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KANUN Skip to content Özellikle Şark mûsikisinde kullanılan telli bir mûsiki aleti.
Kanun kelimesinin hemen bütün organologlarca Yunanca kanon dan türediği kabul edilir. Alet Türkiye, İran ve Arap ülkelerinde kānun , diğer ülkelerde kanon kökünden türemiş bir kelimeyle (meselâ Yunanistan’da kanonaki ) tanımlanır. Tellerinin uzunluğuyla titreşimleri arasındaki münasebeti araştırmakta kullanılan telli bir deney aletiyle telleri kısmen ses kutusu, kısmen de sap üzerinde kalan lavta cinsinden bir çalgıya da kanon adı verilir.
Günümüzde Türkiye’nin yanı sıra Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’daki İslâm ülkeleriyle Balkanlar’da, Özbekistan ve Ermenistan’da da kullanılan kanun tarih boyunca çeşitli değişiklikler geçirmiştir. Bâbilliler ve Asurlular’ın kanunun atası sayılabilecek kithara cinsinden çalgılarının bulunduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Kanunun da organolojide, bir kasa üzerinde uzundan kısaya doğru sıralanıp gerilmiş tellerin açık olarak titreştirilmesiyle ses veren bütün çalgıların ortak adı olan kithara kapsamına giren bir alet olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalgıların zamanla komşu kültürlerce de benimsendiği, kanuna geometrik yamuk biçiminin Araplar tarafından verildiği sanılmaktadır.
X. yüzyıla ait Süryânî sözlüklerindeki ifadelerden Araplar’ın geometrik yamuk biçiminde kithara cinsinden bir çalgı kullandıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalgı muhtemelen Araplar’ın “kisâre” dedikleri alettir. Yine aynı dönemde yazılmış bir Süryânî sözlüğündeki “geometrik yamuk biçiminde on telli çalgı” olarak tasvir edilen “kisoro”nun da zamanla kisâre ile özdeşleşmiş olduğu söylenebilir.
İbn Hallikân kanunu Fârâbî’nin icat ettiğine inanıldığını söyler. Ancak Fârâbî’nin el-Mûsîḳa’l-kebîr ’de açık telli çalgılardan söz ederken kanundan bahsetmemesi, ayrıca İbn Sînâ’nın eserlerinde bu mûsiki aletini söz konusu etmemesi İbn Hallikân’ın ifadelerinin rivayetten ibaret olduğunu göstermektedir.
İbnü’ş-Şekündî’ye göre kanun Endülüs çalgılarının en itibarlısı ve İşbîliye (Sevilla), mûsiki aletlerinin şehrin başlıca ihraç malları arasında bulunmasından dolayı en önemli çalgı yapımcılarının toplandığı bir merkezdi. Kanun Endülüs yoluyla XII. yüzyıla doğru Avrupa’ya da girmiş, İspanya’da “cano”, Fransa’da “canon”, Almanya’da “Kanon”, İtalya’da “cannale” adıyla anılmıştır. Kanun, Avrupa’da piyanonun ataları sayılan klavikord ve klavsen gibi çalgılara da esin kaynağı olmuştur.
Hasan Kâşânî Kenzü’t-tuḥâf ’ında başka çalgıların yanı sıra kanuna da yer vermiş, geometrik yamuk biçiminde çizdiği kanunu ayrıntılı ölçüleriyle tanıtmıştır. Üçer üçer akortlanan altmış dört telli bu kanunun eşiğinin günümüzdekinden farklı olarak burguların sıralandığı eğik kenara yakın olduğu görülmektedir. Ünlü nazariyatçı ve bestekâr Abdülkādir-i Merâgī de eserlerinde kanuna yer vermiştir. Onun tasvirinden bu dönemde kanunun, burulmuş bakırdan yapılan telleri üçer üçer akortlanan ve skalası çenginkiyle aynı olan (muhtemelen 3 × 24 = 72 tel) geometrik yamuk biçiminde bir saz olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Kanun XV. yüzyıla kadar düşey olarak tutulup çalınmaktaydı. Bir XVI. yüzyıl Bizans freskinde, dik yamuk biçimindeki bir kitharanın sol kolla eğik kenar göğse gelecek biçimde tutulduğu ve sağ elle çalındığı görülmektedir. Bu tutuş biçimi kanun benzeri bir Hint çalgısı olan “surmandal”da halen yaşamaktadır. XV. yüzyılda düşey tutuştan yataya geçilince sol el de icraya katılmış, bu ise çalma tekniğini tamamen değiştirmiştir.
