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İBN MÂCİD Skip to content Şihâbüddîn Ahmed b. Mâcid b. Muhammed b. Amr en-Necdî (ö. X./XVI. yüzyılın başları)
Arap denizcisi.
Uman’a bağlı Culfâr’da dünyaya geldi. Doğum ve ölüm tarihleri kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte IX. (XV.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yaşadığı ve X. (XVI.) yüzyılın başlarında ileri bir yaşta iken vefat ettiği sanılmaktadır. Necidli bir denizci ailesine mensuptur. İbn Mâcid, uzun denizcilik tecrübesinin yanında atalarının bilgi mirasına da sahipti ve sadece bir denizci olarak kalmayıp babası gibi bildiklerini kaleme aldı; eserleri uzun süre Kızıldeniz ve Hint Okyanusu denizcilerine rehberlik etmiştir. Babasının el-Hicâziyye adlı kitabını gayet iyi incelemesinin dışında İbn Mâcid’in Abbâsî döneminin meşhur üç denizcisi Muhammed b. Şâzân, Sehl b. Ebân ve Leys b. Kehlân’ın yazdıklarından da faydalandığı bilinmektedir (Kitâbü’l-Fevâʾid , s. 343-344). Ancak onların verdikleri bilgiler XV. yüzyıla kadar eskimiş, bahsedilen bazı kasaba ve limanlar zamanla yok olmuş, bazılarının da adları değişmişti. İbn Mâcid, bu üç deniz âlimini dikkate alarak kendisine “dördüncü” demektedir. Bununla beraber her üçünün çalışmalarındaki bazı noktaları eleştirerek çoğu bilgilerin orijinal olmadığını söyler (a.g.e. , s. 10, 14-15, 16-18). Fakat adı geçen Abbâsî âlimlerinin kitapları günümüze ulaşmadığından İbn Mâcid’inkini onlarla mukayese etme imkânı bulunmamaktadır. İbn Mâcid, o güne kadar Arapça yazılmış astronomi ve coğrafya eserlerini de incelemiş ve denizcilik konusunda yetişmek isteyenlere bunları okumalarını tavsiye etmiştir. Bu eserlerin başlıcaları Abdurrahman es-Sûfî’nin Kitâbü’t-Teṣâvîr ’i (Kitâbü Ṣuveri’l-kevâkibi’s̱-s̱âbite ), Hasan b. Ali el-Merrâküşî’nin Câmiʿu’l-Mebâdiʾ ve’l-ġāyât ’ı, Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Zîc-i İlḫânî ’si, Yâkūt el-Hamevî’nin Kitâbü’l-Müşterik ’i, İbn Saîd el-Mağribî’nin Kitâbü Coġrâfyâ fi’l-eḳālîmi’s-sebʿa ’sı (Kitâbü Basṭi’l-arż fi’ṭ-ṭûl ve’l-ʿarż ), İbn Havkal’in Ṣûretü’l-arż ’ı, Uluğ Bey’in Zîc ’i, Bettânî’nin ez-Zîcü’ṣ-Ṣâbiʾî ’si, Halife Me’mûn tarafından kısmen Arapça’ya tercüme ettirilen Batlamyus’un el-Mecisṭî ’si, İbn Şâtır el-Mısrî’nin Zîc ’i ve Ebü’l-Fidâ’nın Taḳvîmü’l-büldân ’ıdır.
