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HÜSEYİN el-CİSR Skip to content Hüseyn b. Muhammed b. Mustafâ el-Cisr et-Tarâbulusî (1845-1909)
Suriyeli din âlimi.
23 Ramazan 1261’de (25 Eylül 1845) Trablusşam’da doğdu. Aslen Dimyatlı olan ve soyunun Ahmed er-Rifâî vasıtasıyla Hz. Peygamber’e ulaştığı söylenen baba tarafının 1760’lı yıllarda Trablus’a göç ettiği tahmin edilmektedir. Ezher’de okuyup çeşitli tarikatlara intisap ettikten sonra Halvetiyye’de karar kılan babası Muhammed el-Cisr Osmanlı Devleti’ne baş kaldıran Mısır valisine karşı çıkanlara katıldı; ancak başarılı olamayınca önce Kıbrıs’a, oradan da 1838 yılında İstanbul’a gitti. Bir yıl sonra da evlendi. Henüz bir yaşını doldurmadan babasını ve on yaşında iken annesini kaybeden Hüseyin tahsiline amcası Şeyh Mustafa el-Cisr’in himayesinde devam etti. On sekiz yaşına kadar Trablus’ta dinî ilimler okudu. Daha sonra Beyrut’a geçti ve şehrin müftüsü Muhammed et-Trablusî’nin yanında kaldı, onun teşvikiyle felsefe ve teknik bilimlerle ilgilendi. Amcasının isteği üzerine 1862 yılında Ezher’e girdi. Buradaki hocaları içinde onu en çok etkileyen Hüseyin el-Mersafî olmuştur. İbn Haldûn’un tesirinde kalan Mersafî dünyaya açılma, çağdaş ilimleri ve Batı dillerini öğrenme, dinden uzak âdet ve gelenekleri daha yumuşak bir üslûpla eleştirme, Arap dili ve edebiyatına önem verme gibi hususlarda Hüseyin el-Cisr’e önderlik yapmıştır. Daha çok aklî ve tabiî ilimlere ilgi duyan, siyasî ve ilmî neşriyatı yakından takip eden bir talebe olarak dikkat çeken Cisr, Ezher’de bulunduğu süre içinde dinî ilimlerle meşgul olanların mutlaka tabiî ve aklî ilimleri de öğrenmelerinin gerektiğini ısrarla savundu. Ezher’de uzun süre kalmayı planlarken amcasının hastalığı sebebiyle 1867 yılında Trablusşam’a dönmek zorunda kaldı, birkaç hafta sonra da amcası vefat etti. Ailenin geçimi kendi üzerine kalınca yeniden Ezher’e dönemedi. Halvetî şeyhi olan babası ve amcasının yürüttüğü tarikat hizmetlerini üstlenerek memleketinde eğitim öğretim ve eser yazmakla meşgul oldu.
Hüseyin el-Cisr Batı’nın kalkınmasının temelinde eğitimin yattığına inanıyor, bunun için de Batı’dakine benzer sanat ve meslek okulları açılmasının gerektiğini savunuyor, kadın ve çocukların eğitimine özel bir önem veriyordu. Bu sebeple Cerîdetü Ṭarâbulus ’un ilk sayısını eğitim konusuna ayırdı. Yeni tip eğitimin dinî ilimlerle müsbet ilimleri bir arada veren kurumlar şeklinde düzenlenmesi gerektiğini ileri süren Hüseyin el-Cisr, II. Abdülhamid devrinde bu düşüncelerini gerçekleştirecek ortamı bulunca Midhat Paşa ve Hamdi Paşa gibi Osmanlı aydınlarının ve çevresindeki bazı zenginlerin de desteğiyle Ocak 1879’da Trablus’ta el-Medresetü’l-vataniyye’yi açtı. Bizzat müdürlük görevini üstlendiği ve programında Arap dili ve edebiyatının yanı sıra temel İslâm ilimleri, coğrafya, mantık, matematik, Osmanlı kanunları, Türkçe ve Fransızca gibi derslerin de yer aldığı bu medrese Trablusşam’da dinî ve modern ilimlerin bir arada okutulduğu ilk İslâmî mektep olmuştur. Reşîd