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İBN ATIYYE el-ENDELÜSÎ Skip to content Ebû Muhammed Abdülhak b. Gālib b. Abdirrahmân b. Gālib el-Muhâribî el-Gırnâtî el-Endelüsî (ö. 541/1147)
Müfessir ve kadı.
481’de (1088) Gırnata’da (Granada) doğdu. Soyu, Endülüs’ün fethi için bu ülkeye gelen Arap ordusu sancaktarı Atıyye b. Hâlid b. Haffâf el-Muhâribî’ye dayanır. Atıyye’nin dedelerinin Rebîa veya daha kuvvetli bir ihtimalle Mudar kabilesine mensup olduğu kaydedilmektedir; nitekim İbn Atıyye de dedelerinin Mudarî olduğunu söyler (Fihrisü İbn ʿAṭıyye , s. 60). Kendisine kadar bu aileden pek çok âlim ve idareci yetişmiştir; babası Gālib b. Abdurrahman Endülüs’te dönemin önde gelen muhaddis ve fakihlerindendir (Feth b. Hâkān el-Kaysî, III, 636-640).
İbn Atıyye’nin yaşadığı dönemde Kurtuba (Córdoba), Mürsiye (Murcia) ve İşbîliye (Sevilla) gibi Gırnata da medreselerin çokça bulunduğu bir şehirdi. Burada bir medresesi bulunan babasından ve diğer âlimlerden öğrenim görmeye başlayan İbn Atıyye, daha on iki-on üç yaşlarında iken birçok hocadan çeşitli ilimlere dair icâzetler aldı. Kurtuba, İşbîliye, Mürsiye, Belensiye (Valencia) ve Ceyyân (Jaén) gibi şehirlere giderek buralardaki hocalardan ders gördü ve çeşitli kitaplara ait icâzetler aldı; gidemediği yerlerdeki birçok âlimden de kitâbet yoluyla icâzetler elde etti. Onun Endülüs dışına çıkmadığı konusunda ittifak olmasına rağmen Ömer Rızâ Kehhâle’nin doğuya seyahat ettiğini söylemesi (Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , V, 93) babasıyla onu karıştırmasından kaynaklanmış olmalıdır; nitekim babasının tahsil için Kuzey Afrika, Mısır, Şam ve Hicaz’a seyahatte bulunduğu bilinmektedir (Fihrisü İbn ʿAṭıyye , s. 60-63; Abdülvehhâb Abdülvehhâb Fâyid, s. 53-54).
İbn Atıyye tefsir, kıraat, hadis, fıkıh, kelâm, dil ve tarih alanlarındaki öğrenim hayatı hakkında bilgi verdiği el-Fihrist adlı eserinde otuz hocasından söz eder. Bunlar arasında babası Gālib, Ebû Ali el-Gassânî, Ebû Ali es-Sadefî, Ebü’l-Hasan İbnü’l-Bâziş, Ebû Muhammed Abdurrahman b. Muhammed b. Attâb el-Kurtubî, Ebû Bahr Süfyân b. Âsî el-Esedî ve Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ali et-Tağlibî kendilerinden en fazla istifade ettiği hocalarıdır. İbn Atıyye aynı yerde babasından okuduğu eserlerin adını da kaydeder (Fihrisü İbn ʿAṭıyye , s. 63-77). Daha sonra ders vermeye başlayan İbn Atıyye’den çok sayıda talebe faydalanmıştır. İbn Hayr el-İşbîlî, İbn Medâ, Ebû Bekir İbn Tufeyl (Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân ’ın müellifi), İbn Kurkūl, Ebü’l-Kāsım Abdurrahman b. Muhammed el-Ensârî el-Endelüsî, Ebû Bekir İbn Ebû Cemre bunlardan bazılarıdır (talebeleri için bk. Fihrisü İbn ʿAṭıyye , neşredenlerin girişi, s. 15-19; Abdülvehhâb Abdülvehhâb Fâyid, s. 88-91).
