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İSTANKÖY Skip to content Ege denizinde Kos adasının Osmanlı döneminde ve günümüzdeki adı.
Batı Anadolu sahillerine yakın bir yerde Gökova körfezinin (İstanköy körfezi) girişinde yer alır. 290 km2 ’lik yüzölçümü olan dar ve uzun bir adadır. Bodrum’a yaklaşık 17 km. mesafededir. Bodrum’un batısındaki Akyarlar köyü hizalarında ise bu mesafe 5 kilometreye kadar düşer. En yüksek noktası Dhikios 846 metreye ulaşır ve adayı iki parçaya böler. Adanın kuzey taraflarında dar düzlükler bulunur. Tarihî kaynaklarda Kos, Cos, Stanco, Stanchio, Lango adlarıyla anılır. Türkçe’de kullanılan İstanköy ise Eis tin Ko veya Stanchio’dan bozmadır. İlk Osmanlı kaynaklarında rastlanan İstanköy imlâsı hiç değişmeden devam etmiştir.
Yerleşme tarihi antik dönemlere kadar inen adaya Dorlar’ın yerleştiği ve buranın milâttan önce V. yüzyılda Delos birliğine katıldığı belirtilir. Bu yüzyılda eski Yunan’daki ilk tıp okulunun burada açıldığı rivayet edilir. Hatta burası Hipokrat’ın yaşadığı yer olarak ün kazanmıştır. Milâttan önce 336’da Büyük İskender’in hâkimiyeti altına giren ada daha sonra Roma İmparatorluğu’na bağlanmış, Bizans idaresi döneminde ise bir piskoposluk merkezi olmuştur. XI. yüzyılda Arap akınlarına hedef olmasının ardından Latin hâkimiyetine girmiş, 1258’de yeniden Bizans’ın eline geçmiştir. Saint Jean şövalyeleri Rodos’a yerleştikten sonra burayı da alarak (1315) yeni kaleler yaptılar. Limanı muhafaza altına aldılar, bir köprü ile şehre bağlanan kaleyi yeni baştan tahkim edip Türk akınlarına karşı koymaya çalıştılar. 1391-1396 yılları arasında Yıldırım Bayezid’in buraya yönelik akınları sırasında kalenin güneydoğu ve güneybatı kısmına iki kule inşa edildiği bilinmektedir.
İstanköy ilk ciddi Osmanlı hücumu ile 859’da (1455) karşılaştı. Hamza Bey idaresindeki donanma buraya saldırarak Andimahya Kalesi’ni muhasara ve tahrip etti. 928’de (1522) Rodos’un fethi sırasında anlaşma şartları gereği Osmanlılar’a terkedildi. Kaptan Behram Bey, İstanköy ve Bodrum önlerine geldiğinde kale muhafızları kaleyi ona teslim ederek buradan ayrılmışlar ve bu haber 17 Safer 929’da (5 Ocak 1523) ordugâha ulaşmıştı. Ada alınır alınmaz buraya bir kadı, dizdar ve yeterli muhafız gönderilmiş, en büyük ve müstahkem kalesi olan Narence tamir edilmiş, adanın Ortodoks halkı yerlerinde bırakılmış ve kale dışındaki varoşta ikametleri sağlanmıştır.
Muhtemelen Osmanlı hâkimiyeti öncesi hakkında bilgi veren Pîrî Reis, dağlık ve ovalık olarak tanımladığı İstanköy’e şövalyelerin “uzun ada” anlamında Lango adası dediklerini ve dört müstahkem kalesinin bulunduğunu, asıl kale olan Narence’nin Anadolu sahilleri karşısında olup limanın hemen yanında yer aldığını, buradaki limanın gemilerin barınmasına müsait olduğunu, diğer kalelerin ise Andimahi, Kefalos ve Pili adlarını taşıdığını yazar (Kitâb-ı Bahriye , II, 491-498). İstanköy kasabası ise limanın iki tarafında bir köprü ile Narence Kalesi’nden ayrılan antik şehrin üstünde bulunuyordu ve varoş olarak adlandırılıyordu. Kalenin kapısı Lonca meydanına açılıyordu, burada Hipokrat ağacı olduğuna inanılan bugün de mevcut çınar ağacı yer alıyordu.
