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İBN IRÂK Skip to content Ebû Nasr Mansûr b. Alî b. Irâk (ö. 427/1036’dan önce)
Bîrûnî’nin hocası, matematik ve astronomi bilgini.
349’da (960) Gîlân’da doğduğu sanılmaktadır. Risâle fî maʿrifeti ḳısiyyi’l-felekiyye adlı eserinde Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî’den “hocamız” diye söz etmesine bakarak onun Bûzcânî’nin öğrencisi olduğunu ileri sürenler varsa da bu görüş doğru değildir; çünkü İbn Irâk, aynı ifadeyi kendinden daha aşağı seviyedeki meslektaşları için de kullanmıştır (Ebü’l-Kāsım Kurbânî, s. 113). İbn Irâk, 385 (995) yılına kadar Hârizm’de hüküm süren Hârizmşahlar’ın Afrigoğulları hânedanına mensup son hükümdarlardan Muhammed b. Irâk’ın yeğenidir. Hayatının büyük kısmını, Bîrûnî ve İbn Sînâ gibi birçok ilim adamının hâmileri olan ve Afrigoğulları’nın hâkimiyetine son veren Me’mûnîler’den Sultan Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Me’mûn ve kardeşi Ebü’l-Abbas Me’mûn b. Me’mûn’un himayesinde geçirdi. Kaynaklarda zenginliğinden ve Hârizm şehrinin yakınlarındaki bir köyde yer alan muhteşem konağından söz edilir (a.g.e. , a.y.). 407 (1017) yılında Ebü’l-Abbas Me’mûn’un öldürülmesi ve Hârizm’i topraklarına katan Sultan Mahmûd-ı Gaznevî’nin daveti üzerine öğrencisi Bîrûnî ile birlikte Gazne’ye gitti ve ömrünün sonuna kadar orada yaşadı. Bîrûnî’nin 427’de (1035-36) Muhammed b. Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî’nin eserlerine dair yazdığı risâlede (Fihrist-i Kitâbhâ-yi Râzî , s. 39) onun hakkında kullandığı ifadeden o tarihten önce vefat ettiği anlaşılmaktadır.
İbn Irâk, şöhretini daha çok Bîrûnî ile birlikte yaptığı çalışmalara borçludur. Bu ortak çalışmaların genellikle Bîrûnî’nin Cürcân’dan Hârizm’in merkezi olan Gürgenç’e geldiği 399 (1008-1009) yılında başladığı düşünülmekte, ancak bunun tarihinin daha önceye gidebileceğine dair bazı işaretler de bulunmaktadır. Meselâ Bîrûnî 390’da (1000) yazdığı el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye ’de “üstadım” diye İbn Irâk’a atıfta bulunurken İbn Irâk da 388’de (998) kaleme aldığı azimut hakkındaki kitabını Bîrûnî’ye ithaf etmiştir. Ayrıca Bîrûnî, Râzî’nin eserlerine dair risâlesinin sonunda kendi çalışmalarının listesini verdikten sonra, kendisine ithafen veya kendi isteği üzerine kaleme alındığı yolunda bir ifade kullanarak hocası İbn Irâk’ın on iki kitap ve risâlesinin adını kaydeder (a.g.e. , s. 39-40). Nitekim muhtevalarından bu eserlerin, Bîrûnî’nin araştırmaları sırasında karşılaştığı bazı problemlerin çözümü için başvurması üzerine İbn Irâk tarafından yazıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca Bîrûnî kitaplarının bazılarında İbn Irâk’ın araştırma sonuçlarını kullandığını açıkça ifade etmekte ve ifade tarzından da hocasına verdiği değerin büyüklüğü anlaşılmaktadır.
