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İBN SÛDE Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Muhammed et-Tâlib b. Muhammed b. Alî et-Tâvüdî el-Fâsî (ö. 1209/1795)
Mâlikî fakihi ve muhaddis.
1111 (1700) yılında Fas’ta dünyaya geldi. Bazı kaynaklarda 1128’de (1716) doğduğu da kaydedilmekle birlikte öğrencisi Ebü’r-Rebî‘ Süleyman b. Muhammed el-Havvât’ın 1206’da (1792) yazdığı bir eserde hocasının hayatta olduğunu ve doksan yaşını aştığını belirtmesi ilk tarihi teyit etmektedir (Abbas İbrâhim, VI, 141; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, I, 259). Abdülazîz Tîlânî ise doğum tarihi olarak 1118 (1706) yılını vermektedir (er-Ravżatü’l-maḳṣûde , neşredenin girişi, I, 103). Birçok âlim yetiştiren ve ataları Sûde’ye nisbetle anılan köklü bir aileden gelmektedir. Zebîdî bu ismi Sevde şeklinde kaydeder (Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “svd” md.). Benî Mürre kabilesine mensup olan ve fetih sırasında Şam’dan gelerek Endülüs’e yerleşen ailenin bazı fertleri, Gırnata’dan (Granada), Fas’ın 80 km. kadar kuzeybatısında bugünkü adı Fâsülbâlî olan Benî Tâvüde (Tâvde) köyüne göç etti. Buraya yerleştiği bilinen ilk kişi, 754’te (1353) Merînîler Hükümdarı Ebû İnân devrinde ilim tahsili için Fas’a gelip aklî ilimler ve tıp okuyan, daha sonra da onun oğlu Mûsâ’ya kâtiplik yapan Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Ali b. Sûde’dir. Bu zatın torununun oğlu Ebü’l-Kāsım b. Ebû Muhammed Kāsım ise (ö. 1004/1596) Tâze, Merakeş ve Fas’ta kadılık yapmıştır (Abbas b. İbrâhim, I, 378-379; II, 455; IV, 364-366).
İbn Sûde Fas’ın önde gelen âlimlerinden Arap dili ve edebiyatı, mantık, usul, tefsir, hadis, fıkıh ve usulü, kelâm okudu. Ders aldığı hocalar arasında Ebü’l-Bekā Yaîş b. Raggây eş-Şâvî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdüsselâm el-Bennânî, Şehâbeddin Ahmed b. Mübârek el-Lamtî es-Sicilmâsî, Ahmed b. Abdülazîz el-Hilâlî es-Sicilmâsî, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Ali (Allâl) el-Veccârî, Muhammed b. Ahmed et-Temmâk, Ebû Abdullah İbn Celûn, Muhammed b. Hasan el-Cündûz el-Masmûdî, Cessûs lakabıyla tanınan Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Kāsım gibi âlimler vardır. Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Muhammed es-Sıkıllî el-Hüseynî’den tasavvuf öğrendi ve onun biyografisini ve menkıbelerini içeren Taḳyîd fî tercemeti’ş-şeyḫi’l-celîl Ebi’l-ʿAbbâs Aḥmed b. Muḥammed eṣ-Ṣıḳıllî adlı bir eser yazdı. Ayrıca Şeyh Abdullah b. Muhammed Yizrûr, Fethullah el-Acemî et-Tûnisî ve diğer bazı şeyhler vasıtasıyla tarikata intisap etti.
