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KADERİYYE Skip to content KADERİYYE Sorumluluk doğuran fiillerin sadece insan iradesiyle gerçekleştiğini ileri süren itikadî mezhep.
Müellif: İlyas Üzüm
Sözlükte kaderiyye “kadere mensup olan, kader taraftarı” mânasındaki kaderî den gelmekle birlikte ilk dönemlerden itibaren bu anlamın aksine, sorumluluk doğuran fiillerle ilgili ilâhî kaderi reddedenleri ifade etmek üzere kullanılmıştır. Kelimenin bu kullanılışı hususunda çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bazıları, söz konusu grubun ilâhî kaderi inkâr etmekle birlikte her şeyi insanın irade ve kudretine bağlayarak bir bakıma kaderi kula nisbet ettiği için bu isimle anıldıklarını söylerken bir kısmı da dildeki kullanımlarda bazı şeylerin karşıtı ile adlandırılmasının söz konusu olabileceğini belirtmiştir. Bir diğer görüş ise bu grubun kader meselesi üzerinde yoğunlaşıp kendini nihaî doğruya ulaşmış görmesi ve diğer grupları yanlış bulmasına dayanmaktadır; bunlara kaderiyye denilmesi kader konusunu merkeze almaları sebebiyledir (M. Ebû Zehre, s. 112; Watt, s. 143, 144). Çok yaygın olmamakla birlikte bu gruba ehlü’l-kader de denilmiştir. Başlangıçta kendi içinde bağdaşık olmayan esnek nitelikteki bu zümrelere kaderiyye ya da ehlü’l-kader ismi kötüleme amacıyla muhalifleri tarafından verilmiştir. Bu adlandırmada, bazı hadis kaynaklarında yer alan ve kadercileri Mecûsîler’e benzeten rivayetler (Müsned , II, 86, V, 407; Ebû Dâvûd, “Sünnet”, 16) önemli rol oynamış olmalıdır. Öte yandan kaderiyye kelimesi, “kader konularına ölçüsüzce dalanlar” anlamında da kullanılmıştır (Nâsır b. Abdülkerîm el-Akl, s. 19-20). İbn Teymiyye bu bağlamda, küfre yahut şirke düşmeleri sebebiyle kendilerine mazeret bulmak üzere durumu ilâhî kadere havale edenler (kaderiyye-i müşrike), bazı fiillerde ilâhî meşîeti inkâr edenler (kaderiyye-i Mecûsiyye), Allah’ın emir ve yasaklarının çelişkili olduğunu söyleyip bir hususla ilgili olarak hem yapılması hem de yapılmaması şeklinde hüküm verdiğini iddia edenler (kaderiyye-i İblîsiyye) olmak üzere üç çeşit kaderiyyeden söz eder (Mecmûʿu fetâvâ, VIII, 256-261).
Kaderiyye, kader meselesine yaklaşımı bakımından paralel durumda bulunup daha sonra taraftarlarının kendisine katıldığı Mu‘tezile ile ilişkili olmakla birlikte en azından başlangıçta ondan ayrı bir fırkadır. Kaynaklarda bu farklılığa dikkat çekilmekle birlikte bazı müellifler aradaki ilişkiyi aynîleştirmeye kadar götürmüşlerdir. Meselâ İbn Fûrek, Eş‘arî’nin Kaderiyye’yi “fiillerin sadece insan iradesiyle meydana geldiğini kabul eden kimseler” olarak tanımladığını belirtip Kaderiyye ile Mu‘tezile’yi ayrı ayrı zikrederken (Mücerredü’l-Maḳālât, s. 105, 106) Mâtürîdî, başta ihtiyarî fiillerin kulun iradesiyle gerçekleşmesi konusu olmak üzere kötülüğün yaratılışını şeytana nisbet eden Mecûsîler’le benzeştiği ortak yönlere işaret ettikten sonra Kaderiyye’nin Mu‘tezile, Mu‘tezile’nin de Kaderiyye adıyla anıldığını belirtmiştir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd, s. 314, 320). Bağdâdî ise Kaderiyye’yi Mu‘tezile’nin diğer bir adı olarak kaydetmiştir (el-Farḳ, s. 24, 114). Bazı müellifler ise aradaki farkı belirtmek için Kaderiyye’yi “halis kaderiyye” diye ifade etmiştir (İrfan Abdülhamîd, s. 106-107). Öte yandan Mu‘tezile âlimleri, kendilerinin Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcıları tarafından Kaderiyye olarak anılmasına karşı çıkmışlardır. Nitekim Kādî Abdülcebbâr, bu isimle asıl anılması gerekenlerin insan iradesinin önemini görmezlikten gelerek her şeyi ilâhî kadere dayandıran zümreler (Ehl-i sünnet) olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse, s. 772-775).
