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KANDİYE Skip to content Girit adasında bugün Iraklion (Herakleion) adıyla bilinen tarihî şehir.
Girit’in kuzey kıyısında bulunmakta olup adanın en büyük şehridir. Minos uygarlığının merkezi olan Knossos şehrin hemen yakınında yer almaktadır. Şehir, Girit’in Araplar tarafından fethinden sonra eski yerleşme yerinin hemen yakınında bir kale olarak kurulmuştur. Araplar’ın buraya verdikleri Rabazulhendek veya Hendek adı daha sonra Grekçe ve İtalyanca’ya Kandaka, Kandika şeklinde girmiştir. Venedik kaynaklarında bu ad XIII. yüzyılda Candica, Cantiga, XV. yüzyılda Candida, Avrupa kaynaklarında ise Candia/Candie olarak geçer.
Adada 827 yılından itibaren başlayan Arap hâkimiyetine son veren Bizanslılar 6 Mart 961’de Kandiye’yi aldılar. Bu dönemde Bizanslılar Hendek yerine “büyük, muhkem kale” anlamında Megalokastron veya Kastron adını kullanmaya başladılar. IV. Haçlı Seferi’nin ardından Venedikliler’in eline geçen şehir (12 Ağustos 1204) Osmanlı hâkimiyeti de dahil Kandiye adıyla anıldı. Venedik idaresi altında umumi valilik haline getirilen ve dört bölgeye ayrılan Girit adasının merkezi Kandiye oldu. Osmanlılar, Girit seferi sırasında yaklaşık yirmi üç yıl süren bir abluka ve kuşatmanın ardından anlaşma yoluyla şehri teslim aldılar (9 Rebîülâhir 1080 / 6 Eylül 1669).
Osmanlı muhasarası başladığında müstahkem bir kaleşehir durumunda olan Kandiye tabyalı tahkimat sistemine göre korunuyordu. Kalenin doğusunda en büyük ve en müstahkem tabya Ak Tabya idi. Her tabyanın ayrı cephaneliği vardı ve bunlarda çok sayıda top bulunuyordu. Önlerinde oldukça geniş ve derin hendekler kazılmıştı (BA, MAD , nr. 628, s. 17). Bir yerleşim yeri olmaktan çok askerî bir üs özelliği taşıyan Kandiye, Osmanlı idaresi kurulduktan sonra sivil iskânın etkisiyle bir yerleşim merkezi haline geldi.
Kandiye’nin teslim alınışı sırasında orada olduğunu belirten Evliya Çelebi eserinde kale, tabyalar, dinî müesseseler, çarşı ve pazarları etraflıca tanıtmaktadır. Fındıklılı Mehmed Ağa muhasaralar başlamadan önce şehirde 250.000 evin bulunduğunu, kuşatma sırasında bunların büyük bir kısmının tabya haline getirildiğini ve top ateşiyle yıkılanlarla birlikte geride 80.000 kadar evin kaldığını yazarsa da bu rakamların hayli abartılı olduğu resmî kayıtlardan anlaşılmaktadır. Fetihten sonra düzenlenen 1080 (1669) tarihli tahrir defterlerinden biri doğrudan doğruya şehre ait olup ev, dükkân, cami, kilise, mahzen vb. binalarla bahçe ve bostanların sayımını ihtiva etmektedir. Bu deftere göre Kandiye’de elli altı mahallede 1051 ev, 313 dükkân, altmış altı manastır, beş kilise, otuz yedi mahzen, on iki cami, on bahçe, on sekiz bostan, dört kışla, dört cephanelik, yedi değirmen, iki karakol, birer hapishane, debbâğhâne ve ambar binası bulunuyordu. İçerisinde barındırdığı binalara göre en büyük mahalleler sırasıyla Hristo İskuludi, Evdime Terya, Kera Ispato Polyotisa ve Hristo Kefale mahalleleriydi (BA, TD , nr. 798).
