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HÜSEYİN EFENDİ, Hezarfen Skip to content (ö. 1103/1691)
Ansiklopedist Osmanlı âlimlerinden.
İstanköy adasında doğdu. Babasının adı Câfer’dir. Kaleme aldığı bazı eserlerde künyesini Hüseyin b. Ca‘fer İstanköyî eş-şehîr be-Hezârfen şeklinde verir. İstanköy’de başladığı eğitimini genç yaşta gittiği İstanbul’da tamamladığı anlaşılan Hüseyin Efendi sarayda bulunduğu esnada IV. Mehmed’e tarih hocalığı yaptı; bir süre de Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanı Ali Ufkî Bey’in yanında görev aldı. Bu sırada devlet adamlarının dikkatini çekti, Vezîriâzam Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa’nın himayesine girdi ve onunla birlikte Girit seferine katıldı. O sıralarda muhtemelen defter eminliği görevinde bulunuyordu. Daha sonra ilme olan merakı sebebiyle devlet hizmetinden ayrılıp hayatını özel dersler vererek sürdürdü; kendisini okumaya, öğrenmeye, araştırmaya ve kitap telifine verdi. Bildiği Grekçe ve Latince sayesinde Batı kaynaklarıyla da ilgilendi. Bu kaynaklardan faydalanarak Grek, Roma ve Bizans tarihlerine dair çalışmalar yaptı. Bu arada İstanbul’a gelen Comte de Marsigli, Dimitrie Cantemir, François Pétis de la Croix ve Antoine Galland gibi şarkiyatçılarla tanıştı. Bunlardan, XIV. Louis tarafından 1670’te elçi olarak gönderilen Charles Marie Français de Nointel’in yanında gelen, İstanbul’da ilmî incelemelerde bulunmakla görevli Antoine Galland Journal ’inde Hüseyin Efendi’den zeki, bilgili, iyi yetişmiş ve Fransızca’yı öğrenerek Fransa’yı görmek isteyen bir kimse olarak bahsetmektedir (I, 239). Bu dostluk vesilesiyle Hüseyin Efendi birçok defa Fransa sefârethânesine yemeğe çağrılmış, bu davetlerin birinde Tenkīhu’t-tevârîh adlı eserinin bir nüshasını Fransız elçisine hediye etmiştir. Hezarfen Hüseyin Efendi’nin öteki devlet elçileriyle de dostluk münasebetlerinde bulunduğu ve zengin kütüphanesini onların istifadesine açtığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nakşibendiyye tarikatına mensup olan Hüseyin Efendi bir rivayete göre 1089’da (1678) (Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 244), fakat daha sağlam bir rivayete göre 1103’te (1691) vefat etmiştir (Babinger, s. 251).
Eserleri. Bildiği diller sayesinde Kâtib Çelebi’den sonra Batı kaynaklarından faydalanan ikinci Osmanlı müellifi olan Hezarfen Hüseyin Efendi şu eserleri kaleme almıştır:
1. Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân . Osmanlı teşkilât tarihiyle ilgili bu eserini Kazasker Vişnezâde İzzetî Mehmed Efendi’nin tavsiyesi üzerine kaleme almıştır. On üç bölümden (bab) oluşan eserde Osmanlı Devleti’nin ortaya çıkışı, İstanbul şehrinin kuruluşu ve tarihî yapıları, saray görevlileri, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun toplantıları, hazine gelir ve giderleri, taşra teşkilâtı ve başta beylerbeyi ile sancak beyi olmak üzere taşra görevlileri, yeniçeriler ve öteki Kapıkulu ocakları, Tersâne-i Âmire ve görevlileri, Kırım hanları, sefere çıkma törenleri, ulemâ ile ilgili nizamlar, narh, maden, tuzla ile ilgili meseleler, saray düğünleri, bu vesile ile verilen ziyafetler hakkında geniş bilgi bulunmaktadır. Telhîsü’l-beyân ’ın başlıca kaynakları Lutfî Paşa’nın Âsafnâme ’si, Ayn Ali Efendi’nin Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân ’ı ve Kâtib Çelebi’nin Düstûrü’l-amel ’idir. Eyyûbî Efendi Kānûnnâmesi ile de büyük paralellik içinde olan eserin bazı kısımları ya bundan veya ortak bir kaynaktan faydalanılarak yazılmış olmalıdır. Bu eserinde Hüseyin Efendi devlette baş gösteren nizamsızlık ve çöküntüden de bahsetmekte ve çözümler önermektedir. Ancak devrine göre az da olsa Batı dünyasından haberdar olan Hüseyin Efendi çağdaş ıslahatçılardan pek farklı düşünmemekte, ideal devir olarak Yavuz Sultan Selim dönemini göstermekte, fakat devletin eski gücüne erişmesi hususunda pek ümitli görünmemektedir. Telhîsü’l-beyân ’ın Türkiye dışında dört yazma nüshası bulunmaktadır (Venedik, San Marco, nr. 91; Bibliothèque Nationale, Ancien Fonds, nr. 40; Leningrad, Orient Institut, nr. 357). Eserin 1700’lü yılların başlarında Antoine Galland tarafından Latin harfleriyle yazılmış, okunması güç bir nüshası Bibliothèque Nationale’dedir (Suppl. Turc, nr. 694). Telhîsü’l-beyân G. B. Donado tarafından 1688’de İtalyanca’ya, Pétis de la Croix tarafından 1695’te Fransızca’ya, yine XVII. yüzyılda kısmen Almanca’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Babinger, s. 254). Sevim İlgürel eseri Latin harfleriyle yayımlamıştır (Ankara 1998).