İbn Irâk’ın Bîrûnî ile yaptığı ortak mesai en açık şekilde Bîrûnî’nin ekliptiğin eğimini belirleme konusundaki çalışmaları sırasında görülür. 387’de (997) Hârizm’de ve 407 (1016), 410 (1019), 411’de (1020) Gazne’de gözlemler yapan Bîrûnî, güneşin ekvatordan en uzak noktada bulunduğu zamanki yüksekliğini klasik yöntemle ölçerek eğim açısını 23° 35′ şeklinde hesaplamıştır. Fakat daha sonra Muhammed İbnü’s-Sabbâh’ın bir eseriyle karşılaşmış ve hem onda hem kendi çalışmasında bazı hatalar tesbit ederek hocasından bunları düzeltmesini, ayrıca İbnü’s-Sabbâh’ın kullandığı teknik ve metodu da inceleyip eleştirmesini istemiştir. İbn Irâk, bu talep üzerine Risâle fi’l-berâhîn ʿalâ ʿameli Muḥammed b. eṣ-Ṣabbâḥ fî imtiḥâni’ş-şems adlı kitabını yazarak İbnü’s-Sabbâh’ın metodunun güneşin ekliptik üzerinde tekdüze (üniform) hareket ettiği kabulüne dayandığı için yanlış olduğunu ortaya koymuş, Bîrûnî de el-Ḳānûnü’l-Mesʿûdî ve Taḥdîdü nihâyâti’l-emâkin adlı eserlerinde kaynak göstermek suretiyle onun tashih ettiği sonuçları kullanmıştır.
İbn Irâk’ın trigonometriye olan katkıları astronomiye yaptıkları gibi dolaylı değildir. Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’ye göre İbn Irâk, küresel üçgenler için m$frac{sin a}{sin A}=frac{sin b}{sin B}=frac{sin c}{sin C}$ (kenarlarla karşılarındaki açıların sinüslerine ait oranların birbirlerine eşitliği) veya düzlem üçgenler için m$frac{a}{sin A}=frac{b}{sin B}=frac{c}{sin C}$ (kenarların karşılarındaki açıların sinüslerine oranlarının birbirlerine eşitliği) şeklinde ifade edilen sinüs kanununu keşfeden üç kişiden biridir. Diğer ikisi Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî ve Hâmid b. Hıdır el-Hucendî’dir. Ancak kanunu önce hangisinin bulduğu ilim adamları arasında tartışma konusudur. Şu var ki İbn Irâk, astronomi ve geometriyle ilgili çalışmalarında bu kanunu önemli bir yenilik diyerek kullanmış, ayrıca el-Mecisṭî eş-Şâhî , Kitâb fi’s-sümût , Risâle fî maʿrifeti ḳısiyyi’l-felekiyye ve Risâle fi’l-cevâb ʿan mesâʾili’l-hendesiyye süʾile ʿanhâ adlı kitaplarında da ispatını yapmıştır.
Eserleri. İbn Irâk’ın kaleme aldığı bilinen yirmi iki eserden on beşi Resâʾilü Ebî Naṣr Manṣûr ile’l-Bîrûnî içinde yayımlanmış (Haydarâbâd 1367/1948), bunların altısı Julio Samsó tarafından İspanyolca’ya çevrilmiştir (Estudios Sobre Abū Naṣr Manṣūr b. ʿAlī b. ʿIrāq , Barcelona 1969).
1. Kitâb fi’s-sümût . Kıble tayininde kullanılan matematiksel usuller hakkındadır. Bîrûnî, Kitâbü Maḳālîdi ʿilmi’l-heyʾe ’de (Dımaşk 1985) önemle üzerinde durarak gerek kendi dönemindeki gerekse daha önceki matematikçilerin kullandığı konuyla ilgili usullerin bir mukayesesini yapar ve hocasının başarılarından övgüyle söz eder (s. 97, 98, 105, 133, 135).
2. el-Mecisṭî eş-Şâhî . Hârizmşah Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Me’mûn’a ithaf edildiği bilinen eser, Bîrûnî ile bizzat müellifin yaptığı çeşitli atıflardan ve India Office’de bulunan İstiḫrâcü buʿdi mâ beyne’l-merkezeyn mine’l-Mecisṭî adlı muhtasarından (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 623) anlaşıldığına göre İbn Irâk’ın matematik ve astronomiyle ilgili en dikkate değer çalışmasıdır.
3. Kitâb fî ʿilleti taṣnîfi’t-taʿdîl ʿinde aṣḥâbi’s-Sindhind . Zîc-i Sindhind geleneği müelliflerine göre denklemin ikiye bölünmesinin sebeplerini inceler.