Girit seferleri başlamadan hemen önce (1644) adada yapılan sayıma göre Kandiye’de 14.500 kişi yaşıyordu. Osmanlılar şehri teslim aldıklarında sakinlerinin çoğu şehri terketmişti. Paul Reycaut’nun belirttiğine göre burada kalan Venedikliler sadece beş kişi olup yaşlı yahudi ve Rumlar’la birlikte bu sayı otuza kadar çıkmaktaydı. Şehrin Osmanlılar’ın eline geçmesinden on bir yıl sonra Girit’e uğrayan Bernard Randolph da benzer ifadeler kullanmaktadır. Evliya Çelebi, şehirdeki Venedikli ve Rum ahaliden hiç bahsetmezken 300 hâne yahudinin gitmeyerek burada kaldığını yazmaktadır. Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa’nın Kandiye seferini baştan sona kaleme alan Erzurumlu Osman Dede fethin ardından kalede sadece yetmiş seksen yahudinin kaldığını belirtir. Bu bilgiler resmî olarak da doğrulanmaktadır. Fetihten sonra düzenlenen cizye defterine göre Kandiye’de 1670’te on üç hıristiyan, yirmi altı yahudi hânesi bulunuyordu. Hıristiyanların değişik mahallelerde yazıldıkları gözlenirken yahudilerin hepsi Hristo İskuludi mahallesinde kaydedilmişti (BA, TD , nr. 980, s. 157).
Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa fethi müteakip Kandiye’de geniş çaplı bir imar faaliyeti başlattı ve kale onarıldı. Ancak daha önceleri uygulanan sürgün metoduyla sistemli bir iskân hareketine Girit’te başvurulmadı. Şehre yerleşen ilk Türk nüfusu buraya tayin edilen memurlar, vakıflarda görev alan kişiler ve kale muhafızlığı yapan kumandan ve askerlerden oluşmaktaydı. Bunlara şehirden emlâk satın alıp yerleşenler de eklenince toplam hâne sayısı 1947’ye (yaklaşık 8000 kişi) yükseldi (Gülsoy, Girit’in Fethi , s. 204-208).
Kandiye alındıktan sonra şehirdeki on iki manastır IV. Mehmed, Sadrazam Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, Vâlide Turhan Sultan, orduda bulunan diğer vezir ve kumandanlar adına camiye çevrildi. Kerahusti mahallesindeki Saint Francesco Manastırı, IV. Mehmed adına camiye dönüştürüldü. Solunda minaresi yer alan caminin dört divanhânesi, üç sarnıcı, dört sundurması, dört çeşmesi ve bir mutfağı bulunuyordu. Caminin bir dârülkurrâsı vardı, sol tarafında da iki katlı bir ev yer alıyordu. Venedikliler zamanında manastır talebelerinin ikametine ayrılmış olan bu evin alt katında yirmi üç, üst katında otuz oda mevcuttu. Üç tarafından kale duvarlarına bitişik olan külliye 164 × 80 zirâ ebadındaydı.
Vâlide Turhan Sultan Camii Ayos Anariyiros mahallesindeydi ve Saint Salvador Manastırı’ndan camiye çevrilmişti. Caminin yanında üç divanhâne, altlı üstlü on bir oda, önünde büyükçe bir meydan ve üç tarafında bahçesi vardı. Camiye ait iki çeşme ve dört kuyu bulunuyordu. Bütün bunlar 156 × 90 zirâlık bir alana yayılmıştı. Kilisenin çan kulesi şerefe ve külâh ilâvesiyle minare haline getirilmişti. Hristo İskuludi mahallesindeki eski yerlerine yerleşen yahudilere ait ev ve dükkânlar bu camiye vakıf kaydedilmişti. Bunlardan başka Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa Camii (Vezir Camii) Aya Ana mahallesinde, Defterdar Ahmed Paşa Camii (Defterdar Camii) Hristo Kefale mahallesinde, Sultan İbrâhim Camii Hristo İskuludi mahallesinde, Defterdar Mehmed Paşa Camii Kera Panaya mahallesinde, Sadâret Kethüdâsı Mahmud Ağa Camii Kera Katromiti mahallesinde, Ankebût Ahmed Paşa Camii Aya İleya mahallesinde, Reîsülküttâb Hüseyin Efendi ve Zülfikar Ağa camileri Kera Angelo mahallesinde, Şişman İbrâhim Paşa Camii Aya Nikola Zağro mahallesinde, Abdurrahman Ağa Camii Kera Katromiti mahallesindeydi. Kaplan Mustafa Paşa Camii ise limanda yer alıyordu.
