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İADE Skip to content Eksik olarak eda edilen bir ibadetin vakti içinde yeniden ifası anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “eski duruma dönme, tekrar meydana gelme, bir şeyi üst üste yaparak alışkanlık haline getirme” anlamındaki avd kökünden türeyen iâde kelimesi “bir şeyi tekrar yapma, eski durumuna getirme, geri verme” gibi anlamlar taşır. Kur’an’da bu kökün çeşitli türevleri sözlük anlamı çerçevesinde sıkça geçer ve genellikle iade masdarından türeyen bu kelimelerle mahlûkatın yaratılıştan sonra eski haline (yokluk), canlıların ölümden sonra tekrar hayata döndürülüşü ifade edilir (meselâ bk. Yûnus 10/4, 34; Tâhâ 20/55; er-Rûm 30/11). Aynı kökten gelip Allah’ın isimlerinden olan muîd de bu anlamdadır (bk. MUÎD ). Hadislerde iade kelimesinin yukarıdaki anlamları yanında abdest, namaz, kurban gibi ibadetlerin yeniden ifa edilmesi mânasında da kullanıldığı (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ʿavd” md.) ve bu son kullanımın ileri dönemlerde oluşacak terim anlamına zemin hazırladığı görülür. Fıkıhta iade, eda edilen bir ibadetin taşıdığı bir eksiklik sebebiyle vakti içinde tam ve doğru olarak yeniden ifasını belirten bir terimdir. Ancak hangi durum ve davranışların tanımda yer alan eksikliği oluşturacağı ve yeniden ifanın iade sayılabilmesi için vakit içinde yapılmasının şart olup olmadığı fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. Meselâ iade, ibadetin bir rükün veya şartının yokluğu yahut vâcibin terki şeklinde ileri derecede bir eksiklik sebebiyle gündeme gelebileceği gibi, daha fazla sevap elde etme imkânının kullanılarak kemal eksikliğinin giderilmesi şeklinde mâkul bir gerekçeden de doğabilir. Ne tür eksikliklerin iadeyi gerekli veya haklı kılacağı yahut iadede vakit şartının aranıp aranmayacağı konusunda fakihler arasında görüş farklılığının bulunmasının kaçınılmaz sonucu olarak fıkıh literatüründe iadenin farklı tanımlarına rastlanır. Bu sebeple iadeyi “bir ibadetin fesad dışında kalan bir eksiklikten dolayı vakti içinde yeniden ifası” şeklinde tanımlayan Hanefîler’in yanı sıra fesad sebebiyle yeniden ifayı veya sebep ne olursa olsun bir ibadetin ikinci defa ifasını iade sayan fakihler de vardır.
Dinî mükellefiyetlerin, özellikle de ezan, abdest, gusül, namaz, haccın bazı menâsiki, kurban gibi belli bir zaman diliminde yerine getirilmesi gereken ibadetlerin ifa şekilleri pratik ve fert boyutuyla fürû-i fıkhın, kaynak ve değer yönüyle de usûl-i fıkhın konusunu teşkil eder. Fürû-i fıkıhta vakitli ibadetlerin eksik olarak eda edilmesi halinde nasıl telâfi edileceği hususu ve bu ibadetin vakit içinde ve gerektiği şekilde yeniden ifa edilmesi konusu mükelleflerin ayrı ayrı bilmesi gereken ilmihal bilgileri arasında yer alır. Fıkıh usulünde geniş vakitli mahz veya vesile ibadetlerin (mukayyed ve müvessa‘ vâcip) ifa şekilleri, mütekellimîn (Şâfiî) metoduyla kaleme alınan usul kitaplarında şer‘î-teklifî hüküm bahsinde eda, iade ve kazâ şeklinde birbirini tamamlayan üç kavram halinde, fukaha (Hanefî) metoduyla yazılan usul kitaplarında ise iade, emir bölümünde emredilenin yerine getirilmesinin muhtemel şekillerinden biri olarak incelenir. Bununla birlikte her iki ekolün eda ve kazâ kelimelerine yüklediği anlamlar arasında bazı farklılıklar bulunsa da iade kavramı etrafında geliştirilen tartışmaların genelde terminoloji tartışmasından öteye gitmediği görülür (bk. EDÂ ; KAZÂ ). Birinci ifanın eksikliği sebebiyle yapılan ikinci ifanın namazda iade, oruçta kazâ olarak adlandırılması vaktin namazda zarf, oruçta ise miyar olmasıyla, yani bir namaz vaktinin birden fazla namaz kılınabilecek genişlikte olmasına karşılık bir oruç vaktinin sadece bir oruca imkân vermesiyle alâkalıdır. Haccın tavaf, şeytan taşlama, kurban gibi menâsiki vakitle ilişkisi bakımından namaza, bütünüyle hac ibadeti oruca benzediğinden hac menâsikinin ikinci defa ifasına iade, bozulan haccın sonraki yılda tekrar ifasına kazâ denilir.