4. Kitâb fî taṣḥîḥi kitâbi İbrâhîm b. Sinân fî taṣḥîḥi iḫtilâfi’l-kevâkibi’l-ʿulviyye . İbrâhim b. Sinân’ın gezegenlerin hareketleri arasındaki farklılık konusunu işleyen çalışmasında mevcut hataları düzeltmek amacıyla yazılmıştır.
5. Tehẕîbü’t-teʿâlîm . Mukaddimesini Bîrûnî’nin Kitâbü Maḳālîdi ʿilmi’l-heyʾe ’de aynen iktibas ettiği (s. 105), sonra da oradaki hipotezi kanıtlamaya çalıştığı görülür. Bîrûnî başka kitaplarında da hocasının bu eserine sık sık göndermeler yapmıştır.
6. Iṣlâḥu Kitâbi Menelâvus fi’l-küriyyât . Menelaos’un aslı bugüne gelmeyen Sferica ’sını yeniden düzenleyen bir çalışma olup 398 (1007-1008) yılında kaleme alınmıştır. Küresel geometri alanında büyük bir şöhrete sahiptir; nitekim Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, ancak İbn Irâk’ın Iṣlâḥ ’ını okuduktan sonra Menelaos’un eserini anlayabildiğini söyler (Ebü’l-Kāsım Kurbânî, s. 116). M. Krause’un Almanca tercümesiyle birlikte neşrettiği (Berlin 1936) kitaptan ayrıca yapılan seçmeler de Resâʾil (yk.bk.) arasında on ikinci risâleyi oluşturmaktadır.
7. Risâle fî ḥalli şübhetin ʿuriżat lehû fi’l-maḳāleti’s̱-s̱âlis̱ete ʿaşer min Kitâbi’l-Uṣûl . Bîrûnî’nin, Öklid’in ünlü Uṣûlü’l-hendese ’sinin on üçüncü makalesindeki bir problemin çözümüne ilişkin sorusuna cevap olarak kaleme alınmıştır ve Resâʾil arasında yedinci risâleyi teşkil eder.
8. Risâle fî maʿrifeti ḳısiyyi’l-felekiyye . Küresel yayların orantı yönteminden başka bir yöntemle de belirlenebileceğine ilişkin bir çalışmadır. Resâʾil ’in sekizinci risâlesi olarak yayımlanmış, ayrıca P. Luckey tarafından tercüme edilmiştir (“Zur Entstehung der Kugeldreiecksrechnung”, Deutsche Matematik , V [1940], s. 423-433).
9. Risâle fî taṣḥîḥi mâ vaḳaʿa li-Ebî Caʿfer el-Ḫâzin mine’s-sehv fî Zîci’ṣ-ṣafâʾiḥ . Bîrûnî için yazılan risâlede müellif, Ebû Ca‘fer el-Hâzin’in meşhur zîcinde gördüğü bazı hataları düzeltmek üzere yola çıkmış ve bu konuda Menelaos’un kanıtlarıyla onun kanıtlarının bir mukayesesini yaptıktan sonra gerekli tashihlerde bulunmuştur. Eser Resâʾil ’in üç numaralı risâlesidir.
10. Risâle fî mecâzâti devâʾiri’s-sümût fi’l-usṭurlâb . Usturlapta azimut çemberinin geçirilişini konu edinen eser Bîrûnî için 388’de (998) kaleme alınmıştır; Resâʾil ’de on dördüncü sıradadır.
11. Risâle fî cedveli’d-daḳāʾiḳ . Bîrûnî için yazılan eser çeşitli bölgelerde güneşin doğuş ve batışındaki derece ve dakika farklarının hesaplamasını konu alır; Resâʾil içinde beşinci metin olarak yayımlanmıştır.
12. Risâle fi’l-berâhîn ʿalâ ʿameli Muḥammed b. eṣ-Ṣabbâḥ fî imtiḥâni’ş-şems . Bîrûnî’nin isteğiyle kaleme alınan eser, çeşitli mevsimlerde güneşin durumuyla ilgili gözlemler yapan Muhammed b. Sabbâh’ın ölçümlerinde kullandığı yöntem ve tekniğin eleştirisi mahiyetindedir; Resâʾil ’in iki numaralı metnidir.