Rızâ, Abdülkādir el-Mağribî, Saîd Kirâmî, Kâmil el-Mîkātî, Abdülkerîm Uveyda gibi birçok ünlü kişi burada ders görmüştür. Ancak medrese Mart 1882’de kapanmış ve bu durum bazı kişilerin kıskançlığı, dinî okullarda okuyanlara tanınan askerlik muafiyetinin bu medrese mezunlarına verilmemesi, açılışta medreseye destek olan bazı aydınların daha sonra takibata uğraması ve medresenin de onları desteklemesi gibi farklı gerekçelerle açıklanmıştır. Hüseyin el-Cisr, bundan sonra Cem‘iyyetü’l-makāsıdi’l-hayriyye tarafından Beyrut’ta açılan el-Medresetü’s-sultâniyye’nin müdürlüğüne getirildi; burada Muhammed Abduh, İbrâhim el-Ahdeb, Ahmed Abbas el-Ezherî gibi dönemin meşhur âlimleriyle beraber çalıştı. Beyrut’ta bir yıl kaldıktan sonra bazı sıhhî sebeplerle Trablusşam’a dönmek zorunda kaldı. Burada el-Medresetü’r-Recebiyye yanında el-Mansûriyyü’l-kebîr ve Taynal camilerinde on yıl süreyle ders vermeye devam etti. Fikrî açıdan olgunlaşma devri kabul edilen bu süre içinde Nüzhetü’l-fikr ve er-Risâletü’l-Ḥamîdiyye adlı eserlerini yayımladı. Bunun üzerine II. Abdülhamid tarafından saray hocalığına tayin edilince İstanbul’a gitti. İstanbul’da birkaç ay kaldıktan sonra bazı sağlık problemlerini öne sürerek padişahtan izin alıp Trablusşam’a döndü. Reşîd Rızâ, onun İstanbul’dan ayrılışına dinî konulardaki düşüncelerini rahatlıkla ifade edememesinin sebep olduğunu ileri sürmektedir (Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , XXI, 162). Ancak bir gazete çıkarmak için II. Abdülhamid’den destek aldığına göre bu tahminin isabetli olmadığı söylenebilir. Hüseyin el-Cisr’in, bir tarikat şeyhi ve bir eğitimci olduğu halde İstanbul’da bu hizmetleri gereği gibi ifa edemediği kanaatinin kendisini bu karara sevketmiş olması daha kuvvetli bir ihtimaldir. Trablusşam’a döndükten sonra Muhammed Kâmil el-Buhayre ile birlikte Cerîdetü Ṭarâbulus ’un neşrini yürüten Hüseyin el-Cisr 13 Receb 1327’de (31 Temmuz 1909) bu şehirde vefat etti.
Müslümanların iktisat, siyaset, düşünce ve ilim-din ilişkisi gibi çeşitli alanlarda Batı ile daha önce benzeri bulunmayan bir şekilde karşı karşıya geldikleri bir dönemde yaşayan Hüseyin el-Cisr, şarkiyatçıların tenkitlerine karşı İslâm inancını savunmak için Batı düşüncesiyle ilgilenmiş, bu dönemde müslümanların kendi şahsiyetlerini koruyarak varlıklarını sürdürmeleri için gayret sarfetmiştir. Onun gayretlerinin temelinde mevcudu muhafaza etme, güçlendirme ve geliştirme düşüncesi yatmaktadır. Cisr’in yaşadığı dönemde müslümanların içine düştükleri tehlikenin çok yönlü olduğunu görmeleri ve ondan kurtulma çarelerini aramaları gerekiyordu. Bundan dolayı Cisr hem dini hem de olup bitenleri bir bütün olarak ele almaktadır. Onun düşüncesinde yeni bir unsur yoksa da eskiden mevcut olan veya sınırlı bir alanda varlığını sürdüren bazı temelli unsurlara canlılık getirdiğini söylemek mümkündür. Bu anlamda Hüseyin el-Cisr bir ıslahçıdır. Ancak bu yöndeki gayretlerini mevcut olana karşı bir tavır şeklinde değil onu güçlendirme şeklinde ortaya koymuştur.