Kaderiyye’nin ortaya çıkışı İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinde meydana gelen iç çekişmelerle irtibatlandırılabilir. Cemel Vak‘ası ile Sıffîn Savaşı’nda müslümanların birbirinin kanını akıtması diğer kelâm problemleriyle birlikte kader konusunu da gündeme getirmiş, hâkim anlayış olayları ilâhî takdirle ilişkilendirirken bunu reddedip özellikle olumsuz fiilleri tamamen insan iradesine dayandıran görüşler ileri sürülmeye başlanmıştır. Kader konusunu gündeme getiren ilk kişinin Ma‘bed el-Cühenî olduğu belirtilir. Emevî idarecilerinin, halkın karşı çıktığı bazı uygulamalarını kadere yükleyerek kendilerini aklamaya çalışmaları siyasî muhalefet çevrelerinde tepki doğurmuş, bu tepkilerden biri olarak Ma‘bed, zulüm niteliği taşıyan davranışların kaderle değil insan iradesiyle gerçekleştiğini söylemiştir. Rivayete göre Ma‘bed, yanında Atâ b. Yesâr olduğu halde Hasan-ı Basrî’nin meclisine gitmiş, yöneticilerin müslümanların kanını döktüklerini, mallarını aldıklarını, sonra da olayların Allah’ın kaderi çerçevesinde cereyan ettiğini söylediklerini bildirmiş, Hasan-ı Basrî bu görüşü reddederek, “Allah’ın düşmanları yalan söyledi” demiştir. Emevî idaresini sorgulayıcı fikirleri itibariyle Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî’den etkilenen Ma‘bed, kadere dair bilgileri hıristiyan asıllı Sûsen’den veya Senseveyh lakaplı Yûnus el-Esvârî’den almış, bunu siyasî muhalefetiyle birleştirerek Basra ve Şam’da yaymaya çalışmıştır. Onun Emevîler’e karşı gerçekleştirilen İbnü’l-Eş‘as isyanına katılması kader telakkisinin aynı zamanda siyasî boyutunu belgeler niteliktedir.
Kaynaklarda, sorumluluk doğuran fiillerle ilgili olarak ilâhî kaderi inkâr edip insan iradesini öne çıkaran ikinci önemli kişi olarak Gaylân ed-Dımaşkī’den söz edilir. Emevî idaresinde bir süre kâtiplik yapan Gaylân, Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in hilâfeti döneminde kaderi inkâr eden görüşlerle ilgilenmiş, halifenin kendisini uyarması üzerine bundan vazgeçer gibi olmuşsa da onun ölümünden sonra tekrar eski düşüncelerine dönmüş ve günümüze ulaşmayan eserleriyle fikirlerini yaymaya başlamıştır. Onun mevcut yönetime karşı tepkisini de içeren kaderci görüşleri Suriye’den başka Horasan ve Fars bölgelerine kadar ulaşmıştır. Durumun farkına varan Halife Hişâm b. Abdülmelik, Gaylân’ı yakalatarak önce Evzâî ile karşı karşıya getirip meseleyi tartışmalarını sağlamış, sonra da öldürtmüştür.
