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HUZUR DERSLERİ Skip to content Osmanlılar’da 1759’dan 1924 yılında hilâfetin kaldırılmasına kadar ramazan ayında padişahın huzurunda yapılan tefsir dersleri.
Kuruluş yıllarından itibaren Osmanlı padişahları gerek ilmî ortamı canlandırmak, kültürel gelişmeyi sağlamak, gerekse iktidarlarını çeşitli kesimler nezdinde desteklemek ve hânedanın meşruiyetini ortaya koymak gibi düşüncelerle huzurlarında ilmî toplantılar yapmak üzere etraflarına ulemâyı toplama, hatta özel hoca edinme konusuna önem vermişlerdir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed döneminden itibaren bizzat padişahın da katıldığı ilmî sohbetler ve tartışmalar büyük bir yoğunluk kazanmıştır. Bu tür toplantılar hakkında dönemin kronikleri yanında ulemâ biyografilerini toplayan eserlerde ve daha geç dönemler için sır kâtipleri tarafından tutulan rûznâmelerde bilgiler vardır. Ancak bunun düzenli bir şekilde tertip edilmesi XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra gerçekleşmiştir. Daha önce 12 Muharrem 1080 (12 Haziran 1669) tarihinde IV. Mehmed’in akşam ve yatsı namazları arasında Şeyhülislâm Minkārîzâde Yahyâ Efendi’ye Beyzâvî’nin Envârü’t-tenzîl ve esrârü’t-teʾvîl adlı tefsirinden ders verdirdiği ve bunu âdet haline getirdiği, dönemin ünlü vâizi ve padişahın hocası Vanî Mehmed Efendi’ye de haftada iki defa (Râşid, I, 161) ders yaptırdığı bilinmekteyse de bunlar münferit uygulamalar olup XVIII. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar huzur dersleri adıyla ramazan ayına mahsus ders takririnin sürekli bir şekilde yapıldığı söylenemez. Tayyarzâde Atâ Bey’in huzur derslerinin başlangıcını Osmanlı Devleti’nin kurucusu Osman Gazi’ye kadar götürmesinin ise (Târih , I, 213) mesnedi yoktur. Ancak arada önemli farklar bulunmakla birlikte önceki derslerin, daha sonra sadece ramazanda yapılan düzenli derslere örnek teşkil ettiği düşünülebilir.
Huzur derslerine örnek olabilecek ilk sistemli uygulamanın III. Ahmed zamanında Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa tarafından 1136’da (1724) yapıldığı bilinmektedir (Çelebizâde Âsım, s. 131). İbrâhim Paşa, devrinin tanınmış âlimlerini bazı ramazanlarda kendi sarayında toplayarak onlara Kur’an’dan bazı âyetlerin tartışmalı tefsirini yaptırmış, 1140 Ramazanında (Nisan 1728) bu derslerden birine III. Ahmed de katılarak başından sonuna kadar takip etmiştir. III. Mustafa’nın, babası III. Ahmed’in yanında genç bir şehzade olarak bu derslere katılması ve bundan etkilenerek huzur derslerini ihdas etmiş olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Daha sonraki padişahlar da bu geleneği sürdürmüşlerdir. Nitekim 1168 Ramazanında (Haziran 1755) III. Osman’ın, Şerefâbâd’da kütüphane hocası Hamîdî Efendi’yi huzuruna davet ederek tefsir dersi yaptırdığı ve dersin sonunda ona ihsanlarda bulunduğu görülmektedir.