İbn Sûde, oğulları Muhammed ve Ebû Bekir’le 1181 (1768) yılında çıktığı hac yolculuğu sırasında Mekke ve Medine’de Ebû Zeyd Abdurrahman b. Eslem el-Hüseynî, Ebû Muhammed Hüseyin b. Abdüşşekûr et-Tâifî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Hâlid el-Ca‘ferî, İbrâhim ez-Zemzemî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdülkerîm es-Semmân, Burhâneddin İbrâhim b. Es‘ad el-Medenî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali es-Sindî gibi birçok âlimle karşılaştı; onlardan icâzet aldı ve kendilerine icâzet verdi. Hac dönüşü 1182’de (1769) Kahire’de bir süre kalarak Ezher’de el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı, Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin baş kısımlarını, eş-Şemâʾil ve el-Ḥikemü’l-ʿAṭâʾiyye gibi pek çok eser okuttu. Derslerine Kahire ulemâsının büyük bir kesimi katıldı; onlara icâzet verdi ve kendilerinden icâzet aldı. Bunlar arasında Cevherî es-Sagīr, Tablâvî, Atıyye el-Üchûrî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ahmed el-Adevî, Demenhûrî, Derdîr, Abdülalîm el-Feyyûmî, Süleyman el-Feyyûmî, Hasan b. İbrâhim el-Cebertî, Abdurrahman b. Mustafa el-Ayderûsî, Murtazâ ez-Zebîdî, el-Emîrü’l-Kebîr es-Sünbâvî ve Mahmûd el-Kürdî gibi meşhur âlimler vardır. Brockelmann, Abbas b. İbrâhim ve diğer bazı çağdaş yazarlar bu yolculuğun 1191’de (1777) gerçekleştiğini belirtirler. Ancak öğrencisi Süleyman el-Havvât’ın otobiyografik eseri S̱emeratü nefsî fi’t-taʿrîf bi-nefsî adlı kitabından yapılan bir alıntı (Abbas b. İbrâhim, VI, 141) bu yolculuğun 1181’de (1767) gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. İbn Sûde bu seyahati sırasında Abdurrahman b. Eslem, Muhammed b. Abdülkerîm es-Semmân ve Abdurrahman b. Mustafa el-Ayderûsî’den Kādiriyye, Nakşibendiyye, Şâzeliyye, Medyeniyye, Rifâiyye ve diğer bazı tarikatların hırkalarını giydi.
Mısır ve Hicaz’a yaptığı seyahatten sonra şöhreti daha da artan İbn Sûde Fas’ta Câmiu’l-Endelüs’e hatip tayin edildi ve Safer 1192 (Mart 1778) ortalarında bu görevden alındı. 1203 (1789) yılında Fas sultanının kadılık teklifini istemeyerek kabul etti. Bu arada öğretim faaliyetlerini de sürdürdü. Yetiştirdiği talebeler arasında oğullarından başka Muhammed b. Abdüsselâm er-Der‘î, Muhammed b. Hasan el-Cenevî el-Hasenî, Muhammed b. Ali el-Verzâzî et-Tıtvânî, Ebû Abdullah İbn Kîrân el-Fâsî, Muhammed b. Amr ez-Zervâlî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Vezzânî er-Rehûnî, Ebü’l-Abbas Hamdûn İbnü’l-Hâc es-Sülemî ve Ebü’r-Rebî‘ Süleyman b. Muhammed el-Havvât gibi âlimler anılabilir.
İbn Sûde, ilmî otoritesi ve tasavvufî kişiliği sayesinde halk ve yöneticiler katında büyük bir saygıya mazhar olmuş, siyasî alanda da etkili bir şahsiyet haline gelmişti. Fas sultanları Mevlây Muhammed b. Abdullah ve oğlu Mevlây Süleyman’ın biat tezkerelerini imzalayan âlimler arasında yer alan İbn Sûde, Mevlây Muhammed’in 1204’te (1790) vefatının ardından biat alan büyük oğlu Yezîd’in 1206’da (1792) Merakeş’te öldürülmesi üzerine Fas’ın ileri gelenleri ve halk sultanın seçimini ona havale etme konusunda ittifak ettiler ve bu isteklerini bir belge ile kendisine arzettiler (belge metni için bk. İtḥâfü’l-muṭâliʿ , VII, 2447). O da Yezîd’in kardeşi Mevlây Süleyman’a biat etti.