Osmanlı sınırları içinde kanun XV. yüzyılda kullanılmaya başlanmış ve yapısı zamanla değişikliklere uğramıştır. XVI. yüzyılda İstanbul’da kullanılan kanunların İran ve Mâverâünnehir’de kullanılanlardan farksız olduğu söylenebilir. Bazı minyatürlerde de tesbit edildiği üzere kanun bu dönemde göğsü bütünüyle ahşap, metal telli bir çalgıydı. Bu kanunun modern bir benzeri kalun adıyla günümüzde Uygurlar tarafından kullanılmaktadır. XVI. yüzyıl kanunu muhtemelen makam değiştikçe yeniden akortlanmayı gerektiriyordu. Ancak bu dönem müziğinde makam geçkileri çok az yapıldığından, kanunda akort değişikliğine de fazla ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır.
Ali Ufkî Bey ve Kantemiroğlu’nun eserlerinde kanundan hiç söz etmemelerine karşılık Evliya Çelebi, İstanbul’da elli beş kanun icracısının mevcudiyetinden bahseder. XVII. yüzyıl Osmanlı kanununun biçimi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru ise bugünküne çok yakın yeni bir şekil kazandığı söylenebilir. O dönemde İran’da kanun icrası terkedilmiş olduğundan çalgıya bugünkü yapısını kazandıran değişiklikler Osmanlı sınırları içinde Türkiye, Suriye ve Mısır’da yapılmış olmalıdır. 1714’te Jean-Baptiste van Mour’un çizdiği bir gravürdeki dikdörtgen görünümlü kanun bütün göğsün ahşap olduğu izlenimini vermektedir. Filippo Buonanni’in çizdiği ve Mour’unkine çok benzeyen kanunî gravüründen ise çalgının metal telli olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. 1761’den sonra kaleme alındığı bilinen Kemânî Hızır Ağa’nın Tefhîmü’l-maḳāmât adlı eserindeki resimde, XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Osmanlılar’da kullanılan kanunun Ortaçağ’dakilerden tamamen uzaklaşmış olduğu görülmektedir.
Kanunun bağırsak telli bir çalgı olduğundan bahseden ilk eser İngiliz John Covel tarafından 1670-1679 yılları arasında kaleme alınmıştır. Ancak ondan daha önce ünlü lugatçı Francisko a Mesgnien Meninski, 1680-1687 yıllarında yazdığı eserinde kanunu elli-altmış bronz telli bir çalgı olarak tanımlamıştır. Bu bilgiden hareketle kanunda bağırsak tellerin XVIII. yüzyılın sonuna doğru kullanılmaya başlandığı, bronz tellerin ise zaman içinde tamamen terkedildiği söylenebilir. Bronz tellerden bağırsak tellere geçiş yeni bir icra tekniğinin de doğmasına yol açmıştır. Bu yeni kanunun nerede geliştirildiği konusunda kesin bilgi bulunmuyorsa da kanunun dönemin Mısır saz topluluklarının ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğu göz önüne alındığında onun bu bölgede geliştiği tahmin edilebilir.
Sultan II. Mahmud devrinin gözde sazları arasında yer alan kanun XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İstanbul’da oldukça rağbetteydi. Profesyonel müzisyenlerin oluşturduğu çalgı takımlarında kanun daima yer almıştır. XX. yüzyılın eşiğinde son önemli değişikliğe uğrayan bu saza mızgılıktan hemen sonra her tel takımının altına kaldırılabilir-yatırılabilir metal mandallar yerleştirilmiş, önceleri üç dördü geçmeyen mandalların sayısı zamanla arttırılmıştır. Günümüzde bir tam aralıkta 9-12 mandal bulunur. Mandalların sol elin icradaki payını arttırmasından sonra gerek Türkiye’de gerek Suriye, Lübnan ve Mısır’da arp tekniğinden birçok unsur kanuna uyarlanmış, çalgının tekniği, akorlar ve arpejlerle zenginleştirilmiştir. Türk mûsiki tarihinde kanun icracılığı ile şöhret kazanmış pek çok mûsikişinas bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında Kanûnî Ömer Efendi, Kanûnî Hacı Ârif Bey, Şemsi Bey, Âmâ Nâzım Bey, Ferit Alnar, Vecihe Daryal, Erol Deran özellikle zikredilmelidir. Zamanımızda on parmakla icrayı tercih ederek mızrabı bırakan kanunîler de yetişmiştir.