Hüseyin el-Cisr, ictihadın önemini benimsemekle birlikte müslümanlarda bir şahsiyet kaybına sebebiyet vereceği kaygısı ile ictihad kapısının açılmasını kabul etmemiştir. Fakat onun ictihad dediği şeyin insanî faaliyet alanlarının bütününü kapsamadığı açıktır, zira kendisi bazı konularda ictihad denilebilecek tasarruflarda bulunmuştur. Öte yandan eğitim alanında yaptığı faaliyetler ve müfredat programı değişiklikleri de bu doğrultuda anlaşılabilecek teşebbüslerdir. Hüseyin el-Cisr’in düşünce sisteminde eğitimden sonra yer alan “mevcudu muhafaza” ilkesi daha çok siyaset ve iktisatla ilgili görüşlerinde ortaya çıkar. Cisr çok sağlam bir Osmanlı Devleti savunucusudur. Ona göre mevcut olan değerler arasında korunması gereken en önemli şey, hilâfeti de uhdesinde bulunduran Osmanlı Devleti’nin birlik ve bütünlüğüdür.
Eserlerinde Osmanlı Devleti ve özellikle II. Abdülhamid hakkında devamlı şekilde olumlu ifadeler kullanan Hüseyin el-Cisr padişahın hizmetlerinin önem ve büyüklüğünü belirtmiş, bazı eserlerini ona ithaf etmiş, Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî, Muhammed Abduh, Edîb İshak, Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa ve Mustafa Kâmil’in de içinde bulunduğu dönemin diğer bazı aydınları gibi yabancılara karşı II. Abdülhamid’in siyasetini desteklemeyi bir görev kabul etmiştir. Cisr’in siyasî projelerinden biri de Hicaz bölgesinde İslâmî hayatın ıslahı, buranın yönetiminin diğer Osmanlı vilâyetleri gibi düzene sokulması ve kabilelerin İslâm medeniyetine uyum sağlayacak bir seviyeye getirilmesidir (er-Risâletü’l-Ḥamîdiyye [nşr. Muhammed el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh el-Bağdâdî], s. 12).
Hüseyin el-Cisr Hz. Peygamber döneminin “saadet asrı” olduğu anlayışına sımsıkı bağlıdır. Ancak bu dönemle nasıl bir alâka kurulabileceği sorusuna verdiği cevap oldukça önemlidir. Cisr, kendi zamanını dikkate alarak Asr-ı saâdet’e bakmayı ve bu bakışın sağladığı imkânla zamanının meselelerine çözüm getirmeyi öngörmektedir. Onunla Muhammed Abduh ve Reşîd Rızâ gibi ıslahatçılar arasındaki temel fark usule dairdir. Bu usul, içinde yaşanılan dünyayı dikkate alarak geçmişte doğruluğu kanıtlanmış ve halen geçerliliğini sürdüren değerleri korumak, geçerliliğini yitirmiş olan değerlere de yeniden geçerlilik kazandırmaktır. Bu noktadan hareketle ilmî çalışmalarında meselelerin daha çok aklî boyutunu irdeleyen Cisr, dinî konuların müsbet bilimlerle uyumlu olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalışır. Bu çerçevede Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in ilmî gelişmeler ışığında yeniden yorumlanması gerektiğini söyler. Sünnetin önemini de vurgulayan Cisr hadislere güvensizlik telkin eden bütün görüşleri reddeder (a.g.e. [nşr. Hâlid Ziyâde], s. 441-446). İtikad ve amel alanlarındaki hükümlerin ya kesin bilgi ifade eden mütevâtir nassa veya ona yakın bilgi ortaya koyan meşhur sünnete dayandığını, bu yolla sabit olan hususları kabul etme mecburiyeti bulunduğunu, bunun dışında kalanları ise onaylama zorunluluğu olmadığını kaydeder. Hüseyin el-Cisr, insanlarda iyi ve doğru olanı kavrayıp ona uyum sağlama