İbn Sûde 29 Zilhicce 1209 (17 Temmuz 1795) tarihinde Fas’ta vefat etti ve Havmetü Zukākı’l-Hacer’de evinin karşısındaki zâviyesine defnedildi. Mezarı halen ziyaretgâhtır. Vefat tarihini Cebertî ve ona dayanarak Abdürrezzâk el-Baytâr 1207 (1793) (ʿAcâʾibü’l-âs̱âr , II, 152; Ḥilyetü’l-beşer , III, 1408), biyografisini iki ayrı yerde zikreden Kehhâle ise 1209 (Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , IX, 125) ve 1207 (a.g.e. , X, 96) olarak kaydeder. Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa ise ayrı ayrı yerlerde 1207 (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 419) ve 1194 (1780) tarihlerini verir (a.g.e. , II, 172, 578).
Tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, tasavvuf, kelâm, mantık ve usul ilimlerini çok iyi bilen İbn Sûde Fas’ın yetiştirdiği en büyük âlimlerden biridir. Döneminde Mağrib’de kendisinden doğrudan ya da öğrencileri vasıtasıyla faydalanmayan hiçbir âlim bulunmadığı söylenir. Oğulları Muhammed (ö. 1194/1780), Ebü’l-Kāsım (ö. 1209/1795), Ebû Bekir (ö. 1215/1801) ve Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed de (ö. 1235/1820) tanınmış âlimlerdir. Bunlardan Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed Fas kadılığı görevinde bulunmuş ve sultanın isteği üzerine Nevevî’nin Erbaʿîn ’ini şerheden dört kişilik komisyon arasında yer alarak bu eserin ilk on hadisini şerhetmiştir (Fas 1309). Bunun oğlu Abbas da (ö. 1241/1826) önce babasına Fas kadılığı görevinde nâiblik, onun vefatından sonra Fas kadılığı ve sonra da Fas müftülüğü görevinde bulunmuştur. Ahmed’in diğer oğlu Arabî ise (ö. 1229/1814) Şerḥ ʿale’l-Muvaṭṭaʾ , Nihâyetü’l-münâ ve’s-sûl fî ḥubbi âli’r-Resûl , Fetḥu’l-Meliki’l-Celîl fî ḥalli muḳaffeli ferâʾiżi’ş-Şeyḫ Ḫalîl , Ḥâşiye ʿalâ şerḥi’l-Mekkûdî li’l-Elfiyye ve diğer bazı eserlerin müellifidir.
Süleyman el-Havvât hocası İbn Sûde ve mensup olduğu aile hakkında er-Ravżatü’l-maḳṣûde ve’l-ḥulelü’l-memdûde fî meʾâs̱iri Benî Sûde (bk. bibl.) adıyla bir eser yazmış ve Kettânî onun biyografisini bu eserden özetlemiştir. Fas Kadısı İbnü’l-Hâc Muhammed et-Tâlib b. Hamdûn es-Sülemî’nin et-Taʿrîf bi’t-Tâvüdî İbn Sûde adlı eseri neşredilmiştir (Dımaşk 1991). Ayrıca müellifi meçhul Tercemetü Muḥammed et-Tâvüdî b. Sûde adlı bir eser mevcuttur (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-Haseniyye, nr. 7173).
Eserleri. 1. Zâdü’l-müciddi’s-sârî li-meṭâliʿi’l-Buḫârî (el-Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Ṣaḥîḥi’l-Buḫârî , I-IV, Fas 1328-1330).
2. ʿAvnü’l-Bârî ʿalâ fehmi âḫiri terâcimi Ṣaḥîḥi’l-Buḫârî (Fas, ts.).
3. el-Hibâtü’l-vâfiye bi-şerḥi’l-Fütûḥâti’l-İlâhiyye . Fas Sultanı Muhammed’in Ṣaḥîḥayn , el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’inden fıkıh bablarına göre derlediği 300 hadisi içeren el-Fütûḥâtü’l-ilâhiyye fî eḥâdîs̱i Ḫayri’l-beriyye adlı eserinin şerhidir (Mali-Tinbüktü, Merkezü Ahmed Bâbâ li’t-tevsîk ve’l-buhûsi’t-târîhiyye, nr. 890).