İbn Atıyye Murâbıtlar döneminde yaşamıştır. Murâbıtlar’ın başlangıçta Benî Atıyye ailesine iyi gözle bakmadığı, hatta İbn Atıyye’nin babasını bir süre sürgüne gönderdikleri rivayet edilir. Ancak daha sonra ailenin Murâbıtlar’la ilişkileri düzelmiş, İbn Atıyye de hıristiyanlarla yapılan birçok savaşa, bu arada 503 (1109) yılında Talabîre (Talavera) Savaşı’na katılmış, 511’de (1117) Sarakusta’nın (Zaragoza) savunmasında bulunmuştur. İbn Atıyye Murâbıt melikleriyle görüşmeler yapıyor, savaşların durumu ve düşmanlara karşı takip edilmesi gereken stratejilerle ilgili raporlar veriyor, hıristiyanlar tarafından istilâ edilen yerleri almaları konusunda teşvik ve uyarılarda bulunuyordu. Uzun süre savaş ortamında bulunmasının tefsir çalışmasını etkilediği, cihad âyetlerini tefsir ederken görüşlerini daha gerçekçi bir zemine oturttuğu görülmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 71-72).
529 yılı Muharreminde (Kasım 1134) Meriye (Almeria) kadılığına tayin edilen İbn Atıyye burada on iki yılı aşkın bir süre görev yaptı. İlk yılları hıristiyanlara karşı parlak zaferlerle geçen Murâbıtlar’ın zamanla zayıflaması, hıristiyanlar karşısında üst üste yenilgiler alarak ülkeyi idare edemez duruma gelmesi üzerine Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî kumandasındaki Muvahhidler’in 540 (1146) yılının sonlarında Murâbıtlar Devleti’ni ortadan kaldırması ve 541’de (1147) Endülüs’ün tamamına hâkim olması ile İbn Atıyye’nin konumu da sarsıldı. Meriye halkının kendisini zındıklıkla itham edip hakkında şikâyette bulunması sebebiyle (Ebû Abdullah ez-Zerkeşî, s. 6; Abdülvehhâb Abdülvehhâb Fâyid, s. 75) Muvahhidler tarafından Meriye’deki görevinden alınarak 541 yılı başında Mürsiye’ye kadı tayin edildi. Ancak İbn Atıyye Mürsiye’ye giremeyince bu defa Batı Endülüs’teki Lûrka’ya (Lorca) gitmek zorunda kaldı ve 25 Ramazan 541’de (28 Şubat 1147) burada vefat etti. Araştırmalar, ölüm tarihiyle ilgili olarak bir kısım kaynaklarda yer alan 542 ve 546 tarihlerinin yanlış olduğunu göstermektedir (a.g.e. , s. 78). Onun Lûrka’ya kadı olarak tayin edilip edilmediği konusunda açık bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca Gırnata ve diğer bazı şehirlerde kadılık yaptığı yolunda kaynaklarda yer alan bilgilerin yanlış olduğu sanılmaktadır.
Biyografisine talebeleri, çağdaşları ve daha sonraki âlimler tarafından yazılan eserlerde yer verilen İbn Atıyye’den dehâ derecesinde zeki ve idraki yüksek bir insan, fıkıh, tefsir ve Arap dilinde imam, hâfız, edip, şair, bid‘atlardan uzak duran bir kişi, âdil bir kadı, cesur ve atılgan bir kimse olarak söz edilmektedir. İbn Ferhûn, Mâlikî mezhebinin önde gelen âlimlerini tanıttığı ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb ’de İbn Atıyye’nin biyografisine yer vermiştir (II, 57-59). Nübâhî ise Târîḫu ḳuḍâti’l-Endelüs adlı eserinde onun fıkıhçılığına ve dinî hükümlere olan vukufuna dikkat çekmiştir (s. 109). Hayatına dair eserlerin çoğunda onun hadisçiliğine de işaret edilmiştir. Feth b. Hâkān el-Kaysî, Abdülbâkī el-Yemânî ve Süyûtî ise eserlerinde dilciliği üzerinde durmuştur.