Venedikliler döneminde Kandiye Anadolu ve Uzakdoğu, Hindistan mallarının Avrupa’ya aktarılmasında bir ara iskele görevi yapıyordu. Venedik tâcirleri Suriye limanlarına gidiş gelişlerinde gemi konvoylarıyla Kandiye’de dururlardı. Ayrıca ada ürünlerinden ihraç ettikleri şarap, yağ, peynir ve bal da Venedik ekonomisinde önemli bir yer tutuyordu. Avrupa’nın her ülkesinde aranan, Kandiye ve çevresinde üretilen şaraplar ihracatçılarına büyük kazançlar sağlıyordu. XVI. yüzyılın başlarında İngiltere, ülkesine bu şarapların ihracatını emniyet altında tutmak maksadıyla Kandiye’de bir temsilci bulunduruyordu (Greene, New Perspectives on Turkey , X [1994], s. 97-102).
Kandiye Osmanlılar’ın eline geçtikten sonra yavaş yavaş eski önemini yitirdi. Uzun kuşatma sebebiyle terkedilen şehir eski canlılığına ve ticaret hacmine kavuşamadı. Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa’nın şehrin imarı için başlattığı hummalı faaliyet içerisinde şehirde sayımı yapılan 313 dükkândan 292’si Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, Sadâret Kethüdâsı Mahmud Ağa, Yeniçeri Ocağı Kethüdâsı Zülfikar Ağa, Reîsülküttâb Hüseyin Efendi, Vâlide Turhan Sultan ve Defterdar Ahmed Paşa tarafından satın alınarak tamir ettirilmiş ve camilerine vakfedilmişti. Bu dükkânların yer aldığı çarşılar Aya Ana, Hristo Kefale, Hristo İskuludi, Ayo Yani Hrsosetimo, Aya Kiryaki, Argistratiko, Kera Katromiti, Kera Angelo ve Aya Pandelimo mahallelerinde bulunuyordu. Pazarlar ise İçkale kapısından Kızıltabya’ya kadar uzanan ana yol üzerinde kuruluyor ve at, koyun, sığır, esir pazarları olarak sıralanıyordu. Bütün çalışmalara rağmen Osmanlılar Kandiye’de ticaretle uğraşan şehirli bir sınıf oluşturamadılar. Bunda limanın giderek dolmasının da etkisi vardı. Bu alanda Hanya daha çok önem kazandı ve adaya yerleşecek insanlar daha ziyade bu şehri tercih ettiler.
XVIII. yüzyılda Kandiye bir askerî üs olma durumunu sürdürdü. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru (1889) Kandiye’de toplam 24.600 kişi yaşıyordu. Bunun 17.000’ini Türkler oluştururken geri kalanı 7500 Ortodoks Rum, elli Katolik ve elli de yahudiden ibaretti. 1310 (1892) tarihli salnâmeye göre burası etrafı son derece müstahkem surlarla çevrili, üzerinde büyük binaları bulunan ve limandan şehre doğru çok meyilli olarak çıkan bir ana caddeye, yirmi cami, iki mescid, dört sebilhâne, on dokuz çeşme, iki medrese ve gemilerin yanaşmasına pek elverişli olmayan küçük limana sahip bir şehirdi (Girit Vilâyeti Salnâmesi , s. 257-258).