Zamanında mevcut bilgilerden mümkün olduğu ölçüde faydalanmasının ötesinde İbn Mâcid bunlara kıble yönünün tesbiti gibi önemli konularda katkılarda da bulunmuştur. Ḳıbletü’l-İslâm adlı eserinde dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde kıblenin nasıl belirleneceğini anlatmakta ve bu münasebetle pusula (kumpas) hakkında geniş bilgi vermektedir. Pusulanın beytü’l-ibre / hokkası içine manyetik iğneyi ilk defa İbn Mâcid yerleştirmiştir. Bilindiği kadarıyla pusulayı bulan ve geliştirenler Çinliler’dir. Sung döneminde kullanılan pusula, balık şeklinde bir tahta üzerine oturtulmuş bir mıknatıs taşı ile güneyi gösteren bir iğneden ibaret olan ve suda yüzen bir aletti. Çin kozmik sembolizminde imparator kutup yıldızını temsil ederdi ve dolayısıyla tahtta otururken yüzünü güneye çevirirdi. Bu, Arap yazarlarının sonraları sık sık atıfta bulundukları “yüzen balık” şeklindeki pusuladır. Bununla beraber İbn Mâcid’in pusula iğnesini yerleştirme tekniğinin bir yenilik olduğunda şüphe yoktur.
İbn Mâcid’in deniz kıyıları üzerine yaptığı araştırmalardan onun, Batlamyus ve Sûrlu Marinos’un etkisiyle dünyanın güneyinde bilinmeyen toprakların varlığına inanan Ortaçağ müslüman coğrafyacılarından ayrıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ona göre Doğu Afrika kıyısındaki Sofâla’ya varıldığında Madagaskar solda, Afrika anakarası sağda kalmakta ve kıyı önce batıya, sonra da kuzeye dönerek Atlas Okyanusu’nun başlangıcını oluşturmaktadır. Buradan sırasıyla anakarada yer alan Kânim’e, Esıfî’ye ve daha sonra da Sebte’ye (Ceuta) ulaşılır ki burası Akdeniz’in giriş kısmıdır (Kitâbü’l-Fevâʾid , s. 273-274). İbn Mâcid, bir başka yerde Hint Okyanusu’nun Atlas Okyanusu’na bağlantılı olduğunu açıkça ifade etmekte (a.g.e. , s. 113), Madagaskar adasını tanımlarken de güneyinde Hint Okyanusu’nun bulunduğunu söyleyip buranın Atlas Okyanusu’nun güney kesiminin başlangıcı olduğunu belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 293). Bütün bunlar, onun dünyanın güneyinde bilinmeyen toprakların varlığına inanmadığını göstermektedir.
İbn Mâcid Hint Okyanusu’na açıldığında Sûliyân (Şûliyân [ = Tamil gemicileri]), Kunkanîler (Konkan, Maharaştra, Hindistan) ve Gucerâtîler tarafından hazırlanan iskele ve limanlarla ilgili kıyasâtı (yıldızların ufuk hattından yüksekliği) kullanmaktaydı; bu denizcilerin bir kısmını şahsen tanımış ve zaman zaman onların kılavuzluğundan da yararlanmış olmalıdır. Vasco da Gama’nın İbn Mâcid’in rehberliğinde Hindistan’a gittiği konusunda ise şüphe yoktur. Portekiz kaynakları her ne kadar İbn Mâcid’i ismen zikretmiyorsa da Nehrevâlî (ö. 990/1582) Ahmed b. Mâcid’in bir amiralin ahbabı olduktan sonra onun Doğu Afrika sahilindeki Melindi’den Hindistan’daki Kaliküt’e gitmesine rehberlik ettiğini ve gemiyi, Afrika kıyısını dolaşmak yerine açık denizden götürdüğünü bildirmektedir (el-Berḳu’l-Yemânî , s. 18-19).