Başlangıç ve esas teşkil etmesi bakımından önemli olan ilk huzur derslerinin zamanı, mekânı, iştirakçileri ve bunlara yapılan ihsanlar hakkında III. Mustafa Rûznâmesi ’nde (TSMA, nr. E. 12359) önemli bilgiler bulunmaktadır. İlk derste Fetva Emini Ebûbekir Efendi mukarrir, Nebih Mehmed, Konevî İsmâil, Müzellef ve İdris efendiler de tâlip (muhatap) olmuşlardır. Kādî Beyzâvî’nin tefsirinden, “Ey iman edenler! Kendiniz, anne babanız ve yakınlarınız aleyhine de olsa Allah için şahitler olarak adaleti gözetin” meâlindeki âyet (en-Nisâ 4/135) takrir edilmiştir. Bu ders, başlangıcından itibaren tartışmalı geçmiş ve Sultan Mustafa tarafından ders sonunda her âlime yüz altın ihsanda bulunulmuştur. 18-29 Ramazan 1172 (15-26 Mayıs 1759) tarihleri arasında cuma dışında her gün padişahın huzurunda yapılan bu dersler Sepetçiler Kasrı, Sarık Odası, Ağa Bahçesi, Sofa ve Divanhâne gibi Topkapı Sarayı’nın çeşitli mekânlarında gerçekleştirilmiş, toplantılara müzakereci olarak beş altı kadar âlim katılmıştır. Dersler öğle ile ikindi arasında icra edilir, ikindi namazından sonra padişah Harem’e çekilirdi (Mardin, I, 69).
Huzur derslerinde dersi takrir eden âlime “mukarrir”, müzakereci durumunda olan âlimlere önceleri “tâlip”, daha sonra “muhatap” denilmiştir. Bir mukarrir ve beş muhatapla başlayan bu derslerde muhatapların sayısı zaman içinde artmış, eksilmiş, ders adediyle günleri, saatleri ve dersin süresi değişikliğe uğramıştır. Nitekim 1180 Ramazanında (Şubat 1767) huzur dersleri için belirlenen âlim sayısı 126 olup bunlar on dokuz meclise taksim edilmiş ve her biri bir güne ayrılmıştır. İçlerinden en kıdemli ve liyakatli bulunanlar mukarrir olmuştur (Vâsıf, I, 158). I. Abdülhamid döneminde 1189 Ramazanında (Kasım 1775) huzur dersleri için şeyhülislâmın görüşü alınarak mukarrir ve muhatap olarak yetmiş âlim belirlenmiş, böylece sayı azaltılmıştır (Sâdullah Enverî, vr. 68a-b ). Bu uygulamadan, huzur dersleri hocalarının şeyhülislâm tarafından seçildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Gerek mukarrir gerekse muhatapların seçiminde liyakate ve ilmî mertebeye dikkat edilmesi, gönderilen emir ve tezkirelerde önemle belirtilmiştir. 1200 (1786) yılından itibaren ramazanda sekiz ders ile yetinildiği ve dokuzuncusunda mukarrirler meclisi toplanmasının bazı istisnalarla âdet haline geldiği görülmektedir (Mardin, I, 84-87).
Tam bir ilmî serbestiyet içinde yapılan derslerde bir âyet okunarak mukarrir tarafından onun tefsiri yapılır, muhatapların sorularına ve itirazlarına mukarrir cevap verir, böylece ilmî bir mübâhase cereyan ederdi. Dersler genellikle Kādî Beyzâvî tefsirinden yapılırdı. Ancak âyetlerin tefsirinin son derece ağır ilerlediği, birkaç yılda sadece birkaç âyetin ele alınabildiği, bunun ise âyetlerin tefsir ve tahlillerinde gramer meselelerine, etimolojik ve ilgisiz yorumlara ağırlık verilmesinden kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim İsrâ sûresinin tefsiri 1189 Ramazanında (Kasım 1775) başlamış, 1192 Ramazanına (Ekim 1778) kadar sürmüş, Feth sûresinin tefsiri ise 1193-1198 (1779-1784) yılları arasında tamamlanabilmiştir. 1201 Ramazanında (Temmuz 1787) Bakara sûresinin tefsirine başlanmış, 1205 Ramazanına (Mayıs 1791) kadar beş yıl boyunca ancak ilk otuz âyetinin tefsiri müzakere edilebilmiştir.