İbn Atıyye’nin şöhreti daha çok el-Muḥarrerü’l-vecîz adlı tefsirinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Çeşitli konularla ilgili görüşlerini bu eserinde ortaya koymuş; tefsir, kıraat, hadis, kelâm, fıkıh, Arap dili ve tarih sahalarındaki yetişmişliğini bu eserinde göstermiştir. Müfessirliği hakkında İslâm âlimleri övgü dolu ifadeler kullanmış ve bu ilimde kendisinden önceki âlimleri geride bıraktığını ileri sürmüşlerdir. İbn Teymiyye de el-Muḥarrerü’l-vecîz ’i, hadisleri kullanma ve bid‘atlardan uzak durma bakımından Zemahşerî’nin tefsirinden daha iyi kabul etmektedir. Ancak Taberî’den yaptığı alıntıları nakletmekle yetinmeyip bunlar üzerinde değerlendirme yapmasını, özellikle Mu‘tezile kelâmcılarının görüşlerini zikretmesini önemli bir hata olarak değerlendirmektedir (Muḳaddime fî uṣûli’t-tefsîr , s. 111-112; a.mlf., Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , XIII, 361, 388). İbn Hacer el-Heytemî de onun görüşlerini Mu‘tezile ile ilişkilendirmekte ve -İbn Arafe el-Vergammî’nin (ö. 803/1401) ifadelerini kullanarak- İbn Atıyye’nin tefsirinde Zemahşerî’nin el-Keşşâf ’ındakilerden çok daha zararlı yorumlar bulunduğunu söylemektedir (el-Fetâva’l-ḥadîs̱e , s. 242). Abdülvehhâb Abdülvehhâb Fâyid ise İbn Hacer’in bu ithamının asılsızlığını çeşitli delillerle ortaya koymuştur (Menhecü İbn ʿAṭıyye , s. 221-262). İbn Atıyye’yi Mu‘tezile’nin prensiplerine uyduğu ve âyetleri bu doğrultuda tefsir ettiği gerekçesiyle eleştiren âlimlerden biri de Şevkânî’dir (Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , I, 95, 251; Muhammed Hasan el-Gumârî, s. 124-125). Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî, el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ adlı tefsirinin mukaddimesinde (I, 9-10) İbn Atıyye’den söz edip onu Zemahşerî ile karşılaştırmıştır. Ebû Hayyân’a göre İbn Atıyye tefsir âlimlerinin en büyüklerindendir. Kaynaklardaki bilgileri tenkit süzgecinden geçirerek ortaya koymakta büyük başarı göstermiştir. İbn Haldûn da İbn Atıyye’nin müfessirliğini takdir edenlerdendir. İbn Haldûn’a göre İbn Atıyye eserinde kendisine kadar gelen tefsir mirasını özetlemiş ve doğruya en yakın bilgileri ortaya koymuş, müfessir Kurtubî de aynı yöntemi uygulamıştır (Muḳaddime , III, 998). Süyûtî ise onu “kıdvetü’l-müfessirîn” sıfatıyla anmış, tefsirinin Arap diline vukufunu ve diğer ilmî konulardaki otoritesinin en güçlü şahidi olduğunu söylemiştir (Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn , s. 60-61; a.mlf., Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , II, 73).
İbn Atıyye tefsirinde rivayet ve dirâyet usulünü birlikte uygulamış, gerek hadis kaynaklarından gerekse tefsirlerden aldığı rivayetleri tenkit süzgecinden geçirmiş, yer yer sened ve metin kritiği yapmıştır. Çok defa rivayetleri senedlerini hazfederek ilk râvisinden nakletmiştir. Kıraat farklılıklarına ve cümle tahlillerine geniş yer veren İbn Atıyye ahkâm âyetlerinin yorumunu Mâlikî mezhebinin esaslarına göre yapmış, yer yer diğer mezheplerle mukayeselere de yer vermiştir. Tefsirinde İsrâiliyat’tan uzak durmakla birlikte başka bilgilerin bulunmadığı durumlarda bazı İsrâilî rivayetleri de kullanmış, işârî ve bâtınî tefsire ise şiddetle karşı çıkmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. el-Muḥarrerü’l-vecîz