Osmanlı idaresi altına girdikten hemen sonra yapılan tahrire göre Kal‘a-i Narence, Nefs-i Narence adlarıyla anılan kasaba tamamı varoş kesiminde bulunan on yedi mahalleden ibaretti. Bu mahallelerde oturan hıristiyanların toplam nüfusları 505 hâne, seksen üç bîve (dul kadın) olmak üzere yaklaşık 2500 kişiye ulaşıyordu. Fethin ardından buraya yerleştiği anlaşılan Türk nüfus ise kale içinde ikamet ediyordu ve bunlar bir mahalle olarak deftere kaydedilmişti. Yetmiş dokuz hâneden ibaret olan sivil Türk ahali “gönüllü” kaydıyla belirtilmiş ve kendi istekleriyle gelip yerleştiklerine işaret edilmişti. Kalede 297 muhafız vardı. Bu rakamlara göre Türk nüfus yaklaşık 1000 kişi dolayında idi. Diğer yerleşme yerlerinden Pili Kalesi’nde sekiz mahalle, 466 hâne, otuz iki bîve, otuz iki kale muhafızı; Andimahya’da yedi mahalle, 268 hâne, altmış beş bîve, yirmi kale muhafızı; Kefalos’ta dört mahalle, 216 hâne, dört bîve, on altı muhafız mevcuttu. Adada bunların dışında bir yerleşme yeri yoktu. İstanköy bir kaza merkezi olup Kalimnos ve Leryos adaları da buraya bağlanmıştı (BA, TD , nr. 367, s. 211-218).
1590’lara kadar İstanköy’ün nüfus ve fizikî yapısında önemli değişmeler oldu. Özellikle merkezde üç Türk mahallesi ortaya çıktı. Bunların her biri birer mescidin etrafında teşekkül etmişti. Kale civarında ve varoş kısmında bulunan bu mahalleler İbrâhim Mescidi (on iki hâne), Ali Ağa Mescidi (yirmi yedi hâne) ve Tabakhâne Mescidi (on hâne) adlarını taşıyordu. Ayrıca ilk tahrirde kaydedilen gönüllü grubu 132 hâne, yetmiş yedi bekâr, toplam 216 erkek nüfusa ulaşmıştı ve bunlar kalenin dışında ikamet etmeye başlamışlardı. Kale muhafızlarının sayısı 279’du. Aralarında Latin asıllı kimselerin de bulunduğu anlaşılan hıristiyanlara ait mahalle sayısı bir önceki tahrirde olduğu gibi on yedi idi. Bunların toplam 817 erkek nüfusları (nefer) vardı. Muhafızlarla birlikte 547 nefer müslüman nüfus da bu sayıya katılacak olursa merkez kasabanın 4000 kişiye ulaştığı tahmin edilebilir. Diğer üç kalede de nisbî bir nüfus artışı oldu. Pili (544 nefer, sekiz mahalle), Andimahya (486 nefer, yedi mahalle) ve Kefalos’un da (282 nefer, üç mahalle) ilâvesiyle adanın toplam nüfusu 8-9000 dolayına yükseldi (BA, TD , nr. 640, s. 137-160).
Güvenli limanı ve muhkem kalesiyle Osmanlı donanmasının önemli deniz üslerinden biri haline gelen İstanköy, bu özelliğini 1570’lerden sonra Akdeniz’deki yeni gelişmeler sonucu kazandı. Yoğunlaşan deniz harekâtları sebebiyle bir ara Nakşa (Naksos) sancağına bağlandı. Ardından yeniden Rodos’a katıldı (989/1581). XVII. yüzyılda önemi giderek arttı. Sağlam kalesi ve limanı sebebiyle tüccar gemilerinin uğrak yeri oldu. Bazı seyyahlar, korsanların uğrayamadıkları bu adanın İstanbul-Mısır ticaret gemileri için güvenilir bir liman olduğunu belirtirler (Randolph, s. 23-24). 1082 Cemâziyelevvelinde (Eylül 1670) burayı gören Evliya Çelebi’ye göre kale içinde 300 (?) ev vardı. Kale kapısının iç tarafında kiliseden çevrilmiş minaresiz Sultan Süleyman Camii bulunuyordu. Varoş ile kale arasındaki Lonca meydanı antik özelliğe sahipti. Kalenin hemen dışında olan bu kesimde 1200 hâne mevcut olup bunların ellisi Türkler’e aitti. Hıristiyanların ise her biri birer mahallenin merkezi olan sekiz kilise ve 900 hâneleri bulunuyor, ayrıca bir yahudi topluluğu da yer alıyordu. Bu kısmın iki kapısı vardı, gemiler bu kapılardan İskele Kapısı önlerine yanaşıyorlardı, gümrük de buradaydı. Diğer kapının (Yalı Kapısı) batısı asıl büyük varoşa açılmaktaydı. Etrafında sur olmayan bu büyük varoş kesimi bağlık ve bahçelik olup 2000 ev, on sekiz hıristiyan, yedi müslüman mahallesinden oluşuyordu. Buradaki beş camiden Eskicami, Yenicami, Tabakhâne Camii çarşı içindeydi; pazar yerinde ise Meydan Mescidi yer alıyor, ayrıca Dede Mescidi denilen bir başka mâbed daha bulunuyordu. 200 dükkân mevcut olmakla birlikte bedesteni yoktu. Halkı genellikle ticaretle uğraşıyor, adada bol miktarda narenciye ürünleri yetiştiriliyordu. Ada sulak ve otlak olduğundan Anadolu’dan Türkmen obaları buraya gelip yerleşmişlerdi (Seyahatnâme , IX, 214-226). Nitekim Muharrem 1084 (Nisan 1673) tarihli bir fermanda, Batı Anadolu bölgesine göç eden Boz-ulus Türkmenleri’nden bir kısmının İstanköy adasına yerleştikleri belirtilmektedir (Su, s. 36-38).
