda olduğu gibi haklar yönünden de müstakil denebilecek bir duruma getirmeyi başardı. Fakat bu iş için padişaha 1 milyon, vükelâya dağıtılmak üzere sadrazama 600.000 lira harç vermek zorunda kaldı. Bu paraları ödemek ve bir yandan da Mısır’da tasarladığı işleri başarmak için hesapsız istikrazlar akdine girişti. 1873’te borç yekünü 68.496.460 sterline varmış bulunuyordu. Ayrıca 18.243.076 sterlin de gayri muntazam borç vardı. Mısır halkına ağır vergiler yükleyen İsmâil Paşa, 1870-1871 yıllarında Fransa’nın Almanya ile savaşması yüzünden dış borç alamayınca bir mukabele kanunu çıkardı. Bununla, beş yıllık vergilerini peşin ödeyenlerin vergilerinin yarısını müebbeden affetti. Bu tedbirle ancak 125 milyon frank elde etmişse de Mısır maliyesini daha da güç duruma soktu. Mısır borçları senetleri % 60’a kadar düştü. İsmâil Paşa, malî çıkmazdan kurtulmak için 176.602 Süveyş Kanalı hisse senedini 4 milyon sterlin karşılığında İngiltere’ye sattı. İngiltere ve Fransa, Mısır’ın borçlarının ödenmesi için Kahire’ye ve metbûu Bâbıâli’ye baskı yaptılar. Hidiv hakkında birçok alacak davası açıldı. Mayıs 1876’da alacaklı Avrupa devletlerinin temsilcilerinin yer aldığı Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye Sandığı kuruldu. Mısır maliyesi İngiltere ve Fransa kontrolüne geçti. 1875’te Mısırlılar ve yabancılarla Mısır’da yerleşmiş ecnebilerin davalarına bakmak üzere muhtelit mahkemeler tesis edildi. 1866’da Mısır’da istişarî bir mebuslar meclisi açılmıştı. İsmâil Paşa, Avrupa’nın meşrutiyetle idare edilen ülkeleri gibi meclis karşısında mesul bir idare kurmaya kalkıştı. Hükümet Nubar Paşa tarafından kuruldu. İngiliz Charles River maliye, Fransız Blignières nâfıa nâzırı oldu. Hükümet seçilen meclis karşısında sorumlu idi, fakat yabancıların Mısır hükümetinde söz sahibi olmaları halkın millî ve dinî hislerine dokundu. Şubat 1879’da büyük gösteriler yapıldı. Halkın ve ordunun tepkisi üzerine İsmâil Paşa iki yabancı nâzırın görevine son verdi. Arkasından Şerif Paşa başkanlığında Mısırlılar’dan bir nâzırlar heyeti teşkil etmesi Batılı devletlerin güvenini sarstı. Fransa ve İngiltere, taahhütlerini yerine getirmediği için Bâbıâli’den İsmâil Paşa’nın azlini istediler. II. Abdülhamid, Avrupa devletlerinin baskıları ve Sadrazam Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa’nın ısrarıyla 26 Haziran 1879’da İsmâil Paşa’yı azletti. Derhal Mısır’ı terketmesi istenen İsmâil Paşa önce Napoli’ye gitti, daha sonra sâdır olan irade ile İstanbul’a gelerek Emirgân’daki köşkünde yaşamaya başladı. 2 Mart 1895’te ölünce cenazesi Mısır’a götürüldü.
İsmâil Paşa on altı yıl kadar süren Mısır valiliği esnasında orduyu, donanmayı ve idarî teşkilâtı yeniden düzenledi. Orta ve yüksek dereceli okullar açtı. Gazete ve mecmualara maddî yardımda bulundu. Bulak Matbaası’nı ıslah etti. Bir millî kütüphane (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye), bir müze ve coğrafya cemiyeti kurdu. İmar faaliyetlerine hız verdi. İsmâiliye şehrini kurdurdu. Kendi adını taşıyan sulama kanalları yaptırdı. Şeker kamışı ve pamuk ziraatına önem verdi. Tasfiye fabrikaları açtırdı. Mısır ve Sudan’da demiryolu şebekelerini uzattı. İskenderiye ve Süveyş’te dalga kıranlar ve fenerler inşa ettirdi. Akdeniz’i Kızıldeniz’e bağlayan Süveyş Kanalı da onun zamanında hizmete girdi. Telgraf şebekesini geliştirdi ve ilk resmî posta servisini gerçekleştirdi. Kahire ve İskenderiye modern şehirler haline sokuldu. Saraylar inşa edilip modern ve zengin şekilde döşendi. Opera ve tiyatrolar açıldı. Büyük şehirlerde belediyeler teşkil edildi. Avrupalılar’ın Mısır’da yerleşmesine izin verildi. Yabancı yatırımlar gelişti ve pek çok şirket ve banka kuruldu. 1861-1865 yılları arasında devam eden Amerikan iç savaşı Mısır’ın pamuğuna duyulan ilgiyi arttırdı. Pamuk gelirleri beş misline çıkarken Mısır’ın yıllık geliri 1864’te 5 milyon sterlinden 1875’te 145 milyona yükseldi. Mısır 1867’de Paris ve 1873’te Viyana sergilerine katıldı.
Mısır’ın gelirlerinin umulmadık bir şekilde artması İsmâil Paşa’nın ihtiraslarını kamçılamış, dedesi Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın emellerini de göz önünde bulundurarak önce büyük bir Afrika İmparatorluğu kurmaya kalkışmış, Sudan, Habeşistan, Eritre ve Uganda’da masraflı fetih hareketlerine girişmiştir. Bütün bu işler yanında Bâbıâli’den imtiyazlar koparılması ve kendisinin binbir gece masallarını andıran eğlence hayatı ve cömertliği çok para harcanmasını gerektirmiştir. İsmâil Paşa’nın bu paraları dış borçlanma yoluyla sağlamaya çalışması, Mısır’ın yabancı devletlerin ipoteği altına girmesine sebep olmuşsa da onun modern Mısır’ın teşkilinde önemli bir rol oynadığı söylenebilir. Mısır kralları Hüseyin Kâmil ve Fuâd, Hidiv İsmâil Paşa’nın oğullarıdır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 117-119 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.