Derslerde ilminin derecesini göstermek isteyen bazı muhatapların münazaralarda terbiye ve edep dışına çıktıkları da görülmüştür. Meselâ 1176 Ramazanında (Mart-Nisan 1763) muhataplardan Tatar Hoca diye anılan Tatar Ali Efendi, mukarrir Abdülmü’min Efendi ile ilmî tartışma sınırlarını aşarak mukarrire terbiye dışı ağır sözler sarfedince Bozcaada’ya sürgün edilmiştir (Şem‘dânîzâde, II-A, s. 56; Vâsıf, I, 204). 1215 Ramazanındaki (Ocak-Şubat 1801) bir huzur dersi, mukarrir ve muhataplar arasındaki münazarada kendilerini ispatlamak isteyen muhatapların mukarrire lüzumsuz itirazları ile ilmî zeminden çıkarak terbiye dışı sözlerin sarfedilmesine sahne olmuş, bu durumdan müteessir olan III. Selim dersi yarıda kestirmiştir. Bu münazara, Kudsî Efendi’nin bir âyeti tefsirinden sonra muhataplardan Kastamonulu Ömer Efendi’nin itirazı ile başlamış, ardından Dağıstanlı Abdurrahman ve Ahıskalı Ali efendilerin itirazlarıyla büyümüştür (Cevdet, VII, 101-102). Mukarrir Kudsî Efendi, itirazlara sükûnetle cevap verip muhataplarını ikna etmek istemişse de muvaffak olamamıştır. Münazarayı dinlemekte olan Sultan Selim, cereyan eden tartışmadan üç muhatabın haksız olduklarını anlayarak her üçünün de muhataplıktan çıkarılmasını şeyhülislâma bildirmiştir.
III. Selim döneminde muhatap sayısı yedi sekiz kadardı. 1215 Ramazanı (Ocak-Şubat 1801) dersi sonunda padişahın verdiği 100’er kuruş ihsana bir o kadar da Vâlide Mihrişah Sultan ilâve etmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 101-103). IV. Mustafa’nın kısa hükümdarlık dönemindeki derse Vak‘anüvis Mütercim Âsım da katılmıştır (Târih , II, 114). II. Mahmud devrinde 1250 (1834-35) yılında Mâbeyin başkâtipliğinden şeyhülislâma gönderilen bir iradede derslerin çok derin, mücerred ve padişahın zihnini yoracak tarzda yapılması yerine gazâ ve cihadı teşvik edici, padişahın yorulmadan dinleyebileceği tarzda sade olması, avam üslûbu gibi görülse de padişahın bu tarzdan hoşlandığı ifade edilmiştir (TSMA, nr. E. 16801).
XIX. yüzyıl boyunca yapılan huzur derslerinde yeni bazı prensipler belirlenmiş ve bir teamül teşekkül etmiştir. Bu dönemde mukarrir ve muhatapların İstanbul ruûsunu almış, herhangi bir resmî vazifesi olmayan, İstanbul’da ikamet eden âlimler arasından seçilmesi, tayinlerin şeyhülislâmın teklifi üzerine padişah tarafından yapılması, mukarrirlikte bir münhal olduğunda daha sonraki meclislerin mukarrirlerinin hiyerarşik sırayla yükselmesi, böylece son mukarrirliğe ilk meclisin başmuhatabının seçilmesi âdet olmuştur. Mukarrir, herhangi bir sebeple ramazanda dersini takrir edemeyecek durumda olursa o dersin başmuhatabı yerini alamaz, şeyhülislâmın teklifi ve padişahın iradesiyle yeni tayin yapılırdı. Hacca gitme, yakınlarını ziyaret etme gibi sebeplerle İstanbul’dan ayrılan ders üyeleri ramazan olmasa bile şeyhülislâmdan izin alırlardı. Derslerde tefsir edilecek sûre ve âyetler çok önceden meşihata bildirilir, şâban ayının on beşinde muhataplara hazırlanmaları tembih edilirdi. Mukarrir ve muhataplar için gizlilik esastı. Bunlar ramazanda resmî ders günleri gelmeden özel olarak kendi aralarında ders müzakeresinde bulunamazlar, ancak günleri gelince alenî olarak ders yapabilirlerdi.