Osmanlılar, Girit savaşları devam ederken 1647’den itibaren adada aldıkları yerleri bir eyalet olarak düzenlemişlerdi. Buna göre Kandiye sancağına yedi nahiye ve 297 köy bağlıydı. Kandiye alındıktan sonra eyaletin beylerbeyiliğine Ankebût Ahmed Paşa tayin edildi. Bu tarihte Kandiye sancağı altı nahiyeden oluşuyordu ve bu birimlere 315 köy bağlıydı. 1850’de vilâyetin merkezi Kandiye’den Hanya’ya nakledildi. Osmanlı ıslahatları çerçevesinde 1864 genel vilâyet düzenlemesinin ardından 1868’de Girit’te ilân edilen ferman gereğince Girit vilâyeti beş livâ ve yirmi kazaya taksim edilmişti. Bu düzenlemeye göre Kandiye livâsı Pediye, Menufaç ve Rizo, Kenuryo ve Piryotice, Maloviz olmak üzere dört kaza halinde teşkilâtlanmıştı. Bu bölüşümde livâya bağlı 334 köy bulunuyordu. Kandiye livâsının bu idarî taksimatı köy sayısındaki bazı küçük değişikliklerle 1317 (1899) yılına kadar devam etmiştir. Bu değişiklikler 1266-1317 (1850-1899) tarihleri arasındaki devlet salnâmelerinden ve 1293 (1876), 1310 (1892) tarihli Girit vilâyet salnâmelerinden takip edilebilir. Girit’in muhtariyetinin tanındığı 1317 (1899) yılından itibaren devlet salnâmelerinde Girit vilâyeti sadece isim olarak zikredilmekte ve başka bir bilgi yer almamaktadır. Kandiye, Girit’in konumuna bağlı olarak Balkan savaşlarının ardından 1913’te resmen Osmanlılar’ın elinden çıktı. Şehir yoğun müslüman nüfusa sahip olma özelliğini 1923’teki nüfus mübadelesinden sonra tamamıyla yitirdi. Günümüzde Girit’in en önemli sanayi ve tarım ürünleri ticareti merkezi olan Kandiye’nin nüfusu 100.000’i geçmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 798, 801, 820, 825, 980, s. 157.
BA, MAD , nr. 628, s. 17.
Cevâhirü’t-tevârîh , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 909, tür.yer.; TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 3605, tür.yer.; TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1307, tür.yer.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , VIII, 376-570.
Silâhdar, Târih , I, 511-551.
Girit Vilâyeti Salnâmesi (1310), s. 257-258.
Cuinet , I, 581-587.
E. Eickhoff, “Denizcilik Tarihinde Kandiye Muharebesi” (trc. Mihin Eren), Atatürk Konferansları II: 1964-1968 , Ankara 1970, s. 147-161.
Orhan F. Köprülü, “Kandiye’de Köprülülere Ait Kitabeler”, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan , Ankara 1976, s. 487-494.
E. A. Zachariadou, Trade and Crusade: Venetian Crete and the Emirates of Menteshe and Aydin (1300-1415) , Venice 1983, tür.yer.
Şerafettin Turan, Türkiye-İtalya İlişkileri , İstanbul 1990, I, tür.yer.
M. Greene, Kandiye 1669-1720: The Formation of a Mercant Class (doktora tezi, 1993), Princeton Üniversitesi.
a.mlf., “Commerce and the Ottoman Conquest of Kandiye”, New Perspectives on Turkey , X, İstanbul 1994, s. 95-118.
Ersin Gülsoy, Girit’in Fethi ve Adada Osmanlı İdaresinin Tesisi: 1645-1670 (doktora tezi, 1997), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 119-208.
a.mlf., “Osmanlı İdaresinde Girit: Girit Eyâletinin Kuruluşu ve İlk Taksimatı”, İzmir Türkocağı Uluslararası Osmanlı Tarihi Sempozyumu , İzmir 1999, s. 311-317.
B. Randolph, Ege Takımadaları (Arşipelago) (trc. Ümit Koçer), İstanbul 1998, s. 66, 68, 75-76, 86.
M. Spremić, “XV. Yüzyılda Venedik’in Şarkta Ödediği Haraçlar” (trc. Mahmut H. Şakiroğlu), TTK Belleten , XLVII/185 (1984), s. 363-390.
Adnan Ekşigil, “Girit Kadı Defterleri”, TT , VIII/43 (1987), s. 9-12.
B. Simon, “Onaltıncı Yüzyıl Ortalarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Girit İlişkileri Hakkında Birkaç Not”, TTK Bildiriler , IV (1993), s. 1815-1820.
C. J. Heywood, “Ḳandiya”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 539-540.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 303-305 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.