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İSTANBUL KADILIĞI Skip to content Osmanlı döneminde İstanbul’un hukukî, beledî, asayiş ve kısmen idarî işlerine bakan kaza teşkilâtı.
1453’te İstanbul’un fethinden hemen sonra kurulmuştur. Bu makam sahibi için “taht kadısı, İstanbul efendisi, İstanbul mollası ve kādî-i Kostantîniyye” tabirleri de kullanılmıştır. Başşehir kadılığı olması ve işlerinin çokluğu dolayısıyla imtiyazlı bir konuma sahip olmuştur. İstanbul aynı zamanda Osmanlı Devleti’nin en büyük şehri olduğundan kazâî idaresi “İstanbul ve bilâd-ı selâse” adıyla birbirinden bağımsız dört kadılık halinde teşkilâtlandırılmıştı. Tarihî yarımada (sur içi) İstanbul kadılığını, sur dışından Çatalca ve Silivri’ye kadar olan yerler Eyüp (havâss-ı refîa) kadılığını, Beyoğlu’ndan Rumelikavağı’na kadar uzanan kesim Galata kadılığını ve Şile, Kandıra, Gebze, Karamürsel dahil bütün Anadolu yakasını içine alan bölge Üsküdar kadılığını oluşturuyordu (bk. BİLÂD-ı SELÂSE ). Dört kadılık da mevleviyet derecesinde büyük kadılık statüsündeydi. Bu geniş alanda hukukî, beledî ve idarî işlerin iyi yürümesi için zamanla yirmiden fazla mahkeme ortaya çıktı. Bunlar dört kadılığa bağlı nâiblikler halinde teşekkül etmişti. Sur içinde Mahmud Paşa, Dâvud Paşa, Ahî Çelebi ve Balat mahkemeleri İstanbul kadılığına bağlı nâibliklerdi.
İlk olarak fetihten hemen sonra İstanbul kadılığına, devrin tanınmış âlimi Hızır Bey, ardından Molla Hüsrev getirildi. XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında peş peşe meşhur âlimlerin bu göreve tayin edilmesi İstanbul kadılığının itibarını arttırdı. 1855’te kurulan şehremanetine devredilinceye kadar geçen dört asır boyunca bu makama 400 civarında tayin yapıldı. Bu sayıya ikinci ve üçüncü defa İstanbul kadılığına getirilenler de dahildir.
İstanbul kadılığı Rumeli kazaskerliğinin yetki alanı içine girmekteydi ve başlangıçta bu makama yapılacak tayinler için Rumeli kazaskerinin teklifte bulunması gerekiyordu. Ancak XVI. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren yüksek seviyeli ilmiye tayinlerinde şeyhülislâmın teklifi (işâret-i aliyye) arandığından İstanbul kadılığı için de aynı usul uygulanmaya başlandı. XVI. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren İstanbul kadılığına Mekke, Bursa ve Edirne kadılıklarından tayin yapılmış, İstanbul kadılığından mâzul olanlar arasından daha sonra Anadolu kazaskerliğine getirilenler de olmuştur. Zamanla görev bekleyen ilmiye adaylarının çoğalması üzerine XVII. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren yaygın olarak görülen pâye uygulaması gereği önce birden fazla aday İstanbul kadılığı pâyesini alır, bunlardan en kıdemlisi doğrudan bu makama getirilirdi. Beklemekte olan çok sayıdaki adayı bir ölçüde memnun etmek için başvurulan diğer bir yöntem ise İstanbul kadılığı dahil olmak üzere mevleviyet derecesindeki kadılıkların bir yıl süre ile verilmesiydi.
İstanbul kadılığı 500 akçe yevmiyeliydi. Kadıların zaman içerisinde maaş ve gelirlerinde önemli değişiklikler oldu. Ana gelir kaynaklarını bakmış oldukları davalardan, çok çeşitli muamelelerden ve miras taksiminden (kısmet-i belediyye) aldıkları ücretler oluşturmaktaydı. Kanunnâmelerle belirlenen bu ücretlerden daha fazla ücret alan kadılar hakkında Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’a şikâyette bulunulduğu bilinmektedir. XVIII. yüzyıl sonu ile XIX. yüzyıl başlarında İstanbul kadılarının aylık 500 kuruş atıyyeleri olduğu (BA , Cevdet-Adliye, nr. 5200, 5417, 5546, 5661) ve bunun Enderun Hazinesi’nden verildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Mâzuliyet döneminde ise XVI. yüzyıl sonları ve XVII. yüzyıl başlarında yevmiye 120, bazan taltifen 200 akçe verilmekteydi. Daha sonraki dönemlerde bazı kazaların arpalık olarak tahsis edildiği, ancak kadıların çoğunlukla İstanbul’da oturup arpalıkları olan kazaya nâib gönderdikleri kaydedilmektedir.
Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’ne göre büyük mevleviyetlerden olan İstanbul kadısı teşrifatta defterdarın önüne oturur ve beylerbeyilerle eşit olurdu. Ayrıca cülûs, kılıç alayı, cenaze alayı, mevlid, bayram, sünnet düğünü merasimlerinde birinci derecede protokol arasında yer alırdı. Elkābı da “Akdâ-yı kudâti’l-müslimîn …” ile başlayan kadı elkābının gelişmiş şekliydi. Kıyafet olarak divan, merasim ve toplantılarda erkân kürkü, başlarına ise örf giyerlerdi. İmzası, isminden sonra “el-kādî bi-medîne-i Kostantîniyye” şeklinde olurdu. 1600 tarihli narh defterinin arkasındaki imza “… Osman b. Mehmed el-kādî bi-dâri’s-saltanati’s-seniyyeti’l-Kostantîniyye el-mahmiyye …” şeklindedir.
İstanbul’un çok yönlü adlî-hukukî, idarî-beledî ve inzibatî işlerini görmek yanında ticarî ve malî anlaşmazlıkların incelenmesi ve halli konusunda da İstanbul kadılığı önemli bir makamdı. Bütün bu ağır sorumluluğun Osmanlı başşehrine lâyık şekilde yerine getirilmesinde İstanbul kadısı, çok geniş kadılık personeli dışında sadrazam ve yeniçeri ağasından destek almakta ve onlarla iş birliği yapmaktaydı. En önemli görevlerinden biri de İstanbul’un piyasa ve asayiş bakımından teftişiydi. Bu iş sadrazamın da katıldığı kalabalık bir heyetle olurdu. Şehirdeki iktisadî sebepler başta olmak üzere çeşitli amaçlarla yapılan sayımlar ya bizzat İstanbul kadısı veya görevlendirdiği kimselerce gerçekleştirilirdi. Bunun daha ilk dönemlerden beri gerçekleştirildiği bilinmektedir. Nitekim 1478’de İstanbul Kadısı Muhyiddin Efendi ve Zaîm Mahmud tarafından yapılan İstanbul nüfus sayımı büyük önem taşımaktadır (TSMA, nr. E. 9524). Adlî-hukukî konulara, davalara bakmak hususunda doğrudan kadıya bağlı İstanbul Bab Mahkemesi ön planda yer almaktaydı. Bu mahkemenin başında kadının yardımcısı olarak bab nâibi bulunurdu. Vakıf meseleleri de kadılığı çok meşgul eden konular arasında yer alırdı. İstanbul kadısı, denetimi doğrudan kendilerine şart koşulmuş bazı vakıflar dışında yetki alanına giren bütün vakıfların işlerine ya tabii görev olarak veya kendisine hitaben çıkan bir fermanla bakardı. Aynı şekilde İstanbul’da yetersizliği sebebiyle büyük problem haline gelen suyun vakıf eserlerine, mahallelere, devlet ricâli ve zengin konaklarına dağıtımı İstanbul kadısının görevleri arasında önemli yer tutmaktaydı. İstanbul kadısı, iş birliği içinde olduğu diğer idarî ve adlî görevlilerle birlikte belirli zamanlarda toplantı yapardı. Çarşamba günleri İstanbul, Galata, Eyüp ve Üsküdar kadılarının sadrazam divanhânesinde toplandıkları, burada üyelerin teşrifat sırasına göre oturdukları, halkın çeşitli hukukî davalarını dinledikleri bilinmektedir. Sadrazamın serdâr-ı ekrem olarak seferde bulunduğu sırada aynı kadıların katılımıyla sadâret kaymakamı başkanlığında çarşamba divanı toplanırdı. İstanbul kadısı ayrıca, türlü şikâyetlere çözüm bulabilmek ve daha âdil karar verebilmek için bazan konuyu “mâruz” olarak Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’dan sorardı. Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi’nde çok sayıda mâruz defterleri bulunmaktadır. Bazan da bu mâruzlar sicillerin belirli bir kısmına kaydedilmektedir.