Eserleri. Kitâbü’l-Fevâʾid fî uṣûli ʿilmi’l-baḥr ve’l-ḳavâʿid . 895 (1490) tarihinde yazılmış olup denizcilik hakkında genel bilgiler ihtiva eder. Yelkenle denize açılmanın ön şartları, pusulanın otuz iki bölümüne denk düşen yıldızlar, rüzgârlar, deniz mevsimleri, kaptanlar için gerekli olan temel bilgiler ve araçlar, enlem, boylam gibi konular bunlardan bazılarıdır. Ayrıca Hadramut bölgesindeki “el-kevs” gibi güney enlemlerinde sürekli esen salîb dalgasını keşfettiğini söylemekteyse de yeri tesbit edilememiştir. Bunun dışında kutup yıldızının duruşundan ve diğer yıldızların hareketlerinden ne anlam çıkarılacağını açıklamıştır. Ayrıca Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika kıyılarının tanımlarını yapmaktadır ki bu daha önce hiçbir denizci tarafından gerçekleştirilememiştir. Eserde Hint Okyanusu’ndaki on adaya ve Kızıldeniz’e ayrı bölümler ayrılmıştır. Kitâbü’l-Fevâʾid , İbrâhim Hûrî ve İzzet Hasan tarafından tahkik edilerek yayımlanmış (Dımaşk 1971) Gerald R. Tibbetts de eseri Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese adıyla notlar ilâve ederek İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir (London 1981).
İbn Mâcid’in diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Ḥâviyetü’l-iḫtiṣâr fî uṣûli ʿilmi’l-biḥâr ; Muʿarrebe (urcûze); et-Tuḥfetü’l-ḳuḍât (Ḳıbletü’l-İslâm fî cemîʿi’d-dünyâ) ; Urcûzetü berri’l-ʿArab fî Ḫalîci Fars ; Urcûze fî ḳısmeti’l-cemme ʿalâ encemi benâti naʿş ; Kenzü’l-meʿâlime ve ẕaḫîratihim fî ʿilmi’l-mechûlât fi’l-baḥr ve’n-nücûm ve’l-burûc (urcûze); Urcûze fi’n-neteḫât li-berri’l-Hind ve berri’l-ʿArab ; Mîmiyyetü’l-abdâl (urcûze); Urcûzetü’l-muḫammese ; ʿİddetü eşhüri’r-Rûmiyye ; Ḍarîbetü’ḍ-ḍarâʾib (urcûze); Ali b. Ebû Tâlib’e ithaf edilen urcûze; el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-Mekkiyye ; Nâdiretü’l-abdâl (urcûze); eẕ-Ẕehebiyye (el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-bâʾiyye) ; el-Fâʾiḳa (urcûze); el-Belîġa ; el-Fuṣûl ; es-Sebʿiyye (urcûze); başlıksız bir kaside; el-Hâdiye (kaside). İbn Mâcid’in bu eserlerinin tamamı Gabriel Ferrand tarafından Instructions nautiques et routiers arabes et portugais des XVe et XVIe siècles adıyla tıpkıbasım olarak iki cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Paris 1921-1923, 1925 → Frankfurt 1992). İbrâhim Hûrî, Ḥâviyetü’l-iḫtiṣâr ile (BEO , XXIV [1971], s. 249-387) toplam on üç urcûze ve kasideyi bazı notlarla birlikte neşretmiştir (a.g.e. , XXXVII-XXXVIII [1985-1986], s. 163-274). Müellifin bunlardan başka es-Süfâliyye , el-Malʿaḳıyye ve et-Tâʾiyye adlı üç urcûzesi de S̱elâs̱e raḥmânecâti’l-mechûle li-Aḥmed b. Mâcid: Irinyeizyestniya Lotsii Akhmada İbn Madzida arabskogo Lotsmana Vasko da Gama (Moscov-Leningrad 1957 → Frankfurt 1992) adıyla Theodore Shumovsky tarafından tıpkıbasım halinde neşredilmiştir. Aynı urcûzeler İbrâhim Hûrî tarafından ayrıca yayımlanmıştır (el-İklîl , I/3-4 [San‘a 1981], s. 139-219).