Kanunun günümüzde bütün ülkelerde ortak olan temel özellikleri şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Alet, üzerine tellerin gerildiği ve rezonans kutusu vazifesi gören dik yamuk biçiminde, ahşap kasa ile üstünden tellerin geçtiği uzun köprünün ayaklarının bastığı, yamuğun dik kenarına komşu, deri gerilmiş bir bölümden oluşur. Türk mûsikisinde kullanılan kanunun başlıca ölçüleri şöyledir: Kasanın burguluk dışında en uzun kenarı 87 cm., karşısındaki dik kenar 42 cm., burguluğun dışında uzun kenara paralel olan en kısa kenar 26 santimetredir. Kasanın derinliği içten 4,3 cm., dıştan 5 cm. kadardır. Göğüs kısmında genellikle çınar ağacı kullanılır. Kanunun yanlıkları ve sırtı çeşitli ağaçlardan yapılabilir. En az üç büyük kafes bulunan göğüste deriyle kapatılmış dört bölmenin her biri 12,5 × 8,5 cm. boyutlarındadır. Mısır kanununda ise teller daha aralıklı takıldığından dik kenarın uzunluğu 50 santimetreyi bulur. 15 × 9 cm. boyutlarında olan derili bölmeler beş adet olduğundan köprünün de beş ayağı vardır. Kasanın derinliği dik bölgede içten 5,5 cm., pest bölgede 6 cm. kadardır. Genel olarak kanunda teller üçer üçer akortlanır. En pest birkaç tel takımı ikili olabilir. Kasanın eğik kenar karşısındaki kenarını oluşturan tel tahtasından çıkarak köprüyü aşan her tel, eğik kenar boyunca uzanan mızgılıktaki özel yarığından geçerek bir akort burgusuna sarılır. Üç sıra oluşturan burgular mızgılığa paralel olan burguluğa üstten girer. Üst uçları kesik piramit biçiminde olan burgular özel akort anahtarıyla döndürülür. Eskiden kullanılan bağırsak teller bugün yerini naylona bırakmıştır. Günümüzde Türk mûsikisinde kullanılan kanunda yirmi beş veya yirmi altı tel takımı (toplam yetmiş beş veya yetmiş sekiz tel) bulunur. Teller bemollü olarak akortlanır. Mızgılıktan hemen sonra tellerin altına yerleştirilen yatar-kalkar küçük metal mandallar tellerin boyunu uzatıp kısaltmaya, dolayısıyla makam müziğine özgü küçük aralıkları elde etmeye yarar. Kanunun ses alanı tiz muhayyerden kaba yegâha kadar üç buçuk sekizli kadardır. İcracı bir iskemleye oturarak dizlerine yatay durumda koyduğu kanunu, metal yüksükler yardımıyla her iki elinin işaret parmaklarına taktığı bağa veya fildişi mızraplarla çalar.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Hasan Kâşânî, Kenzü’t-tuḫaf (Se Risâle-i Fârisî der Mûsîḳā içinde, nşr. Takī Bîniş), Tahran 1992, s. 117-118.
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A. Berner, Studien zur arabischen Musik auf Grund der gegenwärtigen Theorie und Praxis in Ägypten , Lipsia 1937.
C. Sachs, The History of Musical Instruments , New York 1940, s. 138, 257-258.
Mahmut R. Gazimihal, Musiki Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1961, s. 122.
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J. Wenkins – P. R. Olsen, Music and Musical Instruments in the World of Islam , London 1976, s. 50.
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a.mlf., “Türk Sazları”, MTM , sy. 5 (1331), s. 237-238.
Schéhérazade Qassim Hasan, Les instruments en Irak , Paris 1980, s. 65-66.
Mahmoud Guettat, La musique classique du Maghreb , Paris 1980, s. 243-247.
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W. Feldman, Music of the Ottoman Court , Berlin 1996, s. 127, 156-159.
Etem R. Üngör, “Kanunun Mandal Tertibatı Hakkında Etüd”, MM , sy. 23 (1949), s. 19-20.
İsmail Baha Sürelsan, “Türk Musikisi Umumî Dizisine Göre Kanun Mandallanması”, a.e. , sy. 100 (1956), s. 169, 181-183; sy. 101 (1956), s. 202-203, 213; sy. 102 (1956), s. 234-235; sy. 103 (1956), s. 266-267, 279-280.
Halûk Güneyli, “Kanun Sazı ve Bizde Kanun Çalanlar”, a.e. , sy. 184 (1963), s. 82-83.
H. Usbeck, “Türklerde Musiki Aletleri”, a.e. , sy. 252 (1969), s. 25.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 327-328 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.