Meclislerin toplantı yerini padişah belirlerdi. Burada mukarrir padişahın sağında, muhataplar ise mukarririn yanında yarım daire şeklinde önlerinde rahlelerle minderlere otururlardı. Erkek ve kadınlardan huzurda ders dinlemek üzere kalacakların isimlerinin padişahın tasvibinden geçmesi gerekirdi. Kethüdâzâde Ârif Efendi, II. Mahmud zamanında ramazan ayının başından itibaren bir hafta devam eden huzur dersinde muhatap olarak bulunmuş ve Menâkıbnâme ’sinde dersle ilgili bilgiler vermiştir. Ârif Efendi dersle ilgili âyetler okunarak tartışmaya başlandığını; âyete uygun olarak askerin nizamı, sabır ve sebatı, Allah’a bağlılığı gibi konular işlenmesi gerekirken hoca efendilerin, âyetteki “vav” atıfe mi hâliye mi gibi meclise uygun düşmeyen gereksiz tartışmalara girdiklerini, Sultan Mahmud’un canının sıkıldığını, böylece dersin tatsız sona erdiğini belirtmektedir (Uzunçarşılı, s. 220).
Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nın Muayede Salonu’nda yapılan huzur dersleri II. Abdülhamid zamanında Yıldız Sarayı’nın Çit Kasrı’nda icra edilmiştir. Padişah burada yüksekçe bir mindere oturur, karşısında önlerinde rahlelerle mukarrir ve muhataplar yerlerini alırlardı. Ramazan ayı boyunca haftada iki gün devam eden ve iki saat süren bu derslerde Mâbeyin Dairesi’nin büyükleriyle davet üzerine bazı vükelâ ve devlet adamları da bulunabilirdi. Her dersin mukarrir ve muhatapları farklı olurdu. Ders sonunda kendilerine eskiden olduğu gibi atıyyeler, cübbe ve şal verilirdi (Tahsin Paşa, s. 129).
Huzur dersleri, Sultan Mehmed Reşad zamanında Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nın Zülvecheyn sofasında ramazan ayının ilk on gününde sekiz oturum halinde yapılırdı. Derslere şehzadeler ve devlet vükelâsı da davet edilirdi. Hünkâr deniz tarafında kanepenin üzerine yerleştirilmiş mindere otururdu; sağ tarafında hânedan mensupları, sol tarafında da Mâbeyin erkân ve memurlarıyla bendegân bulunurdu. Harem kadınları ise dersleri bir paravana arkasından takip ederdi. Mâbeyin başkâtibi Halit Ziya’nın da (Uşaklıgil) katıldığı bu derslerde mukarrir siyah, muhataplar mavi cübbe giyerlerdi. Hakkıyla yapılmayan derslerde bazan dünyanın düz oluşu vb. hurafelerle de meşgul olunurdu (Saray ve Ötesi , II, 135 vd.). Aynı padişah dönemi Mâbeyin başkâtiplerinden Lütfi Simavi ise hâtıralarında huzur mukarrirliğinin âdeta inhisar halini aldığını; bunların da çoğunun taşralı olduğunu ve Türkçe’yi bile düzgün konuşamadıklarını, padişahın bu durumu şeyhülislâma hatırlatmasına rağmen olumlu sonuç alınamadığını belirtmektedir (Sultan Mehmed Reşad Han’ın ve Halefinin Sarayında Gördüklerim , s. 73). Bu derslerden yedincisine mukarrir olarak katılan Vildan Fâik Efendi, dört dersin takrir ve müzakerelerini el-Mevâizü’l-hisân adıyla kitap haline getirmiştir (İstanbul 1330).
Sultan Vahdeddin ve Halife Abdülmecid Efendi zamanında Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nda devam eden derslerin sonuncusu 1341 Ramazanında (Mayıs 1923) yapılmış, 26 Receb 1342 (4 Mart 1924) tarihinde hilâfetin ilgası ile birlikte huzur dersleri de tarihe karışmıştır. Böylece bu dersler 1759-1924 yılları arasında 165 yıl devam etmiştir.