2. Tenkīhu’t-tevârîh-i Mülûk . Muhtasar bir umumi tarihtir. Müellif bir giriş, dokuz bölüm ve iki hâtimeden oluşan eserini IV. Mehmed’e tarih hocalığı yaptığı sırada hazırlamıştır. Eserinin Grek, Roma ve Bizans tarihleriyle ilgili kısımlarını Grekçe ve Latince kaynaklardan faydalanarak kaleme alan Hüseyin Efendi, bu hususta Dîvân-ı Hümâyun baştercümanı Panayot Efendi ile ikinci tercüman Ali Ufkî Bey’den yardım görmüştür. İslâm ve Türk devletleriyle ilgili bölümleri ise Mîrhând’ın Ravżatü’ṣ-ṣafâ , Cenâbî Mustafa Efendi’nin el-ʿAylemü’z-zâḫir , Âlî Mustafa’nın Künhü’l-ahbâr ile Fusûlü’l-hal ve’l-akd ve Kâtib Çelebi’nin Cihannümâ adlı eserlerinden istifade ederek yazmıştır. Eserde sırasıyla İran tarihi, Sâsânîler, Batlamyuslar, Hz. Muhammed, ilk halifeler, Emevîler, Abbâsîler, Fâtımîler, Osmanlılar, Roma İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluşu ve bazı ünlü Yunan filozofları, İstanbul ve Bizans imparatorları, Çemberlitaş ve Dikilitaş, Cenevizliler’in Galata’yı ele geçirmesi, Çin, Maçin, Hıtay ve Hoten, Çin ve Hint denizlerindeki bazı adalar, buralarda yaşayan insanların kanunları, dinleri, ilim, ahlâk, örf ve âdetleriyle Amerika’nın keşfi hakkında bilgi verilmiş, birinci hâtimede enlem ve boylamlarla fersah ve mil üzerinde durulmuş, ikinci hâtimede ise müellif cemiyet ve devlet hayatıyla ilgili görüşlerini açıklamıştır. Hüseyin Efendi’nin bu hususta İbn Haldûn’un “tavırlar nazariyesi”ni benimsediği anlaşılmaktadır. Eserin Türkiye’de ve Türkiye dışındaki kütüphanelerde pek çok yazma nüshası bulunmaktadır (TCYK , s. 31-35; Karatay, I, 267-268; Babinger, s. 253). British Museum’de kayıtlı nüshanın (nr. Or. 12965) müellif hattıyla yazılmış nüsha olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir (Yurdaydın, s. 137). Babinger, Tenkīhu’t-tevârîh ’in Dânişmendliler’e dair dördüncü bölümünün Andreas David Mordtmann tarafından kısmen Almanca’ya, eski Yunan ve Roma’ya dair bölümlerinin ise H. F. von Diez tarafından yine kısmen Almanca’ya çevrildiğini kaydetmektedir. Tenkīhu’t-tevârîh , Osmanlı tarih yazıcılığında geleneksel kronolojik tarihçilikten ayrılarak bir bakıma sistematik karakterde yazılmış bir eser olarak dikkati çeker.
3. Enîsü’l-ârifîn ve mürşidü’s-sâlikîn . Kısa anekdotlarla verilen siyasete ve ahlâka dair kuralların toplandığı bir eser olup 1090’da (1679) telif edilmiştir. Enîsü’l-ârifîn ’in bir nüshası Vatikan Kütüphanesi’nde, bir başka nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Düğümlü Baba, nr. 227).
4. Câmiu’l-hikâyât . Otuz sekiz hikâyeyi ihtiva eden eserin bir nüshası Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Koğuşlar, nr. 919).
5. Mehâsinü’l-kelâm ve’l-hikem fî şerhi ismillâhi’l-a‘zam . Tasavvufa dair bir eser olup müellif burada kendisinin Nakşibendiyye tarikatına mensup olduğunu belirtmiştir (Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 244).
6. Risâle-i Hikemiyye . Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir müellif hattıyla yazılmış nüshasının kendi kütüphanesinde bulunduğunu belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , III, 245).