fî tefsîri’l-kitâbi’l-ʿazîz . İbn Atıyye’nin babası hayatta iken yazımına başladığı ve muhtemelen Meriye kadılığı sırasında tamamladığı hacimli tefsirdir. Eserin ismi kaynaklarda ve bazı yazma nüshalarında el-Vecîz veya el-Câmiʿu’l-muḥarrerü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥu’l-vecîz fî tefsîri’l-kitâbi’l-ʿazîz şeklinde de geçmektedir. Pek çok yazma nüshası bulunan eser (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 412; Suppl. , I, 732; Abdüsselâm Ahmed el-Kenûnî, s. 242) ilk defa Ahmed Sâdık el-Mellâh’ın tahkikiyle eksik olarak yayımlanmış (I, Kahire 1974), daha sonra Fas Vakıflar Bakanlığı tarafından on altı ciltlik (Muhammediye 1975-1991), Katar İslâmî İşler Bakanlığı tarafından da on dört ciltlik (Doha 1977-1991) baskıları yapılmıştır. Eserin tamamını, Abdüsselâm Abdüşşâfî Muhammed’in tahkikiyle Dârü’l-kütübi’l-İlmiyye beş cilt olarak yayımlamış (Beyrut 1993), Cemâl Talebe bu baskıya bir fihrist hazırlamıştır (Fehârisü’l-Muḥarreri’l-vecîz fî tefsîri’l-kitâbi’l-ʿazîz , Beyrut 1415/1995). Ebû Zeyd es-Seâlibî (ö. 875/1470) İbn Atıyye’nin tefsirini ihtisar etmiş, bazı yeni bilgiler ekleyerek el-Cevâhirü’l-ḥisân fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla (I-III, Beyrut 1416/1996) yeni bir tefsir meydana getirmiştir (Abdülvehhâb Abdülvehhâb Fâyid, s. 294-299). Arthur Jeffery, el-Muḥarrerü’l-vecîz ’in mukaddimesini müellifi bilinmeyen el-Mebânî li-naẓmi’l-meʿânî adlı bir başka eserin mukaddimesiyle birlikte Muḳaddimetân fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1954). Ancak Jeffery, mukaddimenin pek çok yerini tahrif ettiği ve önemli hatalar yaptığı gerekçesiyle birçok ilim adamının tenkidine mâruz kalmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 84; Adnân Muhammed Zerzûr, s. 81; Tallâl Abdullah Mellûş, s. ṭâ-ḳāf). Eser Abdullah İsmâil es-Sâvî’nin tashihleriyle yeniden basılmıştır (Kahire 1392/1972).
2. el-Fihrist . Bazı kaynaklarda (el-)Bernâmec adıyla geçmektedir. Müellif bu küçük hacimli eseri Meriye’de kadı iken 533 (1139) yılında tamamlamıştır (tanıtımı için bk. Mustafa ez-Zebbâh, s. 269-271). İbn Atıyye’nin kendilerinden ders gördüğü otuz hocasından ve okuduğu ders kitaplarından bahsettiği bu eserinde çeşitli ilimlere ve eserlere dair rivayet zincirleri de yer almaktadır. Eser Muhammed Ebü’l-Ecfân ve Muhammed ez-Zâhî’nin tahkik, tahrîc ve ta‘likleriyle birlikte Fihrisü İbn ʿAṭıyye adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1980, 1983). Bu neşrin baş tarafına İbn Atıyye’nin hayatı, ilmî kişiliği ve eserlerine dair bir giriş eklenmiştir (s. 5-56).
İbnü’l-Ebbâr, el-Muʿcem fî aṣḥâbi’l-Ḳāḍi’ṣ-Ṣadefî adlı eserinde (s. 223) Meriyeli hadis âlimi Ruşâtî’nin İbn Atıyye’yi tenkit amacıyla İẓhârü fesâdi’l-iʿtiḳād bi-beyâni sûʾi’l-intiḳād adlı bir eser kaleme aldığını, İbn Atıyye’nin de onun İḳtibâsü’l-envâr ve iltimâs̱ü’l-ezhâr fî ensâbi’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe ve ruvâti’l-âs̱âr ’ını tenkit için el-Ensâb adıyla bir kitap yazdığını kaydetmiştir. İbn Atıyye’nin el-Ensâb adlı bir eserinin bulunduğunu Muhammed Abdullah İnân da söylemektedir (ʿAṣrü’l-Murâbıṭîn , I, 458). İbn Atıyye’nin bazı şiir ve nesirlerini İbn Hâkān ve Ahmed b. Yahyâ ed-Dabbî nakletmiştir (bk. bibl.).