İadenin tarifinde “vakit” kaydının yer alıp almayacağı meselesi iadenin mahiyetini ve tasnifini yakından etkileyeceğinden ayrı bir önem taşır. Fakihlerden bir kısmı, eksik olarak eda edilen vakitli bir ibadetin vakti içinde veya dışında eksiksiz şekilde yeniden yerine getirilmesini iade olarak adlandırırken bir kısmı da sadece vakti içinde yapılacak ifalara iade adını verir. Öte yandan ibadetin birinci ifasında bir bozukluğun (fesad) bulunması halinde eksik de olsa bir ibadetin varlığından söz edilemeyeceği ve o fiile ibadet olarak herhangi olumlu bir sonuç bağlanamayacağı için böyle bir fesad sonrası yapılan ikinci ifaya terim anlamıyla iade denmez. Aynı şekilde birinci ifada sadece kemali yani mükemmelliği engelleyen küçük çapta bir eksikliğin bulunması durumunda yapılan ikinci ifa (meselâ tek başına namaz kılan kimsenin aynı namazı cemaatle tekrar kılması), birinci ifanın sahih olması sebebiyle yine terim anlamıyla iade kapsamına girmez. Bu görüşleri sebebiyle Hanefî fakihleri iadenin tanımında tahrîmen mekruhun işlenmesi, vâcibin terki gibi orta çaptaki eksiklikleri ifade edebilmek için genelde “fesad dışında kalan bir eksiklikten dolayı” kaydını, bazan da “fâhiş noksan” nitelendirmesini önemle vurgularlar. Diğer bir anlatımla Hanefî fakihlerinin terminolojisinde iade, mükellefin uhdesinden sâkıt olmakla birlikte ifasında eksiklik bulunan ibadetlerin yeniden ifası anlamındadır. Halbuki fakihlerin önemli bir kısmı mükellefin uhdesinden düşürücü ifaları da iade olarak görür. Bu tartışmalarla da bağlantılı olarak fakihlerden bir kesimin iadeyi edanın kapsamında bir ifa görüp eda-kazâ şeklinde ikili ayırımla yetinirken diğer bir kesimin iadeyi eda ve kazâdan farklı üçüncü bir kategori sayıp üçlü taksim yapması bu bakış açısıyla yakından ilgilidir.
İadenin tanımıyla ilgili olarak fakihler ve fıkıh mezhepleri arasında cereyan eden tartışmalar ve örnek olaylar dikkatle takip edildiğinde iade ihtiyacını doğuran sebeplerin büyük, orta ve küçük çaplı eksiklik veya gerekçeler, literatürdeki adlandırmasıyla fesad, halel ve özür (mazeret) şeklinde üç grupta toplanmasının mümkün olduğu görülür.
İadeyi doğuran sebeplerin başında birinci ibadetin ifasında bir eksikliğin bulunması gelir. Abdest alırken yıkanması gerekli bir organın veya abdestte niyeti gerekli görenlere göre niyetin unutulması halinde abdestin yeniden alınmasının, abdest alınan suyun necis olduğunun anlaşılmasından sonra bu abdestin ve onunla kılınan farz namazın iadesinin gerekmesi böyledir. Ancak burada iadeye konu olan ibadetin dinî hükmü kadar ona ârız olan eksikliğin derecesi ve safhası da önemlidir. Bir ibadetin rükün ve şartlarından birinin eksik olması halinde o ibadet fıkhen yok hükmünde olduğu ve ibadetlerde fesad ile butlân aynı anlama geldiği için mükellefin böyle bir farz veya vâcip ibadeti gerektiği şekilde ifa yükümlülüğü devam eder. İkinci ifanın iade olarak adlandırılması, sadece fiilin tekrarını ifade etmesi yönüyle yani sözlük anlamı çerçevesinde doğru olsa da bu ifanın esasen vakit içinde eda olarak, vakit çıktıktan sonra ise kazâ olarak adlandırılması gerekir ve böyle bir kullanım iade ve edanın terim anlamlarına daha uygun düşer. Bu sebeple Hanefîler mükellefin uhdesinden sâkıt olmayan bu tür ifalara iade demeyi pek uygun görmezler. Hatta Hanefî literatürünün bir kısmında iadeyi gerektiren eksiklik açıklanırken yaygın bir kayıt olan “fesad dışı olma”nın yanı sıra “ibadete başlamanın sıhhatli olmayışının dışında kalan” kaydının da zikredilmesi (İbn Nüceym, II, 85) bunu vurgulamak için olmalıdır. Bununla birlikte fakihlerin namaz hakkında rükün-şart ayırımı yapıp namazın rükünlerindeki bir eksiklik sebebiyle yapılan ikinci ifaya iade demeseler bile şartlarındaki eksiklik sonrası ikinci ifaya iade demeye biraz daha mütemayil oldukları söylenebilir. Buna karşılık esasen vâcip olmayan bir ibadete sahih şekilde başlanmış da sonradan fâsid olmuşsa Hanefî ve Mâlikîler bu başlamanın yükümlülük doğurmasından hareketle iadeyi gerekli görürler. Ancak bu ikinci ifaya namazda iade, oruçta ise kazâ denilir.