İstanbul kadılığının belirli bir mekânı yoktu. Kadılığa tayin edilen kimseler kendi evlerinin genellikle selâmlık kısmını resmî daire olarak kullanırlardı. Ancak 1826’da Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılmasından sonra Ağakapısı Fetvahâne adıyla Bâb-ı Meşîhat’a tahsis edilmiş, 1836’da kazaskerlik ve İstanbul kadılığı buraya taşınmıştır. Kadılığın başlangıçtan beri çeşitli işlere bakan ve devamlı olarak gelişen bir kadrosu olmuştur. Bunlar arasında nâibler başta gelmektedir. Bab nâibi, yapılan bir şikâyet üzerine davalara bakan keşif nâibi, kanuna aykırı davrananları cezalandıran ayak nâibi, çardak nâibi, yağ nâibi, kapan nâibi, avârız vergisini toplayan avârız nâibi ve pastırma nâibi sayılabilir. Nâiblerin her birinin ayrıca yardımcıları vardı. Bunların başlıcaları ihtisap ağası, mimarbaşı, ehl-i vukūf, kassâm-ı beledî, kâtipler, başkâtip, vekāyi‘ kâtibi, subaşı, çöplük subaşısı, asesbaşı, terazici ve terazibaşılıkla İstanbul kadısı nezaretindeki evkafın hesaplarına bakan muhasebeci gibi görevlilerdi.
Şehremanetinin kurulması, 1876 anayasasındaki hükümler ve 1908 tarihi, İstanbul kadılığının yetkilerinin sınırlandırılmasında birer dönüm noktası olmuş ve II. Meşrutiyet döneminde Adliye Nezâreti’ne bağlı bir mahkemeye dönüşmüştür. Ancak İstanbul kadılığı pâyesi Osmanlı Devleti’nin sonuna kadar ilmî pâye olarak kalmıştır. 1334 (1916) tarihli İlmiyye Salnâmesi ’nde İstanbul pâyeli otuz beş âlimin ismi ve memuriyeti sıralanmıştır (s. 59-61).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. E. 9524.
BA , Cevdet-Adliye, nr. 5200, 5417, 5546, 5661.
Fâtih’in Teşkilât Kanunnâmesi (nşr. Abdülkadir Özcan, TD , sy. 33 [1982] içinde), s. 13, 20.
İlmiyye Salnâmesi , s. 59-61.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 363, 432, 440, 462-463, 472; II, 289, 293, 485; V, 295.
İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri: İstanbul Ticaret Tarihi I (haz. Ahmet Kal’a v.dğr.), İstanbul 1997, tür.yer.; a.e.: İstanbul Esnaf Tarihi I (haz. Ahmet Kal’a v.dğr.), İstanbul 1997, tür.yer.; a.e.: İstanbul Vakıf Tarihi I (haz. Ahmet Kal’a v.dğr.), İstanbul 1998, tür.yer.; a.e.: İstanbul Finans Tarihi I (haz. Ahmet Kal’a v.dğr.), İstanbul 1998, tür.yer.
Ahmed Râsim, Osmanlı Tarihi , İstanbul 1328, II, 750-755.
Mecelle-i Umûr-ı Belediyye , I, 287-291, 419-442.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 133,134.
a.mlf., Merkez-Bahriye , s. 140, 181.
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlılarda Narh Müessesesi ve 1640 Tarihli Narh Defteri , İstanbul 1983.
a.mlf., “1009 (1600) Tarihli Narh Defterine Göre İstanbul’da Çeşitli Eşya ve Hizmet Fiyatları”, TED , sy. 9 (1978), s. 1-85.
R. Mantran, 17. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında İstanbul (trc. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay – Enver Özcan), Ankara 1986, I, 127-156, 284-298.
Abdülaziz Bayındır, İslâm Muhakeme Hukuku , İstanbul 1986, s. 18-19; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Zeki Arıkan, “Şeyhülislâm Zekeriyya Efendi’nin İstanbul Sayımı (985/1577-1578)”, Tarih Boyunca İstanbul Semineri , Bildiriler, İstanbul 1989, s. 45, 47-57.
Necdet Sakaoğlu, “İstanbul Kadılığı”, DBİst.A , IV, 226-228.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 305-307 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.