İbn Mâcid’in üslûbu sade ve ifadesi açıktır. Yazılarını Arap ve Fars şiirinden örneklerle süslediği görülür. Ferrand, Kitâbü’l-Fevâʾid ’i Ortaçağ sonları denizcilik biliminin bir sentezi olarak değerlendirir ve İbn Mâcid’i denizcilik biliminde eser veren modern yazarların ilki olarak tanımlar (İA , XI, 524). Onun modernliğinin işaretlerinden biri de kullandığı yer isimlerinin bugün dahi kolayca anlaşılır olmasıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Mâcid, el-Fevâʾid fî uṣûli ʿilmi’l-baḥr ve’l-ḳavâʿid (nşr. İbrâhim Hûrî – İzzet Hasan), Dımaşk 1971, s. 10, 14-15, 16-18, 113, 273-274, 293, 343-344.
a.mlf., Ḥâviyetü’l-iḫtiṣâr fî uṣûli ʿilmi’l-biḥâr (nşr. İbrâhim Hûrî, BEO , XXIV [1971] içinde), neşredenin girişi, s. 13-25.
I. J. Kračkovskij, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-coġrâfiyyi’l-ʿArabî (trc. Selâhaddin Osman Hâşim), Kahire 1965, II, 579-581.
Nehrevâlî, el-Berḳu’l-Yemânî fi’l-fetḥi’l-ʿOs̱mânî , Riyad 1387/1967, s. 18-19.
Enver Abdülalîm, el-Milâḥa ve ʿulûmü’l-biḥâr ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Küveyt 1399/1979, s. 139-145.
a.mlf., “el-Fevâʾid fî uṣûli ʿilmi’l-baḥr ve’l-ḳavâʿid”, Tİ , V, 274-286.
Hüseyin Hasan, Aʿlâmü Temîm , Beyrut 1980, s. 55-57.
S. Maqbul Ahmad, “Ibn Mājid”, DSB , IX, 35-37.
a.mlf., “Ibn Mād̲j̲id”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 856-859.
a.mlf., “Coğrafya”, DİA , VIII, 62.
Muhammed Mahmûd Muhammedeyn, et-Türâs̱ü’l-coġrâfiyyü’l-İslâmî , Riyad 1404/1984, s. 286-292.
a.mlf., “Tesâʾülât ḥavle ḳadiyyeti irşâdi İbn Mâcid li-Vasko dey Câmâ ilâ ṭarîḳı’l-Hind”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb , sy. 6, Riyad 1979, s. 55-68.
Ömer Mûsâ Bâşâ, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî: el-ʿaṣrü’l-Memlûkî , Dımaşk-Beyrut 1409/1989, s. 598-620.
Studies on Ahmad Ibn Mājid and Sulayman al-Mahrī (ed. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1992.
Abdurrahman Hamîde, Aʿlâmü’l-coġrâfiyyîne’l-ʿArab , Dımaşk 1416/1995, s. 610-626.
Abdülhâdî et-Tâzî, “İbn Mâcid ve’l-Burtuġāl”, el-Baḥs̱ü’l-ʿilmî , sy. 36, Rabat 1406/1986, s. 15-79.
Syed Sulayman Nadvi, “The Arab Navigation”, al-ʿIlm , VIII, Durban-Westville 1988, s. 15-17.
Husam al Khadim, “Ibn Mājid his Role in the Discovery of a Searoute to India and Evidence of Scientific Thinking in his Writings”, el-Ves̱îḳa , sy. 14, Bahrain 1989, s. 218-235.
Sabbâh İbrâhim eş-Şeyhalî, “İbn Mâcid ve Şarḳu İfrîḳā”, a.e. , sy. 23 (1993), s. 156-178.
İbrâhim Hûrî, “er-Rubbânü’l-ʿArabî Aḥmed b. Mâcid”, MMLADm. , LXVIII/1 (1993), s. 59-74.
Türkkaya Ataöv, “Vasco Da Gama mı, Ahmed Bin Mâcid mi”, Toplumsal Tarih , V/25, İstanbul 1996, s. 15-16.
Theodore Shumowski, “Ahmed Ibn Majid, The Last Lion of the Arab Seas”, el-Ves̱îḳa , sy. 32, Bahrain 1418/1997, s. 184-205.
Gabriel Ferrand, “Şihâbeddin”, İA , XI, 519-529.
İnâyetullah Rızâ, “İbn Mâcid”, DMBİ , IV, 548-556.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 162-163 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.