gibi fıtrî bir temayülün bulunduğu gerçeğinden hareket ederek Asr-ı saâdet’in temsil metoduyla yeniden inşa edilebileceğini savunur. İnsanların hepsinde bulunan bu temayül sadece sınırlı bir azınlıkta iktidar ve dünya menfaati hırsı ile bastırılmakta, bu şekilde dinî gerçeklere bile bile karşı çıkılmaktadır. Gerçek küfür kavramı da bunlar için kullanılmalıdır. Hüseyin el-Cisr’de Asr-ı saâdet fikri, bir anlamda insanlığın kıyamete kadar karşılaşacağı meselelerin çok yoğun biçimde yaşandığı, dolayısıyla gereği gibi incelendiğinde bütün dönemlere ışık tutacak bir “insanî tecrübe”yi ifade ettiği gibi bu tecrübeyi sadece tarih içinde cereyan eden tesadüfî olaylar dizisi olarak değil kendi başına küllî olan bir değerler sisteminin belirli tarihî şartlar altında tezahürü olarak görmek anlamına gelmektedir. Ancak Asr-ı saâdet sadece o dönemde olup bitenin nakledilmesiyle anlaşılamaz; onu anlamak için bugün ile o dönem arasında bir alâka kurmak gerekir.
Hüseyin el-Cisr’in önem verdiği konulardan biri de ilmî bir görünüş altında ortaya çıkıp yaygınlaşma istidadı gösteren maddeciliktir. Onun döneminde materyalizm, bilim adına belirli bir iktidar ve çıkar grubunun amaçlarını gerçekleştirmek için kullandığı bir vasıta konumunda bulunuyordu. Asıl mesele materyalizm akımının bu yönünü açığa çıkarmak, böylece ilmin kötüye kullanılmasını engellemektir. Cisr’e göre pozitif bilimin kötüye kullanılmasının en yaygın örneğini evrim teorisi oluşturmaktadır. Bundan dolayı söz konusu teoriyi eleştirerek çürütmeye çalışmıştır. İslâm akaidinin bütün esaslarının aklın kabul edebileceği bir nitelik taşıdığını, tabiat kanunlarına aykırı olarak gerçekleşen mûcizenin de aklen mümkün olduğunu kaydeden Cisr, hissî mûcizelerin kavranabildikleri ölçüde benimsenmesi gerektiğini belirtmekte, bunun dışında kalan mûcizelerin ise te’vil edilebileceğini düşünmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 51). Ancak kendisi Halvetî kimliğiyle yazdığı zaman bu ilkeyi muhafaza edememektedir. Nitekim Nüzhetü’l-fikr ’de kâinatın kutub, eimme, evtâd ve abdal tarafından idare edildiğini, bunlardan birinin bulunmaması halinde âlemin nizamının bozulacağını ileri sürmüştür. Aynı şekilde evliyanın kerametinin öldükten sonra da devam ettiğini savunmuştur (Fehmî Ced‘an, s. 216-217). Öğrencilerinden Abdülkādir el-Mağribî, dinî konulardaki bu tür yaklaşımını dikkate alarak hocasını, “hayatının büyük kısmını katı bir muhafazakâr olarak geçiren çok dikkatli bir din ıslahatçısı” şeklinde tanıtmıştır.
Bazı eserlerinin kendisi henüz hayatta iken Türkçe’ye çevrilmesi ve bunlardan alıntıların yapılmış olması (meselâ bk. Said Nursî, Mektûbât , s. 149, 193; a.mlf., Muhâkemât , s. 50; a.mlf., Sözler , s. 539), çıkardığı derginin İstanbul, Kalküta gibi merkezlerde okunması, Cisr’in şöhret ve etkisinin Suriye dışına da taştığını göstermektedir. Trablusşam müftüsü Abdülganî el-Fârûkī, Hüseyin el-Cisr’in er-Risâletü’l-Ḥamîdiyye ’sine yazdığı takrizde, Arap dili ve edebiyatıyla ilgili çeşitli eserleri yanında 13.000 beyti aşan bir şiir külliyatına sahip olması sebebiyle onu döneminin Nâbiga’sı olarak nitelemektedir.