XVII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Venedikliler’in adalardaki faaliyetleri, XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Rus donanmasının harekâtı sırasında adanın askerî önemi oldukça arttı; hatta 1773’te otuz gemilik bir Rus filosunun adaya çıkarma yapma teşebbüsü ada halkının da büyük gayretiyle geri püskürtüldü (Şem‘dânîzâde, II/B, s. 106). XVIII. yüzyılda adanın gelişmesi durgunluk devrine girdi. Muharrem 1123 (Şubat 1711) tarihli bir sayım defterine göre merkez kasabada dördü kalede (Sandal Mescidi, Şücâ Mescidi, Sultan Süleyman Camii, Hacı Paşa Mescidi), altısı varoşta (Lonca, Eskicami, Yenicami, Medrese, Bozuk / Moruk, Tabakhâne) olmak üzere toplam on Türk mahallesi (215 nefer), tamamı varoşta yer alan on beş hıristiyan mahallesi (303 nefer) vardı. Kale muhafızları sayısı yine 279 olarak sabit kalmıştı. Türkler’in bir kısmı varoş kısmına yakın bugün de adadaki Türkler’in oturdukları Germe köyünde yerleşmişti. Burada Deveci, Şücâ Camii, Paşmakçı, Germe Kuyusu adını taşıyan dört mahalle teşekkül etmişti. Toplam nüfus kırk yedi hâneydi (yaklaşık 250 kişi). Buradaki Türkler, adaya kendi istekleriyle gelip yerleşenler için kullanılan “gönüllü” kaydıyla belirtilmişti. Bu önemli yerleşme yerinin XVII. yüzyılda ortaya çıktığı tahmin edilebilir. Ayrıca sivil Türk yerleşmesi, 1711 tarihinden önce Pili (iki mahalle, kırk dört hâne) ve Andimahya’da da (bir mahalle, dokuz hâne) oluşmuştu (TK, TD , nr. 44, vr. 61a -71a ). Ada Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa’nın imar hareketlerine de sahne oldu. Hasan Paşa, Lonca meydanında bugün de mevcut büyük bir cami yaptırdı (1190/1776). Germe köyünde de bir cami ile (1199/1785) kasabada su yolları ve çeşmeler inşa ettirdi. XIX. yüzyılda adada Aspenye adlı yeni bir yerleşme yeri ortaya çıktı. Buraya Karyot mahallesi de bağlı bulunuyordu. 1800 ve 1801’de adaya gelen W. Wittman verimli ziraat alanları olan, bol meyve ve narenciye yetiştirilen İstanköy’de 4000 kişinin yaşadığını, bunun 2000’ini Türk, diğerlerini Rum ve yahudilerin oluşturduğunu belirtir (Travels in Turkey , s. 437-438). 1830, 1844 ve 1845 yıllarına ait cizye defterlerine göre ise müslüman nüfus hariç adada gayri müslim erkek nüfus 1655-1908 kişi arasında değişiyordu ve küçük bir yahudi topluluğu da merkez kasabada varlıklarını sürdürüyordu.
Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd beylerbeyiliğinin Rodos sancağına tâbi bir kaza olan İstanköy 1869 ocağında mutasarrıflık haline getirildi. Civar adalardan Sömbeki, Kaşot, Kalimnos kaymakamlık olarak buraya bağlandı. Astropalya ile İncirli adaları da müdürlük şeklinde İstanköy merkez kaymakamlığına tâbi idi. Bir ara bu mutasarrıflık Menteşe’ye nakledildi. 1290 (1873) tarihli Salnâme ’ye göre eyalete bağlı bir sancak olan İstanköy İncirli, Astropalya, Kalimnos ve Leryoz nahiyelerinden oluşuyordu. Patmos da kaza olarak buraya bağlıydı (Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd Salnâmesi , s. 77-83). 1302 (1885) Salnâme ’sinde adada 2366 müslüman, 7679 hıristiyan, otuz üç kıbtî, altmış yedi yahudinin bulunduğu belirtilmişti. Ayrıca on yedi cami, iki tekke, sekiz kilise, bir havra, dört yağhâne, 229 dükkân, üç hamam vardı (a.g.e. , s. 107-118). Adaya daha sonra bir kısım Girit muhacirleri de yerleştirildi. Bunların oturdukları Meşrutiyet mahallesine cami ve mektep inşa ettirildi (1910).
İstanköy 20 Mayıs 1912’de İtalyanlar tarafından işgal edildi. II. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar da onların idaresi altında kaldı. 20 Ağustos 1922’de yapılan İtalyan sayımında İstanköy’de 3717, kır kesiminde (Germe, Pili, Andimahya, Kefalos dahil) 945 olmak üzere toplam 4662 Türk nüfus tesbit edilmişti. Devamlı göçler sonucu 1931 sayımında nüfus 2715’e, 1947’de ise 1816’ya düştü. Adayı işgal eden İngilizler, II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra 10 Şubat 1947’de imzalanan Paris Antlaşması ile adayı Yunanistan’a bıraktılar. 1966’da burada 350 aile, yaklaşık 1300 Türk yaşıyordu. Bu sayı günümüzde 2000 kişi (ada nüfusunun yaklaşık onda biri kadar) dolayında olup Türkler’in büyük bir bölümü Germe (Platanio) köyünde bulunmaktadır. Adadaki en önemli Türk mezarlığı da bu köydedir. İstanköy’de bugün Gazi Hasan Paşa Camii, Defterdar İbrâhim Efendi Camii (1137/1724), Atik Camii (XVI. yüzyıl), Moruk Camii (1892’de tamir edildi), Yenikapı Camii (XVI. yüzyılda Yenicami) mevcut olup bunların çoğu harap durumdadır. Limandaki Tabakhâne Camii 1933 zelzelesinde yıkılmıştır. Defterdar Camii ile Germe köyündeki cami ibadete açıktır. Kabapınar köyü, Pili, Kefalos’taki mescidlerin de harap durumda olduğu veya ortadan kalktığı bilinmektedir. Günümüzde adanın başlıca gelir kaynağı turizm sektöründen sağlanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 367, s. 211-218; nr. 640, s. 137-160.
BA, MD , nr. 42, s. 251, hk. 779; s. 334, hk. 1020; nr. 46, s. 70, hk. 136.
BA, MAD , nr. 10490, s. 277-278.
BA , Bâb-ı Defterî-Cerîde Odası, nr. 39944.
BA , Maliye-Vâridât Muhasebesi, Cizye, nr. 331, 478.
BA, HH , nr. 11478, 11481, 32949, 34135, 38470, 40297/F.
BA , Sadâret-Mektûbi, Meclis-i Vâlâ Kalemi, 92, nr. 33.
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 41278.
BA , İrade-Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 561.
TK, TD , nr. 44, vr. 61a -71a .
İbn Kemal, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân (X. Defter), s. 185.
Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye (nşr. Ertuğrul Zekâi Ökte), İstanbul 1988, II, 491-498.
Celâlzâde, Tabakātü’l-memâlik , vr. 100b -102b , 321a .
Feridun Bey, Münşeât , I, 539.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , IX, 214-226.
Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe) , II/B, s. 106.
W. Wittman, Travels in Turkey, Asia-Minor, Syria and across the Desert into Egypt during the Years 1799, 1800 and 1801 , London 1803, s. 114, 437-438.
Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd Salnâmesi (1290), s. 77-83; (1302), s. 107-118.
Cuinet , I, 432-437.
Kamil Su, Balıkesir ve Civarında Yürük ve Türkmenler , İstanbul 1938, s. 36-38.
Şerafettin Turan, “Rodos’un Zaptından Malta Muhasarasına”, Kanunî Armağanı , Ankara 1970, s. 71, 111-112.
Zeki Çelikkol, İstanköy’deki Türk Eserleri ve Tarihçe , Ankara 1990.
Bernard Randolph, Ege Takımadaları: Arşipelago (trc. Ümit Koçer), İstanbul 1998, s. 23-24.
Metin Tuncel – İdris Bostan, “Dünden Günümüze Ege Adaları”, Coğrafya Dergisi , sy. 6, İstanbul 1998, s. 35, 36, 37.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , II, 881-883.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 308-310 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.