İbadetin ifasında fesad dışında kalan orta derecede bir eksikliğin bulunması, meselâ namazda bir vâcibin terki veya tahrîmen mekruhun işlenmesi halinde bu namazın vakti içinde iadesi vâcip, vakti çıktıktan sonra ise namazın şart ve rükünlerinin tam olması sebebiyle sadece menduptur. Hanefî fakihlerinin önemli bir kısmı vakit dışında yapılan yeniden ifayı da iade olarak adlandırırken mezhebin mendup iadeyle ilgili bu görüşünü korumak istemiştir. Hükmün dayandığı sebebin mevcut olmadığının anlaşılması da ifada bir eksiklik sayılır. Meselâ vaktin girmiş olduğu zannıyla ezan okunması, seferîlik hali gibi bir ruhsatın bulunduğu zannıyla namaz kısaltılıp aksinin sabit olması, teyemmümle namaz kılındıktan sonra vakit içinde suyun bulunması durumunda başta Hanefîler olmak üzere bir kısım fakihe göre ezanın veya namazın iade edilmesinin gerekmesi böyledir. Namazın sıhhatine engel olacak ölçüde necâset bulaşmış bir elbiseyle namaz kılmış olduğunu farkeden kimsenin bu namazını yeniden kılması, namazın şartlarında bir eksikliğin bulunması açısından düşünüldüğünde en azından Hanefîler’e göre eda sayılsa bile eksiklik kasta mebni olmayan bir sebebe dayandığından iade sayılıp bu grupta mütalaa edilmesi daha uygun düşmektedir.
İadeyi doğuran üçüncü sebep mükellefin daha faziletli bir ifada bulunma, daha çok sevap kazanma, mevcut ifanın mükemmelliğindeki eksikliği giderme (ikmal) imkânı bulmuş olmasıdır. Bu durumda iade daha ziyade genel anlamıyla mendup (sünnet, müstehap) olarak görülür. Organların yıkanış sırasının (tertip) terkedilmesi halinde abdestin, yine tertibe uyulmaması halinde ezanın, münferiden namaz kılan kimsenin aynı namaz için cemaat oluşması durumunda namazın iadesi böyle bir arzudan kaynaklanır ve genelde tavsiye edilir. Hatta daha önce namazları kazâya kalmamış (tertip sahibi) bir kimsenin cemaatle namaz kılarken bir namazı kılmadığını hatırlaması durumunda bu namazdan sonra hem geçen namazı hem de cemaatle kıldığı namazı iade etmesinin istenmesi de böyle bir mükemmellik amacına yöneliktir. Kaç rek‘at namaz kıldığını tam hatırlamayan kimseye sık sık bu tür kuşkulara düşmüyorsa namazını iade etmesi tavsiye edilirken de namazdan beklenen iç huzurunu temine yardımcı bir çözüm üretilmiş olmaktadır. Başka bir elbisesi bulunmadığı için necis elbiseyle namaz kılan kimsenin temiz elbise bulduğunda Hanefîler hariç fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre namazını iade etmesinin gerekmesi de yine tahâret şartının eksikliğini değil mükemmelliğin eksikliğini telâfiye yönelik olmalıdır.
İbadetlerde iadenin hükmü çok defa edanın hükmüyle aynı olsa da başlanmakla vâcip hale gelen nâfile ibadetin iadesinin vâcip veya münferiden kılınan bir namazın vakti içinde cemaatle yeniden kılınmasının mendup sayılması örneklerinde olduğu gibi iade bazan edanın hükmünden farklı bir hüküm de alabilir. İadenin hükmü iadeyi doğuran eksikliğin derecesiyle de yakından ilgilidir. Meselâ vâcibin terki veya tahrîmen mekruh bir fiilin işlenmesi halinde bu namazın vakti içinde iadesi vâcip, daha küçük çapta bir eksiklik bulunup da mükellefin daha fazla ecir kazanma arzusundan kaynaklanan iadeler ise müstehap görülür. Yine vakti içinde iade edilmesi vâcip olan namazın -vakitli ibadetlerin vakti dışında tekrarlanmasına da iade denmesi durumunda- vakit çıktıktan sonra iadesi mendup hükmünü alır ve böyle bir iade Hanefîler’in anlayışına göre bir bakıma namazın bozucu nitelikte olmayan eksikliğini tamamlayıcı sehiv secdesi işlevini görür. Öte yandan namazın vâcip ve mekruhlarının sayımında fıkıh mezhepleri arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunması da iadenin hükmünün farklılığını kaçınılmaz kılmaktadır. Bu sebeple olmalıdır ki edasında eksiklik bulunan farz bir namazın bu birinci ifasına farz, iadesine nâfile veya sehiv secdesi gibi ikmal denmesinin mi yoksa edaya eksik farz, iadeye kâmil farz denmesinin mi daha uygun olacağı fakihler arasında tartışmalı kalmıştır (İbn Âbidîn, II, 64-65).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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