Hüseyin el-Cisr şöhretten hoşlanmayan bir mizaca sahip olduğundan kendisine teklif edilen birçok görevi kabul etmemiştir. İstanbul’da karşılaştığı Efgānî kendisi için “zamanın Eş‘arîsi” demiştir. Muhammed Abduh da ona saygı göstermekle beraber pasif olduğunu belirtmiş, öğrencisi Reşîd Rızâ ise bazı konularda kendisine muhalefet etmiş olup bunların başında tasavvufa olan bağlılığı gelmektedir.
Eserleri. Hüseyin el-Cisr birçok eser kaleme almıştır. Muhammed el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh el-Bağdâdî bunların sayısının kırk yediye ulaştığını söylemektedir.
1. er-Risâletü’l-Ḥamîdiyye fî ḥaḳīḳati’d-diyâneti’l-İslâmiyye ve ḥaḳḳiyyeti’ş-şerîʿati’l-Muḥammediyye . Isaac Taylor’ın İslâm akaidiyle hıristiyan inançları arasında temel noktalarda fark bulunmadığını ileri süren bazı yazılar yazması, diğer bir İngiliz bilim adamının da İslâm dinini öğretmek üzere Arapça bir gazete neşretmeye başlaması üzerine İslâm’ın inanç ve ibadet esasları, bazı önemli kuralları hususunda insanları aydınlatmak, İslâmî hakikatlerle ilmî gerçekler arasında herhangi bir uyumsuzluk bulunmadığını göstermek ve Avrupalılar’ın İslâm aleyhinde ileri sürdükleri bu tür iddialara cevap vermek amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. II. Abdülhamid bu eserinden dolayı Hüseyin el-Cisr’i ödüllendirmiştir. Çeşitli baskıları yapılan er-Risâletü’l-Ḥamîdiyye ’nin (Beyrut 1306; Kahire 1322; Dımaşk 1352), Hâlid Ziyâde (Trablus 1352) ve Muhammed el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh el-Bağdâdî (Trablus 1998) tarafından gerçekleştirilen tahkikli neşirleri de bulunmaktadır. Eser Manastırlı İsmâil Hakkı tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilerek önce Tercümân-ı Hakîkat gazetesinde tefrika edilmiş, daha sonra Tercümetü’r-Risâleti’l-Hamîdiyye adıyla yayımlanmıştır (I-IV, İstanbul 1307-1308, 1329). Tercümenin son cildi mütercimin esere yaptığı bazı eklemelerden oluşan bir zeyil mahiyetindedir. Söz konusu tercüme ve zeyil Ahmet Gül tarafından sadeleştirilerek Risâle-i Hamîdiyye: İslâm Hak ve Hakikat Dinidir adıyla neşredilmiştir (İstanbul 1973, 1980).
2. el-Ḥuṣûnü’l-Ḥamîdiyye li-muḥâfaẓati’l-ʿaḳāʾidi’l-İslâmiyye . İslâm akaidini aklî delillerle ispat etmek ve inkârcıların şüphelerini gidermek için yeni ilm-i kelâm metoduyla kaleme alınan eserin Kahire’de gerçekleştirilen biri tarihsiz üç baskısı yanında (1323, 1375/1955) Mustafa Zihni Efendi tarafından Savâbü’l-kelâm fî akāidi’l-İslâm (İstanbul 1327), Saruhanlı Kemâleddinzâde Muhammed Nûrullah Efendi tarafından el-İnâyâtü’r-rabbâniyye fî tercemeti Kitâbi’l-Husûn li-muhâfazati’l-akāidi’l-İslâmiyye (Kahire 1328) adıyla yapılmış iki Türkçe tercümesi bulunmaktadır.