13. Risâle fi’d-devâʾir elletî teḥuddü’s-sâʿâti’z-zamâniyye . Bîrûnî için yazılmıştır ve zaman saatlerinin sınırlarını belirleyen dairelerle usturlabın kullanılışına ilişkin bazı bilgileri içerir; Resâʾil içinde bir numaralı metin olarak yayımlanmıştır.
14. Risâle fî keşfi ʿavâri’l-Bâṭıniyye bimâ mevvehû ʿalâ ʿâmmetihim fî rüʾyeti’l-ehille . İbn Irâk’ın yine Bîrûnî için kaleme aldığı risâle, hilâlin görülmesine ilişkin Bâtınîler’in düştüğü hatayı ortaya koymakta ve kamerî ayların bir kısmının yirmi dokuz, bir kısmının otuz gün çekmesinin nereden kaynaklandığını astronomların görüşleriyle birlikte şer‘î delillerle de göstermeye çalışmaktadır; Resâʾil ’in altıncı risâlesidir.
15. Risâletü küriyyeti’s-semâʾ . Resâʾil ’in dokuzuncu metnini teşkil eder.
16. Risâle fi’l-cevâb ʿan mesâʾili’l-hendesiyye süʾile ʿanhâ . İbn Irâk’ın kendi geometrisiyle ilgili on beş soruya verdiği cevapları içermektedir. Resâʾil ’de onuncu metin olarak yayımlanmıştır.
17. Risâle fî berâhîni aʿmâli cedveli’t-taḳvîm fî Zîci Ḥabeş el-Ḥâsib . Habeş el-Hâsib’in takvim cetvellerinin düzenlenmesine ilişkin ispatları hakkında olup Resâʾil ’in dördüncü metnidir.
18. Risâle fî ṣınâʿati’l-usṭurlâb bi’ṭ-ṭarîḳi’ṣ-ṣınâʿî . Resâʾil içinde on beşinci metin olarak yayımlanmıştır.
19. Risâle fi’l-usṭurlâbi’s-Seraṭânî el-mücennaḥ fî ḥaḳīḳatihî bi’ṭ-ṭarîḳı’ṣ-ṣınâʿî . Eserin varlığı Kâtib Çelebi’den öğrenilmektedir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 846).
20. Risâle fi’l-burhân ʿalâ ḥaḳīḳati’l-mesʾele elletî vaḳaʿat beyne Ebû Ḥâmid eṣ-Ṣâġānî ve beyne müneccimi’r-Rey . İbn Irâk’ın Ahmed b. Muhammed es-Sâgānî ile Reyli astronomlar arasında çıkan usturlabın kullanımına dair tartışmaya ilişkin görüşlerini ve bilimsel kanıtlarını ihtiva eder. Resâʾil ’de on üçüncü sıradadır.
21. Risâle fi’l-burhân ʿalâ ʿameli Ḥabeş fî meṭâliʿi’s-semt fî zîcih . Bîrûnî için kaleme alınan eser Resâʾil ’in on birinci metnidir.
22. Risâle fi’l-burhân ʿalâ ʿameli Muḥammed b. eṣ-Ṣabbâḥ fi’l-usṭurlâb (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 861).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bîrûnî, Taḥdîdü nihâyâti’l-emâkin (nşr. Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî), Ankara 1962, s. 121-123, 133.
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Ebü’l-Kāsım Kurbânî, Zindegînâme-i Riyâżîdânân-ı Devre-i İslâmî , Tahran 1365 hş., s. 112-120.
E. S. Kennedy – H. Sharkas, “Two Medieval Methods for Determining the Obliquity of the Ecliptic”, Mathematical Teacher , LV/5 (1962), s. 286-290.
M. Th. Debarnot, “Introduction du traingle polaire par Abū Naṣr b. ʿIrāq”, MTUA , II/1 (1978), s. 126-136.
B. R. Goldstein, “Ibn ʿIrāḳ”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 808.
Julio Samsó, “Manṣūr Ibn ʿAlī Ibn ʿIrāq”, DSB , IX, 83-85.
D. Pingree, “Abū Naṣr Manṣūr”, EIr. , I, 351-352.
C. E. Bosworth, “Āl-e Afrīḡ”, a.e. , I, 743-745.
Sâdık Seccâdî, “Ebû Naṣr Manṣûr b. ʿIrâḳ”, DMBİ , VI, 327-330.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 87-88 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.