4. Şerḥu Meşâriḳı’l-envâr . Sultan Muhammed’in isteği üzerine Sâgānî’nin eserini üçe bölerek Bû Harîs Abdülkādir b. Arabî ve İdrîs b. Muhammed el-Irâkī ile birlikte şerhetmişlerdir (Fas 1301).
5. Şerḥu’l-Erbaʿîne’n-Neveviyye (Fas 1309).
6. eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ bi-şerḥi’l-Câmiʿ (Taḳrîżü’l-mesâmiʿ bi-Şerḥi Kitâbi’l-Câmiʿ) . Halîl b. İshak el-Cündî’nin el-Câmiʿ adlı eserinin şerhidir (Fas 1300, 1307, hocası Cessûs’un, İbn Âşir el-Fâsî’nin el-Mürşidü’l-muʿîn adlı eserinin sonunda tasavvufa dair bölümüne yazdığı şerhle birlikte). Halîl b. İshak’ın el-Câmiʿ i, el-Muḫtaṣar ’ının asıl metinde yer almayan “el-Câmiʿ” adlı bölümünün kitap haline getirilmiş şekli olmalıdır (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, I, 258; Abdülazîz Binabdullah, s. 77-78, 124; Fevzî Abdürrezzâk, s. 35, 64).
7. Ṭâliʿu’l-emânî ʿalâ Meṭâliʿi’z-Zürḳānî . Abdülbâkī b. Yûsuf ez-Zürkānî’nin Halîl b. İshak el-Cündî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar adlı eseri üzerine yazdığı şerhin hâşiyesidir (Fas 1300, 1307, Cessûs’un ed-Dürrü’s̱-s̱emîn ’i ile birlikte).
8. Ḥalyü’l-meʿâṣım li-binti fikri İbn ʿÂṣım (Şerḥu’t-Tuḥfe li’bn ʿÂṣım) . Ebû Bekir İbn Âsım el-Gırnâtî’nin fıkha dair Tuḥfetü’l-ḥükkâm adlı manzum eserinin şerhidir (Fas 1284, 1293, 1304; Muhammed el-Mehdî b. Muhammed el-Vezzânî’nin hâşiyesiyle birlikte, Fas 1308-1310, 1330).
9. Tuḥfetü’l-ḥuẕẕâḳ fî şerḥi Lâmiyyeti’z-Zeḳḳāḳ . Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Kāsım ez-Zekkāk’ın İslâm muhakeme usulüne dair Tuḥfetü’l-ḥükkâm bi-mesâʾili’t-tedâʿî ve’l-aḥkâm adlı kasidesinin şerhidir (Muhammed el-Mehdî b. Muhammed el-Vezzânî’nin hâşiyesiyle, Fas 1308, 1315; Abdüsselâm b. Muhammed el-Hevvârî’nin hâşiyesiyle, Fas 1321, 1327). Bu şerhe Abdülkādir el-Irâkī (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 1438; Câmiatü Melik Suûd, nr. 5412) ve Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Abdüsselâm et-Tüsûlî tarafından hâşiyeler yazılmıştır.
10. Tuḥfetü’l-iḫvân fî fevâti beyʿi’s-sünyâ bi-ṭûli’z-zamân (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 1395; Fas, Hizânetü’l-Karaviyyîn, nr. 1199; Câmiatü Melik Suûd, nr. 5189/6; ayrıca bk. Abdülazîz Binabdullah, s. 77). Fâsid olarak gerçekleşen gayri menkul satım akdinin üzerinden uzun yıllar geçtikten sonra satıcının bu fesad sebebiyle gayri menkulü geri alma talebinde bulunup bulunamayacağına dair sorulan bir soruya verilen cevaptır (Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Câmiʿati’l-Melik Suʿûd , VI, 222; Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Ḫizâneti’l-Ḳaraviyyîn , III, 279).
11. Esʾile ve ecvibe (Nevâzil fi’l-fıḳh) . İbn Sûde’nin verdiği fetvaları içeren bu eser oğlu Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed tarafından derlenmiştir (nşr. Muhammed et-Tihâmî b. Medenî Kennûn, Fas 1301).