İbn Atıyye’nin ilmî kişiliğiyle müfessirliği üzerine birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bunların en önemlisi, Abdülvehhâb Abdülvehhâb Fâyid’in Câmiatü’l-Ezher’de Menhecü İbn ʿAṭıyye fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm adıyla hazırladığı doktora tezidir (Beyrut 1393/1973). Ayrıca Sâlih Bâciye ʿAbdülḥaḳ b. ʿAṭıyye ve tefsîruhû el-Muḥarrerü’l-vecîz adıyla bir doktora tezi (1979, el-Külliyetü’z-Zeytûniyye, Ulûmü’l-Kur’ân), Abdülazîz Bedevî Züheyrî İbn ʿAṭıyye el-müfessir ve mekânühû min ḥayâti’t-tefsîr fi’l-Endelüs (1960, Câmiatü’l-İskenderiyye, Külliyetü’l-Âdâb), Ali İbrâhim Ali en-Nâcim Tefsîrü İbn ʿAṭıyye: min evveli sûreti’z-Zâriyât ilâ âḫiri sûreti’l-Ḥadîd (1401, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ, Külliyetü’ş-şerîa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-ulyâ eş-şer‘iyye), Îsâ b. Ali el-Asîrî Mesâʾilü’l-ḫilâfi’n-naḥviyye beyne Ebî Ḥayyân ve İbn ʿAṭıyye (1408, Riyad-Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye, el-Lugatü’l-Arabiyye, en-Nahv ve’s-sarf) ve İsmail Albayrak İbn-i Atıyye ve Tefsiri el-Muharrerü’l-veciz (1994, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) adıyla birer yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Feth b. Hâkān el-Kaysî, Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân (nşr. Hüseyin Yûsuf Haryûş), Zerkā 1409/1989, III, 636-640, 655-673.
İbn Hayr, Fehrese , s. 437, 452.
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ed-Delîlü’l-Bibliyoġrâfî li’r-resâʾili’l-câmiʿiyye fî Mıṣr , Kahire 1976, I, 475.
J. M. Forneas, Los Banu Atiyya de Granada , Granada 1976-77.
Muhammed Hasan el-Gumârî, el-İmâmü’ş-Şevkânî müfessiren , Cidde 1401/1981, s. 124-125.
Abdüsselâm Ahmed el-Kenûnî, el-Medresetü’l-Ḳurʾâniyye fi’l-Maġrib mine’l-fetḥi’l-İslâmî ilâ İbn ʿAṭıyye , Rabat 1401/1981, s. 242.
Nüveyhiz, Muʿcemü’l-müfessirîn , I, 257.
M. Hüseyin ez-Zehebî, et-Tefsîr ve’l-müfessirûn , Kahire 1405/1985, I, 230-234.
Mustafa İbrâhim el-Muşînî, Medresetü’t-tefsîr fi’l-Endelüs , Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 92-97.
Mustafa ez-Zebbâh, Fünûnü’n-nes̱ri’l-edebî bi’l-Endelüs fî ẓılli’l-Murâbıṭîn , Beyrut 1987, s. 269-271.
Tallâl Abdullah Mellûş, Taḳvîmü cehdi’l-müsteşriḳ Arthur Jeffery fî taḥḳīḳih li-muḳaddimeti kitâbi’l-Mebânî li-naẓmi’l-meʿânî (yüksek lisans tezi, 1409/1989, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd), s. ṭâ-ḳāf.
Adnân Muhammed Zerzûr, ʿUlûmü’l-Ḳurʾân: medḫal ilâ tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾân ve beyânü iʿcâzih , Beyrut 1991, s. 81.
Zeyd b. Abdülmuhsin Âl-i Hüseyin, Delâʾilü’r-resâʾili’l-câmiʿiyye fi’l-memleketi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’s-Suʿûdiyye , Riyad 1994, s. 144.
M. Fâdıl İbn Âşûr, et-Tefsîr ve ricâlüh , Kahire 1997, s. 59-80.
Vincent J. Cornell, “‘Ilm al-Qur’an in al-Andalus: the Tafsir Muharrar in the Works of Three Authors”, Jusūr , II, Los Angeles 1986, s. 63-81.
“İbn ʿAṭıyye”, DMBİ , IV, 314-316.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 338-340 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.