Ma‘bed el-Cühenî ile Gaylân ed-Dımaşkī’nin önderliğinde ortaya konan ve kötü fiillerin ilâhî kaderle değil insanın hür iradesiyle gerçekleştiği esasına dayanan kaderî hareket bir taraftan Emevî aleyhtarlığıyla ilgili siyasî, diğer taraftan insan sorumluluğuna vurgu yapan teolojik yönü dolayısıyla belli oranda yayılma imkânı bulmuş, bilhassa Suriye ve Basra’da önemli taraftar toplamıştır. Konunun aklî ve naklî bakımdan temellendirilmesinde bazı boşluklar bulunmakla birlikte I. (VII.) yüzyılın ortalarından III. (IX.) yüzyılın başlarına kadar geçen sürede birçok çevrede ilgi görmesi taşıdığı yalın fikir sebebiyle olmuştur. İbn Kuteybe, bu hareketin savunucuları olarak içlerinde Atâ b. Yesâr, Amr b. Ubeyd, Amr b. Fâid, Vehb b. Münebbih (sonradan kaderci anlayıştan döndüğü söylenir), Osman et-Tavîl, Avf b. Ebû Cemîle, Sevr b. Zeyd, Abbâd b. Mansûr’un yer aldığı otuz kadar kişinin adını sayar (el-Maʿârif, s. 268). Emevî Devleti’nin sonlarına doğru bu hânedana siyasî bakımdan da karşı olan birçok kabile kaderî anlayışı benimsemede sakınca görmemiştir. Kaynakların verdiği bilgiye göre Şam’da yaşayan Rebîa kabilesinden Esbât b. Vâsıl eş-Şeybânî, Îsâ b. Sinân el-Hanefî, Abdullah b. Alâ ed-Dımaşkī gibi kimselerin liderlik yaptığı birçok çevre; yine Şam’da Hâlid b. Ma‘dân el-Kelâî, Bilâl b. Sa‘d es-Sekûnî, Nu‘mân b. Münzir b. Hâris gibi şahısların önderliğinde Yemen kabileleri; mevâlîden Mekhûl b. Ebû Müslim, Sâbit b. Sevbân, Hassân b. Atıyye, Heysem b. Humeyd gibi ileri gelenlerin bulunduğu gruplar kaderî görüşleri kabul etmişlerdir (Hüseyin Atvân, s. 42-47).
Emevî idaresinin son yıllarında gerek hâkim anlayışı temsil eden âlimlerin kader meselesiyle ilgili yaklaşımlarının güçlülüğü, gerekse gelişen siyasî olaylar dolayısıyla Kaderiyye hareketi zayıflamaya başlamış, son halife II. Mervân, Halife II. Velîd’in öldürülmesinden kadercileri sorumlu tuttuğu için onlara şiddet uygulamış, aralarında Vadîn b. Atâ el-Huzâî, Rebî‘ b. Hazyân el-Yemenî gibi kişilerin de bulunduğu bazı Kaderîler şiddetten kaçıp Basra’ya gitmiş ve Abbâsî hareketine katılmıştır. Abbâsîler’in iktidara gelmesinden sonra artık siyasî muhalefet devam etmemiş, en geç III. (IX.) yüzyıldan sonra merkezî Kaderiyye görüşünü benimseyen birçok kimse kader meselesiyle ilgili paralel anlayışta olan Mu‘tezile mezhebine yönelmiştir. Bu tarihten itibaren de kaderle ilgili fikirler Mu‘tezile tarafından sistemleştirilerek varlığını biraz daha sürdürmüştür.
Kaderiyye’nin, ana görüşlerini nasıl temellendirdiği konusunda yeterli malzeme bulunmamakla beraber kaynaklardaki nakiller, bunun ileride Mu‘tezile’nin adl prensibi içinde sistemleştireceği kısmen dağınık, yer yer birbiriyle çelişkili, fakat Kur’an’da insan iradesine vurgu yapan âyetlerle zenginleştirilmiş, zulümlerin ilâhî kadere havale edilmesi halinde bunun Allah’ın adaletiyle çelişeceği ortak noktasında birleşmiş fikirler olduğunu göstermektedir. Esasen Kaderiyye’nin cebri inkârda ittifak etmekle birlikte başta ilâhî ilimle ilişkisi olmak üzere ayrıntıda birbirinden farklı anlayışlara sahip alt gruplarının bulunması da bunu doğrulamaktadır. Bazı kaynaklarda Kaderiyye’nin biri ilâhî ilmin ezelîliğini inkâr eden aşırı grup, diğeri ezelî ilmi kabul eden mutedil grup olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldığı ifade ediliyorsa da (İzmirli, s. 128) Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Malatî Kaderiyye’nin altı kolundan söz etmektedir. Bunların birincisi iyi işlerin Allah’tan, kötü fiillerin insanın kendisinden olduğuna inanan gruptur. Müfevvida adıyla da anılan ikinci grup ilâhî yardım olmaksızın insanların istedikleri her hayrı yapmaya muktedir olduklarını ileri sürer. Üçüncü grup, Allah’ın insanlara inanmaya ya da inanmamaya elverişli tam bir istitâat verdiği, aksi takdirde inanmayan insanın cezalandırılmasının anlamsız olacağı kanaatindedir. Şebîbiyye adıyla anılan dördüncü grup, insan fiillerinin önceden ilâhî ilim tarafından bilindiğini inkâr eder. Beşinci grup Allah’ın zina eseri bir çocuğu yaratmasını, takdir etmesini, irade etmesini kabul etmez ve haramın rızık niteliği taşımadığını söyler. Altıncı grup, Allah’ın insanların rızıklarını ve ecellerini belli bir zaman dilimiyle sınırlandırdığını, meselâ bir kimse tarafından öldürülen bir kişinin kendisi için tayin edilmiş süre gelmeden öldürülmüş olduğunu iddia eder (gruplar ve bunların Sünnîlik açısından değerlendirilmesi için bk. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Malatî, s. 165-176). Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî bunların yanında Hımâriyye adıyla bir başka koldan söz eder. Askerimükrem bölgesinde ortaya çıkmış olan bu grup muhtelif fırkalardan görüşler almış, tenâsühü benimsemiş ve temel kaderî görüşten hareketle şarabın ilâhî fiille değil imalâtçısının fiiliyle meydana geldiğini, çünkü Allah’ın günah sebebi olan şeyi yaratmayacağını ileri sürmüştür (el-Farḳ, s. 278-279).