Huzur derslerinin mahiyetini, tarihçesini, yapılışını, mukarrir ve muhatapların seçimlerini ve isimlerini araştıran Ebül‘ulâ Mardin, çalışmasını önce üç geniş makale halinde İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası ’nda 1950-1951 yıllarında yayımlamış, daha sonra bu yazılarını Huzur Dersleri adıyla kitap haline getirmiştir (İstanbul 1951). Huzur dersi hocalarının mazhar oldukları ihsanlar ve mâruz kaldıkları cezalar, bu derslerin yapıldığı yerler, mukarrir ve muhatapların hal tercümeleri, ders ve icâzetnâme örnekleri, menkıbeler ve bazı eklerden oluşan II ve III. ciltleri ise İsmet Sungurbey ikisi bir arada olmak üzere neşretmiştir (İstanbul 1966).
İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde, muhtemelen Yıldız Sarayı Kütüphanesi’nden intikal eden yirmiden fazla mükemmel nesih ve ta‘lik hatla yazılmış, tezhipli “Huzûr-ı Hümâyûn Ders Takriri Defterleri” bulunmaktadır.
Günümüzde Fas Sultanı II. Hasan’ın huzurunda ramazan aylarında usul ve muhteva bakımından Osmanlı huzur derslerine benzeyen dersler yapılmakta ve bunlar ed-Dürûsü’l-Ḥaseniyye adıyla Arapça ve İngilizce olarak neşredilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. E. 10891, 16801.
III. Mustafa Rûznâmesi , TSMA, nr. E. 12358, 12359.
Huzûr-ı Hümâyun Müderrisleri Defteri , İstanbul Müftülüğü Meşihat Arşivi, nr. 172.
Huzûr-ı Hümâyûn Ders Takriri Defterleri , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 4167, 6708, 7297, 7311, 7312, 7316, 7317, 7318, 7320, 7321, 7322, 7323, 7324, 7325, 7326, 7328, 7329, 7331, 7332, 7333, 7334.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , I, 135-136.
Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, Vekāyi‘nâme , Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., nr. 5154, vr. 135a-b .
Râşid, Târih , I, 161.
Çelebizâde Âsım, Târih , İstanbul 1282, s. 131-133, 259-260, 370-371, 557-558.
Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe) , II-A, s. 56.
Sâdullah Enverî, Târih , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2437, vr. 68a-b .
Vâsıf, Târih , I, 157-158, 204, 285.
Mütercim Âsım Efendi, Târih , İstanbul, ts., II, 114.
Atâ Bey, Târih , I, 212-214.
Cevdet, Târih , VII, 101-103.
Lutfî, Târih , III, 170.
Vildan Fâik (Debreli), el-Mevâizü’l-hisân , İstanbul 1330.
Lütfi Simâvi, Sultan Mehmed Reşad Han’ın ve Halefinin Sarayında Gördüklerim , İstanbul 1340, s. 72-73.
Tahsin Paşa, Abdülhamit: Yıldız Hatıraları , İstanbul 1931, s. 129.
Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil, Saray ve Ötesi: Son Hatıralar , İstanbul 1941, II, 129-141.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 215-222.
Ebül‘ulâ Mardin, Huzur Dersleri , İstanbul 1951, I, 69, 84-87; a.e. (nşr. İsmet Sungurbey), İstanbul 1966, II-III.
a.mlf., “Huzur Dersleri”, İÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası , XVI/3-4, İstanbul 1950, s. 993-1053; XVII/1-2 (1951), s. 239-282; XVII/3-4 (1951), s. 731-785; XVIII/1-2 (1952), s. 296-453; XVIII/3-4 (1953), s. 988-1040; XIX/3-4 (1953), s. 821-868.
İsmet Sungurbey – Semiha Omay, Huzur Dersleri ile İlgili Konuşmalar , İstanbul 1965.
Pakalın , I, 860-865; II, 570-571, 576-578.
a.mlf., “Huzûr-ı Hümâyûn Dersleri”, Edebiyyât-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası , IV/74, İstanbul 1918, s. 816-819.
Necdet Sakaoğlu, “Huzur Dersleri”, DBİst.A , IV, 98.
Osman Öztürk, “Ramazan Mübâhaseleri: Huzur Dersleri”, Diyanet Dergisi , X/112-113, Ankara 1971, s. 331-333.
Fikret Sönmez, “Saray Çatısı Altında İlmî Faaliyetler: Huzur Dersleri”, İlim ve Sanat , II/7, İstanbul 1986, s. 25-28.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 441-444 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.