3. Hediyyetü’l-elbâb fî cevâhiri’l-âdâb (Trablusşam, ts. [el-Matbaatü’l-Meymeniyye]). Müellifin ahlâk ve terbiyeye dair çeşitli şiirlerinden oluşan bir eserdir.
4. Zînetü’l-maṣûne (baskı yeri yok, 1324). Bazı kaynaklarda Terbiyetü’l-maṣûne adıyla geçmekte olup kadınların eğitim öğretiminin ve bir meslek sahibi olmalarının önemine dair on üç sayfadan oluşan manzum bir eserdir.
5. ʿİlmü terbiyeti’l-eṭfâl ve saʿâdeti’n-nisâʾ ve’r-ricâl . Daha çok hocası Hüseyin el-Mersafî’den etkilenerek ortaya koyduğu eğitime dair görüşlerinin Cerîdetü Ṭarâbulus ’ta yayımlandıktan sonra kitap haline getirilmiş şeklidir (Zekî M. Mücâhid, II, 104).
6. Riyâżü Ṭarâbulusi’ş-Şâm (Trablusşam 1311). Cerîdetü Ṭarâbulus ’ta yayımlanan ilmî, edebî ve içtimaî mahiyetteki makalelerden oluşan on ciltlik bir külliyattır.
7. Sîretü müheẕẕibi’d-dîn . Müellif, Cerîdetü Ṭarâbulus ’ta tefrika edilen bazı makalelerinden oluşan bu eserinde yaşadığı devrin bazı yaygın âdetlerini eleştirmektedir (C. Zeydân, IV, 590).
8. Nüzhetü’l-fikr fî (menâḳıbi) tercemeti’ş-Şeyḫ Muḥammed el-Cisr (Beyrut 1306). Müellifin babası ve şeyhi Muhammed el-Cisr’in hayatını ve Halvetî tarikatına bağlılığını konu edinmektedir.
9. el-İşârâtü’l-laṭîfe . Namazın faziletleri hakkında olan bu eserin 29 Safer 1309’da (3 Ekim 1891) bitirildiği kaydedilmektedir. Müellif, risâlenin sonuna II. Abdülhamid’i öven otuz üç beyitlik bir kasidesini eklemiştir. Her biri cennetin sekiz kapısına işaret olmak üzere sekiz bölüm halinde düzenlenen on varaklık risâlenin bir nüshası İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 4854).
10. Şehâdet-i Tevâtürî (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 9386). Hâkim ve kadıların farklı uygulamalarını önleyip ortak hareket etmelerini sağlamak amacıyla kaleme alınan bir risâledir. Müellifin bu eseri Seyyid Muhammed Nûrî ile birlikte Türkçe olarak telif ettiği anlaşılmaktadır.
11. Ẕaḫîretü’l-meʿâd fî feżâʾili’l-cihâd . Müellif hattıyla bir nüshası İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (nr. 4788).
12. el-Kevâkibü’d-dürriyye fi’l-fünûni’l-edebiyye . Müellifin beyân, bedî‘, inşâ, meânî gibi belâgat ilmine dair çeşitli yazılarından oluşan bir eserdir (a.g.e. , IV, 590).