7. Şerhu’l-Lem‘ati’n-nûrâniyye fi’l-evrâdi’r-rabbâniyye (a.g.e. , III, 244).
8. Tuhfetü’l-erîbi’n-nâfia li’r-rûhânî ve’t-tabîb (Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 3466).
9. Lisânü’l-etıbbâ fî lugati’l-edviye . Bir tıp lugatı olan eser iki kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Birinci kısım Arapça’dan Türkçe’ye, ikinci kısım Türkçe’den Arapça’ya tıp terimlerini ihtiva etmektedir. Hastalıkların, mizaçların, bünyelerin kısaca tariflerinin yapıldığı eserde ünlü Arap, Acem ve Rum hekimlerinin tavsiye ettikleri ilâçlardan da bahsedilmiştir. Eserin bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2086/1). Bazı kaynaklarda ayrı bir sözlük gibi gösterilen Fihrisü’l-ervâm ’ın (a.g.e. , a.y.) Lisânü’l-etıbbâ ile aynı eser olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Adıvar, s. 141). Bu eserin bir nüshası da Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Hamidiye, nr. 1041/14).
10. Terceme-i Lugat-ı Hindî . Hüseyin Efendi’nin Özbek elçisi Feyzullah Efendi’nin yardımıyla meydana getirdiği, Hintçe kelimelerin Farsça ve Türkçe karşılıklarından oluşmuş bir sözlüktür (Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 244).
11. Telhîsü’l-beyân fî tahlîsi’l-büldân . Müellifin hayatının sonlarına doğru kaleme aldığı, İslâm devletlerinden ve ünlü hükümdarlardan bahseden otuz iki fasıl halinde bir eseridir. Herkesin kolayca anlayabilmesi için eserin seciden, Arapça, Farsça ibarelerden uzak sade bir dille kaleme alındığı özellikle belirtilmektedir. Bir nüshası İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı’nda bulunmaktadır (nr. K. 185).
Bunların dışında Hüseyin Efendi’nin Terceme-i Müfredât-ı İbn Baytar adlı eserinden de söz edilmekte (Adıvar, s. 141) ve müellifin ayrıca Kâtib Çelebi’nin Takvîmü’t-tevârîh ’ine bir zeyil yazdığı belirtilmektedir. Bunun bir nüshası Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (nr. 1064). Osmanlı Müellifleri ’nde Muhtasar Târîh-i Umûmî, Târîh-i Devlet-i Rûmiyye adıyla kaydedilen (III, 244) ve bilinen tek nüshası İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan eser (TY, nr. 2641), aslında Tenkīhu’t-tevârîh ’in bazı kısımlarının biraz değiştirilmiş şeklinden ibaret olduğundan bir kısım tarihçiler bunu ayrı bir eser saymamaktadır (Anhegger, X [1953], s. 365).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
A. Galland, İstanbul’a Ait Günlük Hâtıralar: 1672-1673 (trc. Nahid Sırrı Örik), Ankara 1987, I, 239.
Hammer (Atâ Bey) , XI, 3-4.
Flügel, Handschriften , II, 104-106.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 243-245.
Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim , s. 140-141.
TCYK , s. 31-35.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , III/2, s. 500, 502, 513-514, 547-548.
E. Rossi, Elenco dei Manoscritti Turchi della Biblioteca Vaticana , Vaticana 1953, s. 76-77.
Meşkûre Eren, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi Birinci Cildinin Kaynakları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma , İstanbul 1960, s. 48-49.
Karatay, Türkçe Yazmalar , I, 267-268; II, 287.
Bernard Lewis, “The Use by Muslim Historians of non-Muslim Sources”, Historians of the Middle East (ed. B. Lewis – P. M. Holt), London 1962, s. 186-187.
Hüseyin G. Yurdaydın, İslâm Tarihi Dersleri , Ankara 1971, s. 134-139.
H. Wurm, Der osmanische Historiker Ḥüseyn b. Ǧaʿfer, genannt Hezārfenn, und die Istanbuler Gesellschaft in der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts , Freiburg 1971.
Babinger (Üçok) , s. 251-255.
Hilmizâde İbrâhim Rifat, “Hüseyin şehîr bi-Hezârfen”, Ma‘lûmât , IV/82, İstanbul 1312, s. 705.
Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir, “Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi”, TY , III/1 (1329), s. 872-873.
Robert Anhegger, “Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi’nin Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilâtına Dâir Mülâhazaları”, TM , X (1953), s. 365 vd.
Ömer Lütfi Barkan, “1070-1071 (1660-1661) Tarihli Osmanlı Bütçesi ve Bir Mukayese”, İFM , XVII/1-4 (1956), s. 304 vd.
a.mlf., “Kanûnnâme”, İA , VI, 187.
V. L. Ménage, “Ḥusayn Hezārfenn”, EI2 (Fr.) , III, 644-645.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 544-546 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.