12. Menâsikü’l-ḥac (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 2018D, 2159K; Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-melekiyye, nr. 4641).
13. Keşfü’l-ḥâl ʿani’l-vücûhi’lletî yenteẓımü bihâ beytü’l-mâl . Fas Sultanı Muhammed başa geçtiğinde, kendisini ziyarete gelen Fas fukahasına babasının halktan almakta olduğu vergilerin dinî hükmünü sorması ve cevaplarını yazılı olarak kendisine iletmelerini istemesi üzerine aralarında İbn Sûde’nin de bulunduğu âlimler birer risâle yazmışlardır. İbn Sûde’nin risâlesi Muhammed el-Mehdî el-Vezzânî’nin el-Miʿyârü’l-cedîd ’inin sonunda (Fas 1328, XI, 255-268) neşredilmiştir. Bazı kaynaklarda Fetḥu’l-müteʿâl fîmâ yenteẓımü minhü beytü’l-mâl adıyla kaydedilen eser bu risâle olmalıdır.
14. el-Fehresetü’l-kübrâ (Sebt) . Mısır’da ders verdiği sırada ilim tahsil ettiği ve hadis dinlediği hocalarına dair kaleme aldığı bu eserde onlardan okuduğu eserleri de zikreder ve aldığı icâzetlerin metinlerini verir (yazma nüshaları için bk. Muhammed el-Menûnî, II, 30). Ziriklî bu eserin basıldığını belirtir (el-Aʿlâm , VI, 171).
15. el-Fehresetü’ṣ-ṣuġrâ . Müellifin karşılaştığı mutasavvıflar hakkındadır (Mektebetü’z-zâviyeti’l-Hamziyye, nr. 178). Kettânî önceki fihristi “suğrâ”, bunu ise “kübrâ” olarak kaydeder (Fihrisü’l-fehâris , I, 188; krş. Muhammed el-Menûnî, II, 30).
16. Şerḥu Ḳaṣîdeti Bânet Süʿâd (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 2008B).
İbn Sûde’nin kaynaklarda adı geçen diğer eserleri de şunlardır. Taʿlîḳ ʿalâ Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim , Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Süneni Ebî Dâvûd , Taḳrîbü’l-mesâlik fî fehmi Muvaṭṭaʾi Mâlik , Taʿlîḳ ʿalâ Şemâʾili’t-Tirmiẕî , İḫtiṣârü’l-Muḫtaṣar , Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Tefsîri İbn Cüzey , Ḥâşiye ʿale’l-Beyżâvî (tamamlanmamıştır), Şerḥu Elfiyyeti’l-ʿIrâḳī , Şerḥ ʿalâ Elġāzi İbni’l-Fârıż , Manẓûme fîmâ yaḫtaṣṣu bi’n-nisâʾ (bu manzumenin küçük bir kısmı için bk. Abdürrezzâk el-Baytâr, III, 1408) (eserlerinin bir listesi için bk. Ebü’r-Rebî‘ Süleyman el-Havvât, II, 700-701; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 122-125). İbn Sûde’nin, öğrencisi Ahmed b. Ali b. Abdülvehhâb b. Hâc el-Fâsî’ye verdiği 9 Cemâziyelâhir 1203 (7 Mart 1789) tarihli icâzet Cebertî ve Abdürrezzâk el-Baytâr tarafından özetle aktarılmıştır (ʿAcâʾibü’l-âs̱âr , II, 149-150; Ḥilyetü’l-beşer , III, 1405-1406).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Abdülkebîr el-Fâsî, Teẕkiretü’l-muḥsinîn bi-vefeyâti’l-aʿyân ve ḥavâdîs̱i’s-sinîn (Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi’l-Maġrib içinde, nşr. Muhammed Haccî), Beyrut 1417/1996, VII, 2448, 2454.
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a.mlf., Delîlü müʾerriḫi’l-Maġribi’l-aḳṣâ , Dârülbeyzâ 1960, s. 89, 101, 202.
“Ibn Sūda”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 948.
Ali Beyât, “İbn Sûde”, DMBİ , III, 722-723.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 359-361 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.