Zekî Muhammed Mücâhid ve Muhammed el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh müellifin bunlardan başka el-ʿUlûmü’l-ḥikemiyye fî naẓari’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , el-Bedrü’t-temâm fî mevlidi seyyidi’l-enâm , et-Tevfîr ve’l-iḳtiṣâd , Ḥikmetü’ş-şiʿr , İşârâtü’ṭ-ṭâʿa fî ṣalâti’l-cemâʿa , Teʿaddüdü’z-zevcât , el-Edebiyyât , Kelimât luġaviyye , Muḫtârâtü Ṭarâbulus adlı eserlerinin de basıldığını kaydetmektedirler (el-Aʿlâmü’ş-Şarḳıyye , II, 104). Hüseyin el-Cisr’in ayrıca el-Ḳurʾânü’l-Kerîm ve ʿademü iḳtibâsihî şeyʾen mine’t-Tevrât ve’l-İncîl , el-ʿAḳīdetü’l-İslâmiyye ve’l-ʿaḳīdetü’n-Naṣrâniyye , ʿİṣmetü’l-enbiyâʾ , Benâtü’l-efkâr fî keşfi ḥaḳīḳati’l-kimiyâʾ ve meşâriḳi’l-envâr , eẕ-Ẕeḫâʾir fi’l-felsefeti’l-İslâmiyye , Ḫadîce ve Bes̱îne , Risâle fî ṣadaḳati’l-fıṭr , Risâle fî âdâbi’l-baḥs̱ ve’l-münâẓara , Mecmûʿa fî ḫuṭabi’l-cumʿa , Mecmûʿa mine’ş-şiʿr adlı henüz basılmamış bazı eserleri de bulunmaktadır (Zekî M. Mücâhid, II, 104-105).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hüseyin el-Cisr, Riyâżü Ṭarâbulusi’ş-Şâm (nşr. M. Kâmil el-Buhayre), Trablusşam 1311, I, 19-26, 29, 40, 48, 56, 65, 79, 105, 117, 125, 130.
a.mlf., er-Risâletü’l-Ḥamîdiyye (nşr. Hâlid Ziyâde), Trablus 1352, neşredenin mukaddimesi, s. 8-32, ayrıca bk. s. 51, 441-446; a.e. (nşr. Muhammed el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh el-Bağdâdî), Trablus 1998, s. 5-14; a.e. (trc. İsmail Hakkı, s.nşr. Ahmet Gül), İstanbul 1989, s. 230-237, 246, 255-265.
a.mlf., el-Ḥuṣûnü’l-Ḥamîdiyye , Kahire 1375/1955, tür.yer.
Mustafa Zihni, Savâbü’l-kelâm fî akāidi’l-İslâm , İstanbul 1327, s. 2-11.
Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , XII, 560; XXI, 160-163.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 798.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 776-777; III, 321.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 563.
Zekî M. Mücâhid, el-Aʿlâmü’ş-Şarḳıyye , Kahire 1369/1950, II, 103-105.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , I, 283; VII, 321-322.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , IV, 58-59.
a.mlf., el-Müstedrek , Beyrut 1406/1985, s. 217.
a.mlf., Muʿcemü muṣannifi’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyye , Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 168.
M. Abdülcevâd el-Kayâtî, Nefḥatü’l-beşşâm fî riḥleti’ş-Şâm , Beyrut 1981, s. 73-76.
C. Zeydân, Târîḫu âdâbi’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye , Beyrut 1983, IV, 589-590.
Fethî Yeken, el-Mevsûʾatü’l-ḥarekiyye , Amman 1983, I, 74-75.
A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939 , Cambridge 1984, s. 223-224.
Abdullah Habîb Nevfel, Terâcimü ʿulemâʾi Ṭarâbulus ve üdebâʾihâ , Trablus 1984, s. 167-172.
Ali el-Muhâfız, el-İtticâhâtü’l-fikriyye ʿinde’l-ʿArab fî aṣri’n-nehḍa , Beyrut 1987, s. 87.
E. Findîk, İktifâʾü’l-ḳanûʿ bimâ hüve maṭbûʿ , Kum 1988, s. 514.
Fehmî Ced‘ân, Üsüsü’t-teḳaddüm ʿinde müfekkiri’l-İslâm , Amman 1988, s. 215-237.
Said Nursî, Muhâkemât , İstanbul 1990, s. 50.
a.mlf., Sözler , İstanbul 1990, s. 539.
a.mlf., Mektûbât , İstanbul 1991, s. 149, 193.
Hâlid Ziyâde, Aʿlamü’n-nehḍati’l-ḥadîs̱e , Beyrut 1991, s. 45-64.
J. Ebert, Religion und Reform in der arabischen Provinz, Ḥusayn al-Ğisr aṭ-Ṭarabulusī (1845-1909) , Frankfurt 1991.
Aly Remtulla, “The Reaction of Muslim Arab Scholars to the Darwinian Revolution”, Muslim Education Quarterly , X/4, Cambridge 1993, s. 57-64.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 537-540 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.