Başta ashabın ileri gelenleri olmak üzere Selef yöntemini benimseyenler Kaderiyye’nin karşısında yer almış, Hz. Ali, Abdullah b. Abbas, Abdullah b. Ömer, Câbir b. Abdullah, Ebû Hüreyre, Enes b. Mâlik gibi sahâbîler açıkça bu mezhepten uzak olduklarını beyan etmişlerdir. Hatta Abdullah b. Ömer, bu anlayıştaki kimselerin ilâhî kaderi kabul etmedikçe Uhud dağı kadar sadaka verseler bile bunun kabul edilmeyeceğini belirtmiştir (Müslim, “Îmân”, 1).
Max Horton, Carl Heinrich Becker, Joseph Schacht, William Thomson gibi şarkiyatçılar, Kaderiyye’nin hıristiyan kelâmından etkilenerek ortaya çıktığını söylemişlerse de yapılan araştırmalar -eğer varsa- bu etkinin çok sınırlı olabileceğini, zira hareketin başladığı dönemde müslümanların yabancı kültürleri henüz tanımadıklarını, ana etkenin İslâm’ın kendi nasları ve müslümanların içinde bulunduğu sosyal gerçekler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (Hüseyin Atvân, s. 30-33).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , II, 86; V, 407. a.mlf., Kitâbü’s-Sünne (nşr. M. Saîd b. Besyûnî), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 119-127. Müslim, “Îmân”, 1. Ebû Dâvûd, “Sünnet”, 16. Tirmizî, “Ḳader”, 13. İbn Kuteybe, el-Maʿârif (Ukkâşe), s. 268. Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 313-323. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Malatî, et-Tenbîh ve’r-red (nşr. M. Zâhid Kevserî), Bağdad-Beyrut 1388/1968, s. 165-176. İbn Fûrek, Mücerredü’l-Maḳālât , s. 105-106. Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse, Kahire 1988, s. 772-777. Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ beyne’l-fıraḳ (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire, ts. (Matbaatü’l-Medenî), s. 24, 114, 278-279. Şehristânî, el-Milel ve’n-niḥal (nşr. Muhammed Fehmî), Beyrut 1410/1990, I, 38. İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , VIII, 256-261. İzmirli, Yeni İlm-i Kelâm , s. 127-128. Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm, İskenderiye 1966, I, 332-349. M. Ebû Zehre, Târîḫu’l-meẕâhibi’l-İslâmiyye, Kahire 1394/1974, s. 111-119. Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî, Târîḫu’l-Cehmiyye ve’l-Muʿtezile, Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 71-75. W. Montgomery Watt, İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri (trc. E. Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1981, s. 99-146. İrfan Abdülhamîd, Dirâsât fi’l-fıraḳ ve’l-ʿaḳāʾidi’l-İslâmiyye, Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 106-107. M. Ali Ebû Reyyân, Târîḫu’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm, İskenderiye 1986, s. 260-262. Hüseyin Atvân, el-Fıraḳu’l-İslâmiyye fî bilâdi’ş-Şâm fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-Ümevî, [baskı yeri yok] 1986 (Dârü’l-cîl), s. 15-79. Abdülmün‘im el-Hifnî, Mevsûʿatü’l-fıraḳ ve’l-cemâʿât, Kahire 1413/1993, s. 315-318. Nâsır b. Abdülkerîm el-Akl, el-Ḳaderiyye ve’l-Mürciʾe, Riyad 1418/1997, s. 19-20. J. van Ess, “Les Qadarites et la Ġailānīya de Yazīd III”, St.I , XXXI (1970), s. 269-286. a.mlf., “Ḳadariyya”, EI2 (İng.), IV, 368-372.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 64-65 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.